Dimensionally Stable Anode Research Articles

Atomically Asymmetrical Ir-O-Co Sites Enable Efficient Chloride-mediated Ethylene Electrooxidation in Neutral Seawater.

The chloride-mediated ethylene oxidation reaction (EOR) of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) via electrocatalysis is practically attractive because of its sustainability and mild reaction conditions. However, the chlorine oxidation reaction (COR), which is essential for the above process, is commonly catalyzed by dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs) with high contents of precious Ru and/or Ir. The development of highly efficient COR electrocatalysts composed of nonprecious metals or decreased amounts of precious metals is highly desirable. Herein, we report a modified Co3O4 with a single-atom Ir substitution (Ir1/Co3O4) as a highly efficient COR electrocatalyst for chloride-mediated EOR to ECH in neutral seawater. Ir1/Co3O4 achieves a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of up to 94.8% for ECH generation and remarkable stability. Combining experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the unique atomically asymmetrical Ir-O-Co configuration with a strong electron coupling effect in Ir1/Co3O4 can accelerate electron transfer to increase the reaction kinetics and maintain the structural stability of Co3O4 during COR. Moreover, a coupling reaction system integrating the anodic chloride-mediated and cathodic H2O2-mediated EOR show a total FE of ~170% for paired electrosynthesis of ECH and ethylene glycol (EG) using ethylene as the raw material. The technoeconomic analysis highlights the promising application prospects of this system.

Atomically Asymmetrical Ir–O–Co Sites Enable Efficient Chloride‐mediated Ethylene Electrooxidation in Neutral Seawater

The chloride‐mediated ethylene oxidation reaction (EOR) of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) via electrocatalysis is practically attractive because of its sustainability and mild reaction conditions. However, the chlorine oxidation reaction (COR), which is essential for the above process, is commonly catalyzed by dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs) with high contents of precious Ru and/or Ir. The development of highly efficient COR electrocatalysts composed of nonprecious metals or decreased amounts of precious metals is highly desirable. Herein, we report a modified Co3O4 with a single‐atom Ir substitution (Ir1/Co3O4) as a highly efficient COR electrocatalyst for chloride‐mediated EOR to ECH in neutral seawater. Ir1/Co3O4 achieves a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of up to 94.8% for ECH generation and remarkable stability. Combining experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the unique atomically asymmetrical Ir‐O‐Co configuration with a strong electron coupling effect in Ir1/Co3O4 can accelerate electron transfer to increase the reaction kinetics and maintain the structural stability of Co3O4 during COR. Moreover, a coupling reaction system integrating the anodic chloride‐mediated and cathodic H2O2‐mediated EOR show a total FE of ~170% for paired electrosynthesis of ECH and ethylene glycol (EG) using ethylene as the raw material. The technoeconomic analysis highlights the promising application prospects of this system.

Mild and rapid construction of Ti electrodes for efficient and corrosion-resistant oxidative catalysis at industrial-grade intensity

The development of cost-effective and corrosion-resistant catalytic electrodes for chlorine/oxygen evolution reaction (CER/OER) in large-scale industrial applications is a significant challenge. Herein, the sol–gel method is employed to achieve a uniform coating of ruthenium (Ru) doping copper (Cu) on titanium sheet (Ru + 20 %Cu@Ti), and the highly efficient industrial grade stable Ti dimensional stable anode can be quickly constructed at 723.15 K for 2 h. Cu doping reduces the vacancy formation energy of surface oxygen, promotes additional lattice oxygen vacancy assisted hydrolysis dissociation pathway, improves the selectivity and specific activity of CER at high concentration doping, and reduces the binding energy of OER intermediates (e.g., *OH, *O, and *OOH) at adjacent Ru active sites. The overpotentials require to reach the current density of 10 mA cm−2 for CER and OER were only 365 mV and 232 mV at the conditions of 5.0 M NaCl (pH = 7.0) and 1.0 M KOH + 0.5 M NaCl. More importantly, Ru + 20 %Cu@Ti demonstrates excellent stability, operates continuously for over 340h at industrial current density in neutral and alkaline electrolytes, and its strengthening life reaches 64 h, with ultra-low performance attenuation. Impressively, the designed applied electrode (8.0 cm ✕ 15.0 cm) achieves long-term CER at 0.2–0.3 A cm−2. Further industrial grade evaluation of CER shows that its chlorine extraction polarizability, enhances life and weight loss meet the requirements of industrial applications.

