Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate Methyl Chloride Research Articles

A poly(glycidylmethacrylate-divinylbenzene)-based anion exchanger for ion chromatography

An anion exchanger has been described by grafting dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methylchloride (DMC) onto the poly(glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene) (GMA-DVB) subtract. The grafting was performed by coupling of DMC with the pendant double bonds of DVB. Prior to grafting, a hydrolysis treatment to free epoxide groups associated with GMA-DVB substrate enables an improved hydrophilic surface of the obtained anion exchanger. The capacity of the obtained anion exchanger can be manipulated by controlling DMC amount to a great degree. Common seven inorganic anions onto the anion exchanger could be well separated within 20 min and high separation efficiency was obtained, e.g. 46,500/m of the plate count for chloride.

Synthesis of cationic styrene-acrylic acid ester copolymer emulsion for paper sizing

Surface sizing is an effective way to increase paper’s water-resistance and printability. The purpose of this study was to study synthesis process to develop an efficient cationic styrene-acrylic acid ester emulsion (SAE) for the surface sizing of paper. Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride (DMC) was used as the cationic monomer, and cationic starch or native starch was used as the emulsion stabilizer to copolymerize with styrene and butyl acrylate. The results indicated that the SAE synthesized with cationic starch and DMC had a high cationic charge density and a high DMC conversion rate. Paper sized with the cationic SAE had higher surface strength and lower Cobb value than the paper sized with other surface sizing agents such as, anionic SAE, and cationic or oxidized starch. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the paper sized with a combination of oxidized starch and cationic SAE had smoother surface morphology when compared to the paper sized with oxidized starch alone, or with oxidized starch and anionic SAE.

Tough and responsive oppositely charged nanocomposite hydrogels for use as bilayer actuators assembled through interfacial electrostatic attraction.

Responsive nanocomposite hydrogels are widely recognized as strong and tough soft materials for smart devices, but there are still challenges in their synthesis and in the fabrication of devices. We report here the versatile synthesis of nanocomposite polyelectrolyte hydrogels with high strength and toughness using either cationic or anionic monomers and demonstrate the simple and versatile fabrication of bilayer actuators by assembling the oppositely charged hydrogels through electrostatic attraction. Exfoliated sodium montmorillonite nanosheets were used as cross-linkers through the adsorption of monomers and initiators before in situ free radical polymerization. Nanocomposite hydrogels with negative charges were obtained by the copolymerization of acrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, whereas positively charged nanocomposite gels were obtained using acrylamide and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methylchloride. The nanocomposite polyelectrolyte hydrogels were responsive to pH and the ionic strength of buffer solutions. They also showed outstanding fatigue resistance against cyclic compression loading and high tensile strength and toughness. The gels were able to recover at room temperature after tensile testing. The oppositely charged hydrogels were assembled with a robust interface based on the electrostatic attraction between the opposite charges. These hydrogels were actuated under an electric field. The oppositely charged hydrogels were assembled into bilayers that were reversibly actuated as a result of the contrasting responsiveness of each gel to the ionic strength.

Synthesis and Application of a Cationic Polyacrylamide Dry Strength Agent with Anionic Content

A new net-cationic polyacrylamide dry strength agent was synthesized through free radical polymerization using acrylamide (AM), itaconic acid (IA), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (F), and sodium methallyl sulfonate (T). Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid was used as a chelating agent; dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride (DMC) solution was used as a cationic monomer, and ammonium persulfate (APS) was used as an initiator. Orthogonal design and single-factor experiments were utilized to study the effect of many factors, such as reaction time, the ratio of monomers, and the dosage of APS and DMC on the cationic polyacrylamide. The synthesized products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), particle charge detector (PCD), and zeta potential analysis. The results showed that the optimum conditions were as follows: optimal monomer proportion: m(AM):m(IA):m(T):m(F) = 23.79:2.39:0.21:0.32; w (DMC) = 28%; w (APS) = 1.0%, reaction time was 3 hours, reaction temperature was 93 °C, stirring speed was 130 rpm, and reaction pH value was 3.0. The solid content of the polymer was 21.2%. By adding the cationic polyacrylamide to old corrugated container pulp, the tensile index increased by 29.7% and the burst index increased by 66.1%, displaying the obvious enhancement of the paper.

Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Particle Morphology of Aqueous Dispersion of Poly(acrylamide-acrylatedimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride)

Amphoteric polyacrylamide was prepared by dispersion polymerization with acrylamide, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride, and acrylate acid as monomers, ammonium sulfate (AS) aqueous solution as a reaction medium, poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride) (PDMC) as a stabilizer, and 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride as an initiator. The influence of particle morphology on AmPAM dispersion and other factors and polymerization were investigated. Three crucial factors responsible for particle morphology are the dispersant concentration, sodium chloride concentration, and ionic degree of terpolymer. The ammonium sulfate concentration had relatively less of an effect on particle morphology, but a suitable concentration was necessary to obtain a stable dispersion system. A higher concentration of PDMC could yield more uniform and spherical particles during dispersion polymerization. A small amount of sodium chloride can decrease particle size and dispersion viscosity. These four factors heavily influenced the viscosity of polymer dispersion, and they had a large effect on the intrinsic viscosity of AmPAM except for the AS and NaCl concentration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E212–E220, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21264

Dispersion polymerization of acrylamide with water‐soluble chitosan as the stabilizer

AbstractA cationic polyelectrolyte of P (CMTC‐AM‐DMC) was synthesized by dispersion polymerization in aqueous solution of ammonium chloride, with acrylamide and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride as main raw materials. N‐carboxymethylthioureidochitosan was used as both the reactant and the stabilizer, and 2,2′‐azobis (2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (V‐50) as the initiator. The effects of the major reaction variables such as the concentration of inorganic salt and initiator, temperature, reaction time, and pH on the polymerization were discussed in this article. The optimal conditions of the polymerization were determined by orthogonal tests. The results showed that an increase in salt concentration resulted in an increase of molecular weight and particle size and a decrease of apparent viscosity, while when salt concentration was up to 23.9%, apparent viscosity was slightly higher than others. Molecular weight, particle size, and apparent viscosity all decreased with the increase of initiator. The apparent viscosity, molecular weight, and particle size would decrease with pH, and the product would be coagulated when pH > 7. Temperature influenced the characteristic a lot. Overall conversion was less dependent on these factors except for the temperature. Molecular weight and overall conversion increased gradually with the time, and the monomers could react completely at about 5–7 h. Flocculation occurred with 13% of salt concentration, 0.005% of initiator, and pH > 7. The optimal reaction conditions for obtaining a stable aqueous dispersion were 22.3% for ammonium chloride, 0.007% for initiator, react under 55 °C for 5 h at pH = 4. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Study on the aqueous two-phase copolymerization of cationic polyacrylamide

AbstractAqueous two-phase copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride (DMMC) was carried out in polyethylene glycol 20000 (PEG 20000) aqueous solution and with 2,2'-azobis(2- amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (V-50) as the initiator. The effects of the temperature, the PEG 20000 concentration, the DMMC/AM molar ratio and the V- 50 concentration on the initial monomer copolymerization rate (Rp), the total monomers conversion and the molecular weight of copolymers were systematically investigated. The initial copolymerization rate increased with an increase of temperature and V-50 content, contrary to the concentration of the PEG 20000 and DMMC. The molecular weight of the copolymers decreased with increasing the reaction parameters above mentioned. The apparent copolymerization activation energy of the system was calculated to be 65.7 kJ·mol-1 according to Arrhenius equation. The optimal PEG 20000 content of the system was 15%~25% (based on the raw materials). The relationship between the initial copolymerization rate (Rp) and the initiator concentration was discussed, and the kinetics equation was Rp~ [I]0.94.

Preparation of cationic polyacrylamide by aqueous two-phase polymerization

Cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) was synthesized by aqueous two-phase polymerization technique using acrylamide (AM) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride (DMC) as raw materials, aqueous polyethylene glycol 20000 (PEG 20000) solution as dispersant, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (V-50) as initiator and poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride) (PDMC) as stabilizer. The polymer was characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 1H-NMR spectrum and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The copolymer composition was analyzed. The effect of monomers concentration, PEG 20000 concentration and stabilizer concentration on copolymer were investigated, respectively. The optimum reaction conditions for obtaining a stable CPAM aqueous two-phase system were monomers concentration 8~15%, PEG 20000 concentration 15~25%, and PDMC concentration 0.5~1.5%. Finally, the formation process of copolymer particles was investigated by optical microscope.

