Dimensions Of Perception Research Articles

Enhancing research insights: the impact of phenomenographic analysis in educational studies

PurposeThe primary purpose of this paper is to articulate the pivotal function of phenomenographic analysis in advancing the depth and breadth of insights into doctoral research in educational studies. By examining the distinctive contributions and advantages afforded by phenomenographic analysis, the paper aims to highlight its profound capability to reveal the intricacies and variegated dimensions of human experiences and perceptions. It advocates for the integration of phenomenographic analysis into social science research methodologies to foster a deeper, more nuanced appreciation of its utility and impact.Design/methodology/approachThis article leverages empirical evidence from a specific educational research project to provide an in-depth examination of phenomenographic analysis. It meticulously outlines the procedural application of this methodological approach, showcasing how it enriches research outcomes by offering a profound exploration of the complex layers and subtle variations present within social phenomena. The study employs phenomenographic analysis to amplify the nuanced understanding and inherent value of research findings in educational studies.FindingsThe findings demonstrate that phenomenographic analysis significantly enriches research outcomes by offering a comprehensive exploration of complex social phenomena. The method’s capability to uncover the intricacies and variegated dimensions of human experiences and perceptions enhances the quality and relevance of research conducted within the domain. By providing empirical evidence and detailed procedural application, the paper illustrates how phenomenographic analysis contributes to the enrichment of academic discourse and elevates the caliber of research in the social sciences.Originality/valueThis article offers invaluable perspectives to both researchers and practitioners by providing a comprehensive analysis of phenomenographic methodology. It underscores the indispensable contribution of phenomenographic analysis in fostering a deeper understanding of educational research findings. The work advocates for its integration into social science research methodologies, highlighting its unique value in enhancing the quality and relevance of research. By illuminating the method’s profound capability to reveal complex human experiences, the paper significantly contributes to the enrichment of academic discourse in the social sciences.

Sensory and affective dimensions in loudness perception: Insights from young adults

Traditional psychoacoustic measures often lack accuracy in diagnosing hyperacusis and other sound tolerance disorders, possibly due to their reliance on artificial stimuli and unidimensional scales. The aim of this study was to assess loudness across sensory and affective dimensions using natural sounds, drawing on pain research wherein intensity and unpleasantness are assessed separately. We hypothesized that similar distinctions apply to loudness perception. A total of 102 young adults with normal to mild hearing loss rated 32 sound stimuli (pleasant, unpleasant, neutral, and artificial) at 10 intensities (40 to 100 dBA) on sensory and affective scales. They also completed the Hyperacusis Questionnaire, the Noise Sensitivity Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Mixed linear models indicated both correlations and dissociations between scales that varied according to intensity and valence. Louder stimuli were rated as more unpleasant, but only at high intensities. On the sensory scale, sounds were perceived as louder with increasing intensity; however, at low to moderate intensities, pleasant and neutral sounds were rated as louder, whereas at higher intensities, artificial and unpleasant stimuli were rated as louder. On the affective scale, the perception of unpleasantness also increased with intensity, but less steeply. At high intensities, artificial stimuli were rated similarly to unpleasant stimuli. Noise sensitivity scores predicted louder and more unpleasant ratings, whereas depression scores were associated with softer and less pleasant perceptions. This study highlights the need for multidimensional approaches in audiology and suggests that the integration of sensory and affective scales with natural stimuli may improve the diagnosis and treatment of sound tolerance disorders.