Coal to Clean: Comparing Advanced Electrodes for Desulfurization and Copper Recovery

This study explores the electrochemical desulfurization of coal and the recovery of copper (Cu) using dimensionally stable anode (DSA) electrodes. Background: The research addresses the need for effective sulfur removal from coal to reduce emissions. Methods: Electrochemical desulfurization was conducted using DSA and graphite electrodes, evaluating parameters like activation energy, desulfurization rate, and energy consumption. Cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry were used to study the electrochemical properties. Results: The DSA electrode demonstrated superior performance with higher desulfurization rates, lower activation energy, and better response to temperature increases compared to the graphite electrode. Optimal desulfurization was achieved at 50 °C with the DSA electrode, balancing efficiency and energy consumption. Copper recovery from the solution post-desulfurization was effective, with an 86.34% recovery rate at −0.15 V vs. (Ag|AgCl). The energy consumption for the Cu recovery was calculated to be 10.56 J, and the total cost for recovering 1 ton of Cu was approximately 781.20 €. Conclusions: The study highlights the advantages of DSA electrodes for efficient sulfur removal and metal recovery, promoting cleaner energy production and environmental sustainability. Future research should focus on optimizing electrochemical conditions and scaling up the process for industrial applications.

Coordination Environment and Distance Optimization of Dual Single Atoms on Fluorine‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Chlorine Evolution Reaction

AbstractThe chlorine evolution reaction (CER) is a crucial anode reaction in the chlor‐alkali industrial process. Precious metal‐based dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) are commonly used as catalysts for CER but are constrained by their high cost and low selectivity. Herein, a Pt dual singe‐atom catalyst (DSAC) dispersed on fluorine‐doped carbon nanotubes (F‐CNTs) is designed for an efficient and robust CER process. The prepared Pt DSAC demonstrates excellent CER activity with a low overpotential of 21 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a remarkable mass activity of 3802.6 A gpt−1 at an overpotential around 30 mV, outperforming those of commercial DSA and Pt single‐atom catalyst. The excellent CER performance of Pt DSAC is attributed to the high atomic utilization and improved intrinsic activity. Notably, introducing fluorine atoms on CNTs increases the oxidation and chlorination resistance of Pt DSAC, and reduces the demetalization ratio of Pt atoms, resulting in excellent long‐term CER stability. Theoretical calculations reveal that several Pt DSAC configurations with optimized first‐shell ligands and interatomic distance display lower energy barriers for Cl intermediates generation and weaker ionic Pt−Cl bond interaction, which are favorable for the CER process.

Study of an electrochemical system with dual cathodes for the treatment of mariculture wastewater

