Dimensional Reference Research Articles

Gap measurement method based on projection lines and convex analysis of 3D points cloud

Abstract Accurate measurement of the gap between the lower surface of the relay and the ground is critical for ensuring the quality of the finished product. Traditional gap measurement methods have some shortcomings, such as low accuracy, poor robustness, and loss of depth clues in obscured areas. In this study, a novel gap measurement method based on computer vision is proposed, which includes a projection line model based on guided filtering and a 3D surface point cloud model based on a three dimensional plane reference.- The relay gap was measured by calculating the projection lines of the upper and lower surfaces of the gap with an error of ±0.016 mm. A 3D point cloud model captures the key features of the underside of the relay through image processing techniques, and combines convex hull and centroid estimation to construct a three-dimensional reference plane for the gap, which could achieve high-precision, real-time measurement of the gap (with an error less than ±0.0087 mm). The experimental measurement results show that the proposed method is better than the SelfConvNet method, which has a high measurement accuracy and strong anti-interference ability, and an accuracy rate of up to 99.5% in factory relay quality inspection experiments.

Multimodal preoperative imaging for transcatheter mitral valve replacement in the domestic sheep model

Preclinical in vivo evaluation is an essential step in the progression of new cardiac devices into patient use, with studies predominantly performed in the domestic sheep model. A growing area of interest in cardiac device development is transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR). Clinically, multimodal imaging, or computed tomography (CT) and echocardiography (echo) are used extensively to preoperatively determine mitral valve morphology prior to an intervention, but there is no description on how these modalities can be implemented to support preclinical studies. The purpose of this study is to apply clinically relevant CT and echo acquisition and assessment techniques to a large group of naive research sheep in order to analyze and report modality-related effects on mitral valve dimensional reference intervals in the sheep model. To this end, fifty-five adult domestic sheep underwent preoperative CT and echo exams and resultant images were analyzed using a landmark-based multiplanar measurement protocol and compiled into a master dataset for statistical analysis. We found moderate agreement between CT and echo-derived measurements of the mitral valve in sheep and propose the first clinically-relevant dimensional indices for the sheep’s naive mitral valve which can be used to guide future studies evaluating novel TMVR devices. This study is the first of its kind in proposing a reproducible method for detailed examination of the mitral valve in the sheep model using clinically-relevant multimodal imaging. As in patients, CT and echo can reveal accurate native mitral valve dimensions in the sheep prior to preclinical TMVR studies.

Echocardiographic values for normal conditioned and unconditioned North American whippets.

Echocardiographic reference intervals have not been reported for North American whippets, or for whippets that have undergone pet-level athletic training. To develop normal echocardiographic reference intervals for North American whippets and investigate differences in echocardiographic parameters based on athletic conditioning in pet whippets engaged in competitive sports. One-hundred healthy North American whippets. Dogs were examined at national shows between 2005 and 2009. Echocardiographic reference intervals were constructed and the effect of athletic conditioning on parameters of structure and function was assessed. Two dimensional, M-mode, Doppler and tissue Doppler reference ranges for healthy North American whippets are presented. Measures of left ventricular (LV) chamber diameter were larger in conditioned whippets (N=25) and remained significantly larger than in unconditioned whippets (N=16) when normalized for weight using allometric equations. Calculated LV mass was higher in conditioned dogs than in unconditioned dogs, and this difference persisted when LV mass was normalized by weight. Mitral E velocity was higher in conditioned dogs than in unconditioned dogs, whereas E/A and measures related to systolic function were not different. Pet whippets in peak athletic condition have larger hearts than do less conditioned whippets, but measures of systolic function are similar. Whippet pet athletes may show eccentric LV hypertrophy at peak condition. Normal values for cardiac size and function in North American whippets might be considered abnormal if population-specific whippet reference intervals are not used in analysis.

Estimation of Plate and Bowl Dimensions for Food Portion Size Assessment in a Wearable Sensor System.