A study on the design of a universal signage system for the Ruijin Soviet cultural heritage site

Ruijin, the birthplace of China’s first red regime, has always been the core of the central revolutionary base. Integrating the design of cultural heritage sites with universal signage systems is an effective way to protect and pass on red cultural heritage while promoting the continued dissemination of the national image. In heritage site tourism, the signage system is crucial in guiding, indicating, and explaining, serving as a critical component of essential public infrastructure. Given Ruijin’s rich and historic red cultural resources, the design of the signage system must consider the diverse needs of visitors from different nationalities, cultural backgrounds, and age groups. This study adopts a universal design perspective, using the red cultural heritage of the Ruijin Soviet period as a case study. It constructs universal metadata from three key aspects: Cultural Type, Data Attribute, and Data Type. These elements are then visually represented through digital technology. The study also incorporates theoretical support from semiotics, Gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology, and semantics. Through surveys, in-depth interviews, and a “structure-humanity” composite evaluation method, we thoroughly explores the relationships between perception, comprehensibility, visual cognition, and the design of universal signage systems. Additionally, the study analyzes the key factors affecting the universality of the signage system. The results indicate that visual cognition positively impacts the design of universal signage systems. Key factors influencing the universality of signage systems include symbolic element modeling, the familiarity of graphics, the semantic distance of graphics, and the rationality of graphic usage. These findings offer a strategy for creating a universal signage system guided by the heritage routes and based on the dimensions of perception, comprehensibility, and visual cognition. It provides new methods and perspectives for cultural education and heritage preservation in Ruijin and other red cultural heritage sites.

Analyzing the Tourism Risk Perception (TRP) of Bangladesh

Tourism Risk Perception (TRP) is a crucial factor that shapes the overall experience and satisfaction of visitors to a particular destination. The overall objective of this study was to analyze the TRP of Bangladesh. Specifically, the authors analyzed the TRP of Nature-Based Tourism, Archeological Tourism, and Amusement Parks in Bangladesh. A weighted model called the TRP model (Ciu et. al., 2016; Zang, 2012) was applied to measure the TRP. The data was collected from 800 tourists through systematic sampling techniques and 760 of them were usable. The study found that tourists perceived higher risk in Nature-Based Tourism destinations (TRP 5.38) in Bangladesh than in Archeological (TRP 5.25) and Amusement Parks (5.19). When considering individual dimensions of risk perception, the lack of medical/first aid services presented the highest risk (TRP 9.84). Overcharging in restaurants and shopping (TRP 8.07), unhygienic food (TRP 8.03), and overcharging in local transportation (TRP 7.80) are among the other high-risk TRP. The lowest risk was posed by the negative attitude of family and friends (TRP 2.73), the lack of quality leisure time (TRP 3.31), and the feeling of contentment (3.62). To address these issues, this study proposed multi-faceted approaches such as improving medical and first aid services, addressing price transparency and fair pricing, enhancing food safety and hygiene, enhancing information dissemination and risk communication, and conducting regular monitoring and evaluation. These comprehensive strategies aim to enhance the overall tourist experience while mitigating perceived risks

Competence Perceptions at the Intersection of Gender and Race-Ethnicity

Competence perceptions represent a fundamental dimension of human perception and have wide-ranging consequences for social interaction. Therefore, it is no surprise that multiple prominent social psychological theories emphasize the role of competence perceptions. We know that both a person’s gender and race-ethnicity influence assumptions about their competence, but we have only a few studies examining the intersections of these factors. Using a large survey experiment (N = 1,219), I examine competence perceptions at the intersection of 2 gender and 13 racial-ethnic categories. Results show large effects of both gender and race-ethnicity and also highly intersectional stereotypes; that is, there is no one overarching effect of gender or race-ethnicity but instead contingent effects. By oversampling racial-ethnic minorities, I also test the assumption of consensus for competence perceptions. Results show highly consensual perceptions, suggesting we all recognize society’s stereotypes even if we do not agree with them.