The salinity properties of mariculture wastewater make it a suitable candidate for electrochemical treatment. In this study, an electro-Fenton synergistic electrocatalytic system was developed using a mixed metal oxide anode, often called Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA), and dual cathodes, an iron-carrying activated carbon sheet as the first cathode and a stainless-steel plate as the second cathode, to treat mariculture wastewater. The reaction conditions of the system were investigated and optimized. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate reached 100 % after 80 min under the optimal conditions: an applied voltage of 3.39 V, a plate spacing of 1.07 cm, and an aeration rate of 34.84 L·h−1. The system effectively removed COD and nitrogen from mariculture wastewater. Analyses using GC–MS, UV–visible spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the system could degrade macromolecular organic pollutants in the wastewater. Mechanistic studies revealed that active chlorine and hydroxyl radicals play crucial roles in pollutant removal. The dynamic operation study indicated that the optimal operating conditions included a vertical water flow direction through the electrodes, and a flow rate of 10 mL·min−1. The oxidant reuse experiment determined a reflux ratio of 1:1 and a reaction time of 60 min, achieving effluent COD and NH3-N concentrations that met the primary discharge standards. The study on residual chlorine removal showed that the input amount of sodium thiosulfate was 0.36 kg, with a treatment cost of 0.32 yuan per ton of water, and the treated effluent met the discharge standards. These results provide a reference for the industrial application of electrochemical methods in treating mariculture wastewater.

Coordination Environment and Distance Optimization of Dual Single Atoms on Fluorine-Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Chlorine Evolution Reaction.

The chlorine evolution reaction (CER) is a crucial anode reaction in the chlor-alkali industrial process. Precious metal-based dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs) are commonly used as catalysts for CER but are constrained by their high cost and low selectivity. Herein, a Pt dual singe-atom catalyst (DSAC) dispersed on fluorine-doped carbon nanotubes (F-CNTs) is designed for an efficient and robust CER process. The prepared Pt DSAC demonstrates excellent CER activity with a low overpotential of 21 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and a remarkable mass activity of 3802.6 A gpt-1 at an overpotential around 30 mV, outperforming those of commercial DSA and Pt single-atom catalysts. The excellent CER performance of Pt DSAC is attributed to the high atomic utilization and improved intrinsic activity. Notably, introducing fluorine atoms on CNTs increases the oxidation and chlorination resistance of Pt DSAC, and reduces the demetalization ratio of Pt atoms, resulting in excellent long-term CER stability. Theoretical calculations reveal that several Pt DSAC configurations with optimized first-shell ligands and interatomic distance display lower energy barriers for Cl intermediates generation and weaker ionic Pt-Cl bond interaction, which are favorable for the CER process.

Application and optimization of electro-Fenton technology in advanced treatment of petrochemical industry wastewater

Within this research endeavor, a refined electric-Fenton remediation protocol was put forth for the enhanced reconditioning of intensely polluted organic effluents originating from the petrochemical sector. Using DSA (Dimensionally Stable Anode) electrode material and ultraviolet (UV) catalysis, the wastewater treatment efficiency and the ability to degrade refractory organic compounds were significantly improved. By optimizing the reaction parameters, the mineralization speed and treatment efficiency of organic matter are significantly improved, the use of H2O2 is reduced, and the cost of chemicals and energy consumption are reduced. At the same time, the technology avoids the use of a large number of harmful chemicals and mitigates the peril of subsequent contamination, thus rendering it appropriate for a spectrum of petrochemical effluents. Moreover, it exhibits efficacious abatement on diverse categories of organic contaminants.

Theoretical study on the carbon nanomaterial-supported Pt complex electrocatalysts for efficient and selective chlorine evolution reaction.

Chlorine is an important chemical which has long been produced in chlor-alkali process using dimensionally stable anodes (DSA). However, some serious drawbacks of DSA inspire the development of alternative anodes for chlorine evolution reaction (CER). In this study, we focused on the graphene- and carbon nanotube-supported platinum tetra-phenyl porphyrins as electrocatalysts for CER, which have been theoretically investigated based on density functional theory. Our results reveal that the supported substrates possess potential CER electrocatalytic activity with very low thermodynamic overpotentials (0.012-0.028 V) via Cl* pathway instead of ClO*. The electronic structures analyses showed that electron transfer from the support to the adsorbed chlorine via the Pt center leads to strong Pt-Cl interactions. Furthermore, the supported electrocatalysts exhibited excellent selectivity toward CER because of high overpotentials and reaction barriers of oxygen evolution process. Therefore, our results may pave the way for designing CER electrocatalyst utilizing emerging carbon nanomaterials.