Automatic food portion size estimation (FPSE) with minimal user burden is a challenging task. Most of the existing FPSE methods use fiducial markers and/or virtual models as dimensional references. An alternative approach is to estimate the dimensions of the eating containers prior to estimating the portion size. In this article, we propose a wearable sensor system (the automatic ingestion monitor integrated with a ranging sensor) and a related method for the estimation of dimensions of plates and bowls. The contributions of this study are: 1) the model eliminates the need for fiducial markers; 2) the camera system [automatic ingestion monitor version 2 (AIM-2)] is not restricted in terms of positioning relative to the food item; 3) our model accounts for radial lens distortion caused due to lens aberrations; 4) a ranging sensor directly gives the distance between the sensor and the eating surface; 5) the model is not restricted to circular plates; and 6) the proposed system implements a passive method that can be used for assessment of container dimensions with minimum user interaction. The error rates (mean ± std. dev) for dimension estimation were 2.01% ± 4.10% for plate widths/diameters, 2.75% ± 38.11% for bowl heights, and 4.58% ± 6.78% for bowl diameters.

TMIC-77. SINGLE-CELL CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN GBM REVEALS REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TUMOR-INFILTRATING LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION

Abstract Clinical trials of systemic T cell checkpoint blockade in GBM patients showed only disappointing results. This may be attributed in part to the immunosuppressive components of the GBM immune tumor microenvironment (iTME). Therefore, major efforts have been undertaken to describe the GBM iTME on a single cell level. However, human data on the composition of the iTME in different tumor regions (contrast enhancing tumor center versus peripheral infiltration zone) remain scarce. Here, we performed high-depth single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) on patient-matched biopsies from the tumor center and the peripheral infiltration zone of five primary GBM patients. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the same patients were included in the scRNAseq analysis to explore the transcriptional changes occurring during tumor infiltration of circulating immune cells. Through analysis of > 45’000 cells, we revealed a distinct regional transcriptional profile of microglia (MG) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MdM), a non-reactive/exhausted MG subcluster in the GBM iTME and an impaired interferon-response signature in the peripheral cytotoxic cell compartment. Comparing CD8+ T-cells from the tumor periphery to PBMC-derived CD8+ T-cells of the same patient revealed a CX3CR1+ CD8+ T-cell population with effector memory phenotype which is enriched in the PBMC but lacking in the tumor periphery. Peripheral CD8+ T-cells were mainly composed of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T-cells with exhausted effector functions. Our analysis provides a large-scale dissection of GBM-associated cell types complemented by patient-matched PBMCs, serving as a high dimensional reference map of the human GBM iTME.

OS05.4.A Single-cell characterization of human GBM reveals regional differences in tumor-infiltrating leukocyte activation

Abstract Background Clinical trials of systemic T cell checkpoint blockade in GBM patients showed only disappointing results. This may be attributed in part to the immunosuppressive components of the GBM immune tumor microenvironment (iTME). Therefore, major efforts have been undertaken to describe the GBM iTME on a single cell level. However, human data on the composition of the iTME in different tumor regions (contrast enhancing tumor center versus peripheral infiltration zone) remain scarce. Material and Methods Here, we performed high-depth single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on patient-matched biopsies from tumor center and the peripheral infiltration zone of five primary GBM patients. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the same patients were included in the analysis to explore the transcriptional changes occurring during tumor infiltration of circulating immune cells. Main findings of the transcriptional analysis were confirmed by flow cytometry. Results Through analysis of > 45’000 cells, we revealed a distinct regional transcriptional profile of microglia (MG) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MdM), a non-reactive/exhausted MG subcluster in the GBM iTME and an impaired interferon-response signature in the tumor-peripheral cytotoxic cell compartment. Comparing CD8+ T cells from the tumor periphery to PBMC-derived CD8+ T cells of the same patient revealed CX3CR1high and CX3CR1int CD8+ T cells with effector and memory phenotype, respectively, enriched in the PBMC but lacking in the tumor periphery. Tumor peripheral CD8+ T cells shared features with tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells with exhausted effector functions. Conclusion Our analysis provides a large-scale dissection of GBM-associated cell types complemented by patient-matched PBMCs, serving as a high dimensional reference map of the human GBM iTME.