Evidencias de validez y confiabilidad de la escala de percepción del riesgo para conducta sexual en jóvenes piuranos

Globally and nationally, it has been shown that adolescents exhibit risky behaviors that increase the probability of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, which makes it essential to measure this study variable. In this context, evidence of validity and reliability of the risk perception scale for sexual behaviors in young people from Piura has been reported. The study, of instrumental design, used a sample of 292 young people from Piura, chosen through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. It was found that the original four-factor model with 27 items did not present adequate goodness-of-fit indices, so a re-specified four-factor model with 19 items was analyzed, which showed adequate goodness-of-fit indices. In addition, evidence of reliability was found, obtaining acceptable reliability for the dimensions of risk perception of sexual behaviors, knowledge of the sexual history of the partner and sources of information on sexuality, with the exception of the dimension of perception of condom use. In conclusion, the scale presented adequate psychometric evidence, guaranteeing interpretations with theoretical and empirical support in the context of Piura.

Analysis of Spatial Vitality Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Old Neighborhoods: A Case Study of Ya’an Xicheng Neighborhood

Amidst the pursuit of sustainable urban development, bolstering the spatial vitality of historic neighborhoods emerges as a pivotal endeavor. This study, centering on the Xicheng neighborhood in Ya’an City, employs a multifaceted data analysis approach to unravel the intricate spatial vitality patterns. By adopting a dual lens focusing on both “people” and “space”, we delve into the intricate interplay between spatial vitality, spatial perception, and various influencing factors, such as the spatial environment, business format layout, and place atmosphere. Leveraging spatial correlation analysis, we meticulously examine the extent to which these multifarious factors shape spatial vitality and perception. Our findings reveal a profound connection between the emotional dimension of perception and the distribution of spatial vitality. Notably, aspects of spatial character—green rating, accessibility, and interface richness—exert the most pronounced influence on vitality. Furthermore, the creation of a distinctive atmosphere in a place is more likely to resonate with a person’s spatial perception than the physical environment itself.

The psychological mechanisms of the better-than-average effect in the moral and competence domains under self-enhancement and self-protection motives among young Japanese adults.

The better-than-average effect (BTAE) refers to the phenomenon where individuals perceive themselves as better than the average person. This effect has been independently examined in terms of social perception dimension and motivation. Additionally, no psychobehavioral traits have been found to be associated with the BTAE in the moral domain. However, the interactive effects of social perception dimension and motivation on the BTAE remain unclear, and its association with a broad range of psychobehavioral traits has not been extensively validated. In this study, we assess self-and average other-evaluations across four domains, based on two social perception dimensions and two motivations, to investigate their interactive effects on the BTAE (n = 678). We measured seven sets of psychobehavioral characteristics to examine their association with the BTAE, as well as self-and other-evaluations. Results indicated that the BTAE occurred only under negative moral conditions, while the worse-than-others effect was observed under two competence conditions. Furthermore, the BTAE was associated with only a few psychobehavioral characteristics in the moral domains, compared to many in the competence domains. Notably, both self-and other-evaluations were correlated with many trust-relevant characteristics in the moral domains. These findings suggest that sociocultural dynamics may influence the BTAE differently across various domains.

Development of nursing students' professional identity in different mentoring approaches during clinical training: A quasi-experimental study

BackgroundThe professional identity (PI) of nursing students' is essential for high quality performance and safe healthcare. Clinical training plays a key role in the development of professional identity during nursing studies. AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of individual and group mentoring approaches on the development of PI during clinical training, as well as the influence of the order in which these approaches are applied, and the effect of time on the development of PI. DesignThis study used a quasi-experimental design. SettingsThe study was conducted at the Department of Health Studies in Croatia. ParticipantsThe 119 first, second, and third year ungraduate nursing students. MethodsStudents were divided into two groups. Each group performed clinical training in group and individual mentoring approaches, but in different order. The Professional Identity Five Factor Scale (PIFFS) was used to measure PI levels at four different time points: immediately before and after the first and second rounds of clinical exercises. ResultsBoth groups of students, achieved approximately average results in all three dimensions of the PI. There was no statistically significant main effect of the group/individual mentoring approach on the dimensions of knowledge (P = 0.471), experience (P = 0.865) or perception of role model and professional future (P = 0.565). The levels of the dimensions knowledge (P = 0.001), experience (P = 0.001) or perception of the role model and professional future (P = 0.002) differed in four measurement points, which indicates a general increase in all three PI dimensions. ConclusionsDuring the performance of the clinical training, the level of PI increased. The group mentoring approach has an immediate effect on increasing knowledge, but this effect diminishes over time. In terms of experience, both mentoring approaches have similar reinforcing effects. However, the individual approach seems to be more suitable for improving the perception of role models and the professional future.