Electrochemical degradation of acetaminophen in urine matrices: Unraveling complexity and implications for realistic treatment strategies

Urine has an intricate composition with high concentrations of organic compounds like urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Urine poses a formidable challenge for advanced effluent treatment processes following urine diversion strategies. Urine matrix complexity is heightened when dealing with pharmaceutical residues like acetaminophen (ACT) and metabolized pharmaceuticals. This work explores ACT degradation in synthetic, fresh real, and hydrolyzed real urines using electrochemical oxidation with a dimensional stable anode (DSA). Analyzing drug concentration (2.5 - 40 mg L−1) over 180 min at various current densities in fresh synthetic effluent revealed a noteworthy 75% removal at 48 mA cm−2. ACT degradation kinetics and that of the other organic components followed a pseudo-first-order reaction. Uric acid degradation competed with ACT degradation, whereas urea and creatinine possessed higher oxidation resistance. Fresh real urine presented the most challenging scenario for the electrochemical process. Whereas, hydrolyzed real urine achieved higher ACT removal than fresh synthetic urine. Carboxylic acids like acetic, tartaric, maleic, and oxalic were detected as main by-products. Inorganic ionic species nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium ions were released to the medium from N-containing organic compounds. These findings underscore the importance of considering urine composition complexities and provide significant advancements in strategies for efficiently addressing trace pharmaceutical contamination.

A Simple Organo-Electrocatalysis System for the Chlor-Related Industry.

Consuming a substantial quantum of energy (~165 TW h), the chlor-alkali industry garners considerable scholarly and industrial interest, with the anode reaction involving the oxidation of chloride ions being a paramount determinant of reaction rates. While the dimensionally stable anode (DSA) displays commendable catalytic activity and longevity, they rely on precious metals and exhibit a non-negligible side reaction in sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) production, underscoring the appeal of metal-free alternatives. However, the molecules and systems currently available are characterized by intricate complexity and are not amenable to large-scale production. Herein, we have successfully developed an economical and highly efficient molecular catalyst, demonstrating superior performance compared with the former organic molecules in the chloride ion oxidation process (COP) for the production of both chlorine gas (Cl2) and NaClO. The molecule of 2N only needs 92 mV to reach a current density of 1000 mA cm-2, with a small cost of only 0.002 $ g-1. Furthermore, we propose a novel mechanism underpinned by non-covalent interactions, serving as the foundation for an innovative approach to the design of efficient anodes for the COP.

A Simple Organo‐Electrocatalysis System for the Chlor‐Related Industry

AbstractConsuming a substantial quantum of energy (~165 TW h), the chlor‐alkali industry garners considerable scholarly and industrial interest, with the anode reaction involving the oxidation of chloride ions being a paramount determinant of reaction rates. While the dimensionally stable anode (DSA) displays commendable catalytic activity and longevity, they rely on precious metals and exhibit a non‐negligible side reaction in sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) production, underscoring the appeal of metal‐free alternatives. However, the molecules and systems currently available are characterized by intricate complexity and are not amenable to large‐scale production. Herein, we have successfully developed an economical and highly efficient molecular catalyst, demonstrating superior performance compared with the former organic molecules in the chloride ion oxidation process (COP) for the production of both chlorine gas (Cl2) and NaClO. The molecule of 2N only needs 92 mV to reach a current density of 1000 mA cm−2, with a small cost of only 0.002 $ g−1. Furthermore, we propose a novel mechanism underpinned by non‐covalent interactions, serving as the foundation for an innovative approach to the design of efficient anodes for the COP.