Sigma enlarging bridge correction of three dimensional Ornstein–Zernike theory for solvation free energy of polyatomic solutes immersed in Lennard-Jones monatomic solvent

We have studied the applicability of the sigma enlarging bridge (SEB) correction method to the solvation of polyatomic solute molecules in a Lennard-Jones monatomic solvent using the three dimensional Ornstein–Zernike (3D-OZ) theory. It is found that the SEB correction improves the solvation free energy (SFE) significantly. It has been concluded from the analysis of the radial distribution function (RDF) that the parameter included in the SEB function can be transferred from the values of the monatomic solute to those of the polyatomic one for the 3D-OZ theory. The one dimensional reference interaction site model (1D-RISM) theory has also been examined. The SEB correction is found to be applicable to improve the SFE of the 1D-RISM theory. Except for buried or sterically hindered atoms of the solute, the transferability of the SEB parameter has been confirmed in terms of the RDF obtained by the 1D-RISM theory. This paper also examines the applicability of the hybrid closure between the molecular dynamics simulation and the one of the following closure equations—the hyper-netted chain, Kovalenko–Hirata, or Kobryn–Gusarov–Kovalenko equation—for preparing the solvent–solvent correlation function. Using the results of the hybrid closure in addition to the SEB-corrected closure, we discuss the effect of the quality of the correlation functions for the bulk solvent on the accuracy of the SFE.

FOODCAM: A Novel Structured Light-Stereo Imaging System for Food Portion Size Estimation.

Imaging-based methods of food portion size estimation (FPSE) promise higher accuracies compared to traditional methods. Many FPSE methods require dimensional cues (fiducial markers, finger-references, object-references) in the scene of interest and/or manual human input (wireframes, virtual models). This paper proposes a novel passive, standalone, multispectral, motion-activated, structured light-supplemented, stereo camera for food intake monitoring (FOODCAM) and an associated methodology for FPSE that does not need a dimensional reference given a fixed setup. The proposed device integrated a switchable band (visible/infrared) stereo camera with a structured light emitter. The volume estimation methodology focused on the 3-D reconstruction of food items based on the stereo image pairs captured by the device. The FOODCAM device and the methodology were validated using five food models with complex shapes (banana, brownie, chickpeas, French fries, and popcorn). Results showed that the FOODCAM was able to estimate food portion sizes with an average accuracy of 94.4%, which suggests that the FOODCAM can potentially be used as an instrument in diet and eating behavior studies.

An Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) finite difference (FD)‐SPH depth integrated model for pore pressure evolution on landslides over erodible terrains

AbstractEntrainment of saturated bed material increases the mobility of fast landslides. The distribution of excess pore pressures changes in the body of the landslide, as the material entering it has much lower effective confining stresses which results on much smaller apparent basal friction angles. The purpose of this paper is to enhance the Finite Differences depth integrated SPH model developed by the authors to cope with material which is flowing up the FD meshes. The model is set within an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian framework (ALE), and the resulting excess pore pressure evolution model will include now advective terms in addition to the diffusive and source terms. In order to assess the importance of the proposed modification, we introduce a basal Péclet number which relates two non dimensional reference times of consolidation and erosion.

Assessing the effect of sample orientation on dimensional X-ray computed tomography through experimental and simulated data

This paper evaluates the dimensional accuracy of industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) measurements in function of the sample’s orientation within the measurement volume. Experimental measurements are contrasted against predictions from simulations that, based on Radon-space analysis and computation of X-ray traversal-path lengths through ray-casting, estimate the optimal orientation of samples that would minimize both cone-beam distortions and beam hardening artifacts in CT data reconstructions. The simulated data were obtained with the Dreamcaster, a tool for processing and visual analysis of industrial CT datasets. For the experimental data, the tilt angles from the CT rotation axis that resulted in the smallest deviations between dimensional CT data and reference measurements—obtained from contact coordinate measuring machines (CMMs)—were determined for each sample. Tilt angles that resulted in large dimensional measurement errors were also determined. In most of the cases, the data observed in the experimental measurements agree with the trends predicted by simulated data. For slender workpieces (with high aspect ratios), three basic zones of axial angular tilt were identified: a ‘green zone’ from 10 to 35° in which deviations between CT and CMM are minimum, a ‘red zone’ from 0 to 5° and from 65 to 90° in which the largest deviations are measured, and ‘yellow zones’ between the two. When optimal orientations from the ‘green zone’ are used for scanning, the dimensional deviations of CT data from reference measurements are under 10 µm.