Satisfaction analysis of 5G remote ultrasound robot for diagnostics based on a structural equation model.

With the increasing application of 5G remote ultrasound robots in healthcare, robust methods are in critical demand to assess participant satisfaction and identify its influencing factors. At present, there is limited empirical research on multi-parametric and multidimensional satisfaction evaluation of participants with 5G remote ultrasound robot examination. Previous studies have demonstrated that structural equation modeling (SEM) effectively integrates various statistical techniques to examine the relationships among multiple variables. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the satisfaction of participants with 5G remote ultrasound robot examination and its influencing factors using SEM. Between April and June 2022, 213 participants from Wuhan Automobile Manufacturing Company underwent remote ultrasound examinations using the MGIUS-R3 remote ultrasound robot system. After these examinations, the participants evaluated the performance of the 5G remote ultrasound robot based on their personal experiences and emotional responses. They completed a satisfaction survey using a self-developed questionnaire, which included 19 items across five dimensions: examination efficiency, examination perception, communication perception, value perception, and examination willingness. A SEM was established to assess the satisfaction of participants with the 5G remote ultrasound robot examinations and the influencing factors. A total of 201 valid questionnaires were collected. The overall satisfaction of participants with the 5G remote ultrasound robot examination was 45.43 ± 11.60, with 169 participants (84%) expressing satisfaction. In the path hypothesis relationship test, the dimensions of examination efficiency, examination perception, communication perception, and value perception had positive effects on satisfaction, with standardized path coefficients of 0.168, 0.170, 0.175, and 0.191. Satisfaction had a direct positive effect on examination willingness, with a standardized path coefficient of 0.260. Significant differences were observed across different educational levels in the dimensions of examination perception, communication perception, value perception, and examination willingness. Participants with different body mass indices also showed significant differences in examination perception; all p-values were less than 0.05. In this study, value perception was identified as the most significant factor influencing satisfaction. It could be improved by enhancing participants' understanding of the accuracy and safety of 5G remote ultrasound robot examinations. This enhances satisfaction and the willingness to undergo examinations. Such improvements not only facilitate the widespread adoption of this technology but also promote the development of telemedicine services.

Alterable Robotic Skin Using Material Gene Expression Modulation

AbstractRobotic skins that integrate artificial tactile sensing elements can substantially complement the perception dimension of social robots, presenting an indispensable part in human‐robot interaction (HRI). However, existing design frameworks compromise between versatility and sustainability due to the restricted range of characteristics available for a single constituent. Here an alterable robotic skin constructed from homogeneous sensing units are proposed, capable of cyclically realtering their inherent characteristics across a wide spectrum. Necessary characteristics to achieve positioning and pressure sensing subunits can be encoded in the feature motifs and extracted through condition‐induced differentiation, showcasing a remarkable resemblance to the gene expression in the living system. By virtue of this, up to 100‐fold differences in feature parameters are achieved, including modulus, surface state, and conductivity, to drive the target attribute coupling. The trans‐temporal reconstruction of materials enables the superb customization of functional building blocks, advancing the flexible separation and combination of different touch modes, including location, pressure, duration, and motion pattern. As a proof of concept, the alterable robotic skin is demonstrated that integrates a position‐sensing layer and a pressure‐sensing layer. It can accurately distinguish and recognize multi‐dimensional touch motions based on less‐channel data, which showcases an efficient haptic interaction application.

A taxonomy for human social perception: Data-driven modeling with cinematic stimuli.