Efficient and durable iridium-doped SnO2 anode for reactive chlorine species-mediated urine wastewater treatment

The prevalence of nitrogen pollutants in urine wastewater has become a pressing environmental issue. Among various methods for addressing this concern, electrochemical oxidation processes that generate reactive chlorine species (RCS) from chloride ions commonly found in urine wastewater stand out as a promising approach. Despite the exploration of diverse anode materials, existing options still suffer from low selectivity in RCS generation, poor stability, and considerable energy consumption. In this study, we synthesized iridium-doped tin oxide (Ir-SnO2) as an efficient, durable, and energy-conserving anode and systematically evaluated its electrochemical activity for RCS-mediated removal of nitrogen pollutants in urine wastewater. The Ir-SnO2 anode outperformed counterparts such as IrO2, SnO2, and Sb-SnO2, demonstrating its superior electrochemical performance characterized by high current density, low charge transfer resistance, and substantial active surface area. It also achieved exceptional current efficiency of 91.7 % and energy efficiency of 7.79 mmol/Wh for RCS generation at 30 mA cm−2 in diluted 0.1 M chloride solution. Computational analysis based on density functional theory additionally supported experimental results, revealing that Ir doping to SnO2 enhances chlorine adsorption through electronic structure modification, significantly lowering the overpotential and improving electrocatalytic activity for chlorine evolution reactions. In the electrolysis of synthetic urine wastewater at 30 mA cm−2 for 5 h, the Ir-SnO2 anode demonstrated remarkable efficacy in degrading ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) with efficiencies of 100 %, 97.8 %, and 89.1 %, respectively. These results were comparable to those achieved by IrO2 (dimensional stable anode, DSA) and exceeded the performance of the boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode. Moreover, Ir-SnO2 exhibited the lowest energy consumption compared to benchmark DSA and BDD anodes in the treatment of urine wastewater. In stability assessments, furthermore, the Ir-SnO2 electrode maintained stable anodic cell potential for 100 h of continuous electrolysis in a 0.1 M NaCl electrolyte at 30 mA cm−2 and remained functional over five cycles without any signs of deactivation. This study provides valuable insights into the development of a suitable anode for energy-efficient urine wastewater treatment.

IrO2-ZrO2-SiO2 ternary oxide composites- based DSAs: Activity toward oxygen evolution reaction with long-term stability

BackgroundHigher purity of copper is produced by Electrowinning (EW) in the cathode. A major challenge in this technique is the anodic structure that causes in the energy consumption, corrosion resistance, and contamination of the copper produced in the cathode. MethodsTernary metallic oxide (IrO2-ZrO2-SiO2) composites with the different molar percentages of IrO2: SiO2 (10:60, 15:55, and 20:50%) were prepared on titanium substrate by the sol-gel technique, and then thermal decomposition to study the impact of IrO2 and SiO2 contents on the electrocatalyst performances of the dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs). The physicochemical properties of the DSAs were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrochemical measurements. Significant findingsFE-SEM and AFM images display the impact of SiO2 on the crystallization and crystal growth of IrO2, leading to the formation of finer oxide particles and the porous morphology of the ternary oxide coatings. The DSA composed of 50 % SiO2 and 20 % IrO2 (IZS (20–30–50)) with a more porous surface area represented high apparent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen evolution reaction with long-term stability as analyzed under cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and accelerated lifetime (ALT) plots.

Photoelectrocatalysis/photoelectro-Fenton system based on cone-like TiO2/nickel foam photoanode for efficient degradation of carbamazepine: Comparison with DSA