A four-dimensional computational model of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging measurement of subtle blood-brain barrier leakage

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is increasingly used to quantify and map the spatial distribution of blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage in neurodegenerative disease, including cerebral small vessel disease and dementia. However, the subtle nature of leakage and resulting small signal changes make quantification challenging. While simplified one-dimensional simulations have probed the impact of noise, scanner drift, and model assumptions, the impact of spatio-temporal effects such as gross motion, k-space sampling and motion artefacts on parametric leakage maps has been overlooked. Moreover, evidence on which to base the design of imaging protocols is lacking due to practical difficulties and the lack of a reference method. To address these problems, we present an open-source computational model of the DCE-MRI acquisition process for generating four dimensional Digital Reference Objects (DROs), using a high-resolution brain atlas and incorporating realistic patient motion, extra-cerebral signals, noise and k-space sampling. Simulations using the DROs demonstrated a dominant influence of spatio-temporal effects on both the visual appearance of parameter maps and on measured tissue leakage rates. The computational model permits greater understanding of the sensitivity and limitations of subtle BBB leakage measurement and provides a non-invasive means of testing and optimising imaging protocols for future studies.

Additively manufactured three dimensional reference porous media for the calibration of permeability measurement set-ups

This paper presents the first comparative study of fabricating reference porous media with three different additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, namely Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA) and HP Multi Jet Fusion (MJF). Various parameters in each step of these 3D printed reference media that contribute to model inaccuracy, including the intrinsic limitations of each printing technology are examined. The analysis of repeatability and dimensional accuracy of 3D printed parts shows that SLA yields the highest integrity in 3D printed reference medium with tolerances well below 2% of the nominal thickness of the mould. Hence the reference medium processed via SLA is tested for the permeability study. Statistical analysis based on 20 measurements of permeability using the same set-up shows a coefficient of variation of less than 2%, confirming the elimination of the inherent source of variability in real textile.

Ashlar Staircases with Warped Vaults in Sixteenth- to Eighteenth-Century Spain

During the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, three-section cantilevered stone stairways supported by vaults of complex warped shapes were built along Spain’s Mediterranean coast. Presented here are five case studies. The geometric analyses and the comparative study with the relevant treatise illustrate the existence of a geometric construction method. The process involves handling elevation and plan projections simultaneously to obtain the geometric center of the curves that delimit these vaults. The simplicity of the geometric formula applied relies on the use of dimensional references obtained from the stairwell measurements.

In-situ calibration of laser/galvo scanning system using dimensional reference artefacts

Laser powder bed fusion systems use a high-power laser, steered by two galvanometer (galvo) mirrors to scan a pattern on metal powder layers. Part geometric tolerances depend on the positioning accuracy of the laser/galvo system. This paper describes an in-situ calibration technique utilizing a camera coaxially aligned with the laser imaging a dimensional reference artefact. The laser positions are determined from the images captured by the camera while scanning the artefact. The measurement uncertainty is estimated using simulations. The in-situ calibration results are compared with the results obtained from the typical ‘mark and measure’ galvo calibration method.

Adsorption of CO2 and CH4 in MIL-47 investigated by the 3D-RISM molecular theory of solvation.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) comprise a class of highly porous nanomaterials formed by the assembly of organic molecular templates connected by metal ions. These materials exhibit a large diversity of pore size and geometry, topology, surface area, and chemical functionality. MOFs are particularly promising materials for developing new technologies for capture and storage of greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. Here we apply the three dimensional reference interaction site model (3D-RISM) molecular theory of solvation to study the interactions of CO2 and CH4 with the metal-organic material MIL-47. The 3D-RISM integral equations were solved to determine the three dimensional density correlation functions of the gas (solvent) relative to the atomic positions of the MIL-47 framework, treated as static solute sites. The computed solvent spatial distributions inside MIL-47 pores were used to identify whether or not there exist preferable binding sites and the binding free energy landscape for the gas of interest at low computational costs compared with other molecular modeling techniques, such as grand canonical Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations. The 3D-RISM formalism was applied to pure CO2, pure CH4, and binary mixtures of these gases of various compositions under different pressure conditions. The results indicate that both gases bind very weakly to MIL-47 and that this material exhibits nearly vanishing CO2/CH4 selectivity. The 3D-RISM computations presented here can be extended to investigate the physical adsorption of gases on other MOFs and nanoporous materials, providing an alternative low-cost computational approach to study gas capture and storage in nanoporous materials in general and, in particular, to determine the binding free-energy landscape in these systems.