Every day, humans encounter complex social situations that need to be encoded effectively to allow interaction with others. Yet, principles for organizing the perception of social features from the external world remain poorly characterized. In this large-scale study, we investigated the principles of social perception in dynamic scenes. In the primary data set, we presented 234 movie clips (41 min) containing various social situations to 1,140 participants and asked them to evaluate the presence of 138 social features in each clip. Analyses of the social feature ratings revealed that some features are perceived categorically (present or absent) and others continuously (intensity) and simple social features requiring immediate response are perceived most consistently across participants. To establish the low-dimensional perceptual organization for social features based on movies, we used principal coordinate analysis and consensus clustering for the feature ratings. These dimension reduction analyses revealed that the social perceptual structure can be modeled with eight main dimensions and that behaviorally relevant perceptual categories emerge from these main dimensions. This social perceptual structure generalized from the perception of unrelated Hollywood movie clips to the perception of a full Finnish movie (70 min) and to the perception of static images (n = 468) and across three independent sets of participants (n = 2,254). Based on the results, we propose eight basic dimensions of social perception as a model for rapid social perception where social situations are perceived along eight orthogonal perceptual dimensions (most importantly emotional valence, empathy vs. dominance, and cognitive vs. physical behavior). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Perceptions of Beneficiaries of Informal Social Protection Initiatives in Uganda: An Exploratory Factor Analysis Approach

ABSTRACTInformal social protection interventions are instrumental in improving people's welfare through fostering income growth and enabling self‐sufficiency. Whereas the success of some informal social protection initiatives has been acknowledged and documented, there is limited knowledge of the factors influencing the performance of informal social protection initiatives, especially in developing countries like Uganda. In this study, we identify and isolate the perceived factors influencing the performance of informal social protection initiatives. We use exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 130 beneficiaries of two informal social protection interventions in the Alebtong and Kampala districts of Uganda. Findings reveal that the performance of informal social protection interventions is perceived to be influenced by three categories of factors, collectively accounting for 62.4% of the total dataset variance which is more than the threshold of 50%. The factors are beneficiary empowerment, welfare enhancement and coverage and equality. Each factor encompasses a cluster of variables that collectively capture the essential dimensions of individual perceptions concerning the effect of informal social protection initiatives. This research offers valuable insights into how the beneficiaries perceive informal social protection initiatives, shedding light on the nuanced factors contributing to their effectiveness in Uganda.

Adoption of mobile dementia prevention services for middle-aged and older adults: applying the theory of coping strategies for dementia risks

ABSTRACT The prevalence of dementia is increasing due to the aging population, leading to significant investments in information technology-based dementia care solutions such as mobile dementia prevention services (MDPS). These services aim to facilitate early diagnosis and prevent cognitive decline, with the ultimate goal of reducing medical costs. This study examines how aging individuals perceive and evaluate MDPS and how these perceptions influence their adoption intentions. Drawing from a coping perspective, we analyze the impact of susceptibility and severity dimensions in dementia risk perception on the perceived usefulness and self-incongruence in MDPS adoption. Focusing on middle-aged and older adults aged 55 and above, the study reveals significant but contrasting effects of susceptibility and severity. Perceived susceptibility of dementia is associated with emotion-focused coping, positively influencing self-incongruence with MDPS. Perceived severity of dementia is linked to problem-focused coping, negatively impacting self-incongruence but positively influencing the perceived usefulness of MDPS, promoting adoption. These findings provide insights into promoting MDPS by considering dementia risk perceptions and contribute to the development of effective dementia-related strategies for aging individuals.