To degrade refractory organics in wastewater more efficiently and with lower energy consumption, cone-like TiO2 was grown on nickel foam (NF) and coupled with natural air-diffusion electrode (NADE) to construct novel photoelectrocatalysis/photoelectro-Fenton (PEC/PEF) system, which could completely remove 10 mg/L of carbamazepine (CBZ) within 30 min (with a pseudo-first-order rate constant (k) of 0.1939 min−1). And the system was driven by only 2 mA of current (1.7 V cell potential) with an electrical energy per order (EEO) of only 0.005 kWh m−3 order-1. It took the lead in contaminant removal and energy consumption when compared with conventional PEF systems based on dimensionally stable anode (DSA). The synergy coefficient of PEC/PEF system was as high as 6.14, which was 6.5 times that of PEF system. The reaction mechanism different from PEF system was revealed, in which e--h+ pairs were generated at TiO2/nickel foam (TiO2/NF) under UV irradiation, e- transferred to NADE enhanced current density thus promoted H2O2 accumulation much more than that using DSA. The direct oxidation of h+ and the more •OH (6.17 μM vs. 5.82 μM) produced by H2O2 utilization were the reasons for higher degradation efficiency in PEC/PEF process. Our PEC/PEF system provides a new idea for low energy consumption and high efficiency removal of pollutants, it is promising for the application to the treatment of refractory organics in wastewater.

Effective Degradation of Metronidazole through Electrochemical Activation of Peroxymonosulfate: Mechanistic Insights and Implications

The investigation into the degradation of metronidazole (MNZ), a frequently employed antibiotic, through the electrochemical activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) utilizing either boron-doped diamond (BDD) or dimensional stable anode (DSA) as the anode, was conducted in a systematic manner. The enhancement of MNZ removal was observed with increasing current density, PMS dosage, and initial pH. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a Box–Benken design, was utilized to evaluate the efficiency of MNZ elimination concerning current density (ranging from 11.1 to 33.3 mA/cm2), initial pH (ranging from 3 to 9), PMS dosage (ranging from 1 to 5 mmol·L−1), and reaction time (ranging from 25 to 45 min). The optimal operational conditions for MNZ removal were determined as follows: a current density of 13.3 mA/cm2, a pH of 3.7, a PMS dosage of 2.4 mmol·L−1, and a reaction time of 40 min. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), quenching experiments, and chemical probe experiments confirmed the involvement of •OH, SO4•− and 1O2 radicals as the primary reactive species in MNZ degradation. The presence of HCO3− and H2PO4− hindered MNZ removal, whereas the presence of Cl− accelerated it. The degradation pathways of MNZ were elucidated by identifying intermediates and assessing their toxicity. Additionally, the removal efficiencies of other organic pollutants, such as sulfamethoxazole (SMX), carbamazepine (CBZ), and nitrobenzene (NB), were compared. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of MNZ degradation efficiency, mechanisms, and pathways through electrochemical activation of PMS employing BDD or DSA anodes, thereby offering valuable insights for the selection of wastewater treatment systems.

Development of a 3D Ni-Mn binary oxide anode for energy-efficient electro-oxidation of organic pollutants

The depletion of clean water resources and the consequent accumulation of contaminants in aquatic systems must be urgently addressed by means of innovative solutions. Electro-oxidation (EO) is considered a promising technology, prized for its versatility and eco-friendliness. However, the excessively high prices and the toxicity associated with some of the materials currently employed for EO impede its broader application. This study introduces cost-effective Ni-Mn binary oxide anodes prepared on Ni foam (NF) substrate. A scalable synthesis route that enables a 35-fold increase in the production of active material through a single optimization step has been devised. The synthesized binary oxide material underwent electrochemical characterization, and its effectiveness was assessed in an electrochemical flow-through cell, benchmarked against single Ni or Mn oxides and more conventional alternatives like boron-doped diamond (BDD) and dimensionally-stable anode (DSA). The novel binary oxide anode demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving complete removal of phenol at very low current density of 5 mA cm−2, along with an 80% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) decay within only 60 min. The NF/NiMnO3 anode outperformed the BDD and DSA when using comparable projected surface areas, owing to its high porosity and ability to produce hydroxyl radicals, as confirmed from the degradation profiles in the presence of radical scavengers. Furthermore, GC/MS analysis served to elucidate the degradation pathways of phenol.

Engineering the Coordination Environment of Ir Single Atoms with Surface Titanium Oxide Amorphization for Superior Chlorine Evolution Reaction.