Aqueous dispersion polymerization of amphoteric polyacrylamide

AbstractThe terpolymer of acrylamide (AM), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride (DMC), and acrylic acid (AA) was synthesized with their molar ratio of 70 : 15 : 15 through dispersion polymerization in aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate (AS), using poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride) (PDMC) as stabilizer and 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (V‐50) as initiator. The particle size of the terpolymer ranged from 5 to 8 μm and the intrinsic viscosity was from 5.5 to 11.6 dL g−1. The terpolymer had anti‐ polyelectrolyte effect under low AS concentration, but polyelectrolyte effect with the concentration beyond 10%. Polymerization dispersion with low apparent viscosity, uniform particles, good stability, and high molecular weight terpolymer was obtained in single stage. The effects of varying concentrations of salt, stabilizer, and monomers on particle morphology and intrinsic viscosity were investigated. With increasing concentration of AS and PDMC, the intrinsic viscosity of terpolymer increased, then decreased afterward. However, it increased gradually with increase in monomer concentration. The particle size was enlarged with increasing of AS and monomer concentration and decreasing of PDMC concentration. The optimum condition was the concentrations of salt, stabilizer, and monomers 28%, 3.0%, and 8% to 15%, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

Aqueous dispersion polymerization of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic comonomer

AbstractUsing aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate as medium, acrylamide (AM) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride (DMC) as main raw materials, poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride) (PDMC) as stabilizer and 2,2′‐azobis (2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (V‐50) as initiator, the cationic polyelectrolyte of P(DMC‐AM) was synthesized by aqueous dispersion polymerization. The effects of the major reaction variables on synthesis conditions, product characteristics (particle size and molecular weight), and polymerization rate were investigated. The polymerization was retarded by the presence of the ammonium sulfate. The optimum reaction conditions for obtaining a stable aqueous dispersion were concentrations of 1.8 × 10−4–7.0 × 10−4mol L−1for V‐50, 1.5–3.5% for stabilizer, and 23.2–30.0% for salt. The molecular weight of PDMC formed was 1.5 × 105to 7.0 × 105. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

Postpolymerization of quaternary ammonium acrylate polymer produced by electropolymerization

AbstractPostpolymerization of dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate‐methyl chloride (DMAEM‐MC) electropolymerization, with Sn+2/EDTA as initiator, was studied. The factors that affect the stable average molecular weight of the polymer (MW∞) created by postpolymerization were investigated. The results indicate that the major factors affecting the MW∞ are the current density, pHi value, and the [Sn+2]i/[EDTA]i ratio. On the other hand, original reaction temperature, initial initiator concentration, and initial monomer concentration are minor factors affecting the postpolymerization polymer. Increasing the current density decreases the MW∞ at fixed operating conditions. The optimum [Sn+2]i /[EDTA]i ratio to obtain the highest MW∞ mainly depends on the pHi value. At 3.25 and 4.00 pHi values, the optimum [Sn+2]I/[EDTA]i ratio is 5.00. However, at 1.75 and 2.50 pHi values, the optimum ratios are 1.00 and 2.00, respectively. The results also reveal that increasing the original reaction temperature, initial initiator concentration, and initial monomer concentration increases the molecular weight. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1071–1076, 2001

Polymerization of Dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate‐Methyl Chloride Initiated by a Sacrificial Anode

Formation of a cationic polymer of dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate‐methyl chloride (DMAEM-MC) by a new synthesis technique and new initiator system, (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), was studied. The was supplied by the electrolysis of a sacrificial Sn anode. Factors which affected the conversion efficiency and average molecular weight of the polymer formed by electrolysis were obtained. The results indicated that the agitation rate, initial pH, and geometry of electrodes significantly affected both the conversion efficiency and molecular weight of the polymer. A of 1.75 was found to be the optimum value for a high conversion efficiency and molecular weight of the polymer. Although the reaction rate increased with current density, the current efficiency was observed to decrease. The optimum EDTA concentration increased with the reaction time. The optimum reaction temperature and monomer concentration were determined to be 45°C and 0.98 M, respectively. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Electropolymerization of Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate‐Methyl Chloride

Electropolymerization of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate‐methyl chloride (DMAEM‐MC) by a new redox initiator system, or /EDTA, was studied. The polymer was prepared in a batch reactor using graphite as electrodes. A tentative initiation mechanism is proposed to interpret the experimental results. The factors which affect the average molecular weight of the polymer by electrolysis were obtained. The results indicated that the major factors affecting the molecular weight of the polymer were the value and the ratio. Temperature and concentration of monomer were minor factors of electropolymerization. Increasing the pHi values of the electrolyte decreases the polymer molecular weight at fixed operating conditions. The optimum ratio for obtaining the highest polymer molecular weight depends mainly on the value. In the range of higher values (3.25 or higher), the optimum ratio of is about 5.00. However, in the range of lower values (2.50 or less), the optimum ratio is 1.00. The results also revealed that increasing the monomer concentration increased the molecular weight.