How to go green? Exploring public attention and sentiment towards waste sorting behaviors on Weibo platform: A study based on text co-occurrence networks and deep learning

The attention and sentiment of the public are crucial for better implementation of waste sorting behaviors and moving towards green living. In this study, web scraping technology was used to collect 367,856 Weibo posts related to waste sorting from Sina Weibo. Utilizing text co-occurrence networks, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling, and a deep learning model combining the Affective Cognitive Model (OCC) with Long Short-Term Memory Model (LSTM) (referred to as OCC-LSTM), we comprehensively understand the text at both micro and macro levels, analyzing the attention and sentiment of the public towards waste sorting behaviors on the Sina Weibo platform. Several important findings emerged from the empirical results. First, highly engaging posts were predominantly published by users with a large following, and the number of posts fluctuated over time. This reflects the influence of social hot topics and the timeliness of information dissemination. Second, there was heterogeneity in the user groups and their locations, often influenced by cultural differences due to geographical location. Third, positive sentiment towards waste sorting behavior was higher than negative sentiment on the Weibo platform. Moreover, public attention varied under different emotional influences concerning the topic of waste sorting behavior. The innovation of this study lies in the development of a research framework combining co-occurrence networks and deep learning, expanding the analysis on both micro and macro levels. This framework broadens the research paradigms and dimensions of public perception in waste sorting. This study is significant for promoting waste sorting behaviors and implementing climate policies.

ANALISIS TINGKAT KEPENTINGAN DAN KINERJA (IMPORTANCE-PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS) NILAI KEGUNAAN APLIKASI M-COMMERCE

Good application quality can bring user satisfaction to form user’s loyalty and trust in the company. The level of user satisfaction is different between Gojek and Grab even though each them has similarities in application features. Gojek and Grab are trying to make position as the most popular by the community in getting people's needs quickly and efficiently with huge competitive. This study aims to analyze and compare the usability qualities of Gojek and Grab based on the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) approach on the dimensions of attractiveness, perception, efficiency, dependability, stimulation and novelty. Measurements are made using Importance-Performance Analysis to graphically measure customer satisfaction so that service quality improvement priorities can be established. The data was collected by questionnaire to 32 selected respondents who accessed the Gojek and Grab applications in the Greater Jakarta area in August-December 2022. Based on the results of the study, the position of the usability quality attributes in Gojek and Grab was visually almost the same for each IPA quadrant. The Gojek application is superior in 5 dimensions to Grab, in terms of attractiveness, perception, dependability, stimulation, and novelty. Grab has one dimension that is superior to Gojek, in terms efficiency.

Luxury value perceptions and consumer outcomes: A meta‐analysis

AbstractLuxury value perception is a well‐researched, yet fragmented domain. Extant research reports several dimensions of luxury value perception, where different investigations identify varying dimensions and their impact on several consumer‐related outcomes. However, such findings are inconsistent across studies, which are carried out across various contexts using disparate samples. In this research, we use the Theory of Consumption Value and Economic Theory to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dimensions, outcomes, and moderators of luxury value perception. This investigation synthesizes extant literature through a meta‐analysis to explain the inconsistent findings and offer new insights. The meta‐analysis integrates findings from 64 papers that report 74 separate studies with 32,587 participants/consumers. The impact of the dimensions of luxury value perception (functional, social, emotional, conditional, epistemic, and economic) on consumer outcomes (affective, cognitive, and behavior), and the moderating effects of several moderators (industry type, culture, gender, and publication year) are conceptualized and examined through meta‐analytic techniques. Some relationships are under‐researched in literature and cannot be tested, which provides scope for future investigations. This research is valuable for theory as we offer novel insights and identify boundary conditions that advance theoretical understanding of the domain. Managers will benefit from this holistic understanding as they may apply the insights obtained to formulate nuanced marketing and branding strategies.