The chlorine evolution reaction (CER) is essential for industrial Cl2 production but strongly relies on the use of dimensionally stable anode (DSA) with high-amount precious Ru/Ir oxide on a Ti substrate. For the purpose of sustainable development, precious metal decrement and performance improvement are highly desirable for the development of CER anodes. Herein, we demonstrate that surface titanium oxide amorphization is crucial to regulate the coordination environment of stabilized Ir single atoms for efficient and durable chlorine evolution of Ti monolithic anodes. Experimental and theoretical results revealed the formation of four-coordinated Ir1O4 and six-coordinated Ir1O6 sites on amorphous and crystalline titanium oxides, respectively. Interestingly, the Ir1O4 sites exhibited a superior CER performance, with a mass activity about 10 and 500 times those of the Ir1O6 counterpart and DSA, respectively. Moreover, the Ir1O4 anode displayed excellent durability for 200 h, far longer than that of its Ir1O6 counterpart (2 h). Mechanism studies showed that the unsaturated Ir in Ir1O4 was the active center for chlorine evolution, which was changed to the top-coordinated O in Ir1O6. This change of active sites greatly affected the adsorption energy of Cl species, thus accounting for their different CER activity. More importantly, the amorphous structure and restrained water dissociation of Ir1O4 synergistically prevent oxygen permeation across the Ti substrate, contributing to its long-term CER stability. This study sheds light on the importance of single-atom coordination structures in the reactivity of catalysts and offers a facile strategy to prepare highly active single-atom CER anodes via surface titanium oxide amorphization.

Review on Structural Adjustment Strategies of Titanium‐Based Metal Oxide Dimensionally Stable Anodes in Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Technology

Emerging organic pollutants and refractory pollutants in water bodies have caused severe harm to the ecological environment and human health. Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) are currently one of the most effective oxidation methods to deal with refractory organic pollutants. Electrode materials serve as the most critical component in influencing the EAOP performance. Dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs) have the advantages of dimensional stability, structural diversity, chemical stability, low oxygen evolution potential and long service life, etc. Herein, several types of Ti‐based metal oxide DSAs (Ti/MOx DSAs) commonly used in EAOPs in the past 5 years, including Ti/IrO2, Ti/RuO2, Ti/PbO2, Ti/Sb–SnO2, and Ti/TiO2, are introduced. The modification methods including metal doping, composition adjustment, nanostructure construction, introduction of intermediate layers, compositing with carbon materials, and formation of 3D structures as well as the applications of these modified Ti‐based DSAs in EAOP for the rapid degradation of various organic pollutants are summarized and their advantages and current shortcomings of electrodes are pointed out. Finally, the Ti‐based DSA's current limitations and future development prospects are concluded.

Organocatalyst Supported by a Single‐Atom Support Accelerates both Electrodes used in the Chlor‐Alkali Industry via Modification of Non‐Covalent Interactions

AbstractConsuming one of the largest amount of electricity, the chlor‐alkali industry supplies basic chemicals for society, which mainly consists of two reactions, hydrogen evolution (HER) and chlorine evolution reaction (CER). Till now, the state‐of‐the‐art catalyst applied in this field is still the dimensional stable anode (DSA), which consumes a large amount of noble metal of Ru and Ir. It is thus necessary to develop new types of catalysts. In this study, an organocatalyst anchored on the single‐atom support (SAS) is put forward. It exhibits high catalytic efficiency towards both HER and CER with an overpotential of 21 mV and 20 mV at 10 mA cm−2. With this catalyst on both electrodes, the energy consumption is cut down by 1.2 % compared with the commercial system under industrial conditions. Based on this novel catalyst and the high activity, the mechanism of modifying non‐covalent interaction is demonstrated to be reliable for the catalyst's design. This work not only provides efficient catalysts for the chlor‐alkali industry but also points out that the SACs can also act as support, providing new twists for the development of SACs and organic molecules in the next step.