Influencing factors and paths of public support for carbon emission reduction policies—An integration model

Research has shown that understanding the fundamental of public support for carbon emission reduction policies may undermine policy formulation and implementation, yet the direction of influence and the transmission mechanism remain unclear. Using data from using data from 1482 questionnaires conducted in Hangzhou, China, this paper has examined a comprehensive model of the factors and paths influencing public support for carbon emission reduction policies, and evaluated the determinants and predictors of policy support regarding individual psychological perceptions, social-contextual perceptions, and perceptions of policy features. The results show that the variables in both the individual psychological perception and social contextual perception dimensions have no significant effect on carbon tax, however, be important constructure in carbon trading; in the policy characteristics perception dimension, both variables have a significant positive effect on both carbon tax and carbon trading, and are also the strongest predictors of policy support for carbon policies. Further evidence suggests that future policies could be more acceptable to residents by strengthening their environmental values, social norms can further arouse residents’ social responsibility to care about climate, and whether the policy is effective or fair to help residents realize the importance of the policy as well as the need for their participation and willingness to dedicate themselves to the mitigation of climate change.

Analysis of influencing factors of risk perception among emergency nurses in China: An observational study.

To understand the current saturation of emergency nurses' risk perception and its influencing factors, and to explore the correlation between emergency nurses' risk perception and nurse's safety behavior. This study is a cross-sectional study. From January 2024 to February 2024 using the questionnaire star online survey method. The convenience sampling method was used to survey nurses in the emergency departments of 5 hospitals in China. Male and female emergency nurses (n = 189) from China were included in the final sample. Nursing risk perception questionnaire and nurses safety behavior scale were used for evaluation. The collected data were comprehensively analyzed using various statistical methods, including descriptive analysis, 2 independent samples t-test mean comparison, 1-way analysis of variance for differences, multiple linear regression analysis to identify influencing factors, and Pearson correlation analyze correlations. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.0, and P < .05 was considered statistically significant (2-sided). The emergency nurses score was (87.08 ± 20.18) on the risk perception scale, scoring rate 62.2%. The results of multiple regression showed that age, marital status, education level, professional title, monthly income level, and safety behaviors were the main factors influencing the risk perception of emergency nurses (P < .05). The results of correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the dimensions of nurses' risk perception and safety behaviors (R = 0.636, P < .01). Age, marriage, education level, years of work experience, professional title, duties. engagement type, monthly income level, participation in teaching work, safety training, and no adverse events were the influencing factors of risk perception. The research results emphasize that risk perception of emergency nurses has a positive prediction effect on safe behavior. It is suggested that nursing managers should optimize nursing workflow and human resource allocation, strategically add occupational risk training to vocational training, and strengthen nurses' safety behaviors.

Perceptions, Expectations, Reality, and Public Confidence Regarding the Role of Pharmacists in Pharmacy Services in Bandung

Background: The shifting from the old paradigm to the new paradigm with the philosophy of pharmaceutical care demands pharmacists to enhance the quality of pharmaceutical services. However, this role has not been optimally fulfilled, especially in the community setting.Objectives: This study aimed to identify the perceptions and expectations, the gap between expectations and reality, and public confidence as well as to analyze the relationship between sociodemographic factors and the perceptions, expectations, and public confidence in Bandung City regarding the role of pharmacists in pharmaceutical services.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated survey instrument with 440 respondents in Bandung, West Java, from March to April 2023. The survey data were analyzed descriptively and through inferential statistics.Results: The analysis showed that 58.41% of the community had a positive perception, 56.82% had high expectations, the average gap between expectations and reality was 14.04%, and more than 51.36% had a high level of public confidence in pharmacists. Sociodemographic factors influencing perceptions were age and the highest level of education (p = 0.005; p = 0.003), factors influencing public confidence were age, the highest level of education, residence address according to ID card (KTP), and occupation (p &lt; 0.001; p = 0.034; p = 0.001; p = 0.001), and the factor influencing expectations was the residence address according to ID card (KTP) (p = 0.043). A correlation was found between the dimensions of perceptions, expectations, and public confidence.Conclusion: Most participants held a positive perception, had high expectations, and shown high confidence in the pharmacist's position, despite the existence of a disparity between expectations and the actual provision of pharmacy services. The elements of perception, expectations, and confidence are interrelated.