Single-cell transcriptomics of human T cells reveals tissue and activation signatures in health and disease

Human T cells coordinate adaptive immunity in diverse anatomic compartments through production of cytokines and effector molecules, but it is unclear how tissue site influences T cell persistence and function. Here, we use single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to define the heterogeneity of human T cells isolated from lungs, lymph nodes, bone marrow and blood, and their functional responses following stimulation. Through analysis of >50,000 resting and activated T cells, we reveal tissue T cell signatures in mucosal and lymphoid sites, and lineage-specific activation states across all sites including distinct effector states for CD8+ T cells and an interferon-response state for CD4+ T cells. Comparing scRNA-seq profiles of tumor-associated T cells to our dataset reveals predominant activated CD8+ compared to CD4+ T cell states within multiple tumor types. Our results therefore establish a high dimensional reference map of human T cell activation in health for analyzing T cells in disease.

Beach Morphodynamic Response to a Submerged Reef

To develop beach engineering, the submerged structure’s primary physical functions have to be understood. This study focuses on submerged structures in order to understand the strategy of reduced wave energy, stabilizing the shoreline and not generating erosion or adversely modifying coastal processes. Important developments have been made since the 1990s, taking into account the functions of recreational amenity. However, non-dimensional models cannot explain the physical mechanisms that generate accretion or erosion morphological features in the lee of the submerged structure. The present study aims to collaborate with the understanding of the mechanism of beach response to a submerged structure. For this, 26 surveys were made using topographic, Lagrangian, and Eulerian hydrodynamic measures during one seasonal cycle of a beach system from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) with a natural submerged reef or rocky bank V-shape in the plan. This beach system is energetic and intermediate when referring to wave energy conditions and beach states, respectively. The wave breaking vector system on the rocky bank’s geometry was examined in the intermediate and dissipative beach morphodynamic organization. The variability of the wave breaking vector system determines the establishment, deformation, and erosion features in the lee of the structure. During high-energy waves, the submerged structure’s hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes are transparent. When the submerged structure combines with the dissipative beach state, the surfing wave conditions are improved. These results provide the dimensional and positional references for an engineering proposal for a beach system.

3:50 PM Abstract No. 347 Ex vivo liver model temperature is a significant factor in ablation zone dimensional reference values claimed by manufacturers

The purpose of this study is to report how ex vivo model temperature can influence ablation zone dimensional performance claims. In this study, 72 microwave ablations were created in freshly harvested bovine livers using the Emprint™ ablation system at the 100 Watt generator setting. Bovine livers were submersed in a calibrated temperature controlled water bath prior to ablation testing to enable tight control (±2°C) of model background temperature across three model temperature groups (17°C, 25°C, 35°C). Within the 17°C liver model, ablations were performed for 60, 210, 510, 600, 900 and 1200 seconds. Within the 25°C liver model, ablations were performed for 300 and 600 seconds. Within the 35°C liver model, ablations were performed for 120, 240, 360 and 600 seconds. Immediately upon completion of each ablation sample, the ablation probe was removed and the ablation zone was bisected along the needle path. The ablation zone along the needle shaft (height) and in the cross-needle axis (width) was then grossly measured. Ablation zone cross-sections were photographed and data was statistically analyzed across temperature groupings. Within the 600 second ablation time grouping, the mean ablation width was 4.23 cm (17°C) vs 4.67 cm (25°C) vs 5.03 cm (35°C) (p<0.001), the mean ablation height was 4.15 cm (17°C) vs 4.50 cm (25°C) vs 4.75 cm (35°C) (p = 0.002), the mean ablation shape metric (minimum dimension/maximum dimension, 1.0 = sphere) was 0.96 (17°C) vs 0.96 (25°C) vs 0.93 (35°C) (p = 0.278), and the mean ablation volume (using ellipsoidal calculation) was 39.25 ml (17°C) vs 51.39 ml (25°C) vs 63.25 ml (35°C) (p<0.001). Ex-vivo background liver model temperature is a significant factor in microwave ablation dimensional performance. This study demonstrated a 61% increase in ablation volume by increasing model temperature from 17°C to 35°C. Manufacturers of microwave ablation systems utilize different model temperatures. When comparing ablation dimensional performance across microwave ablation systems, the model temperature used by each manufacturer is an important consideration.Tabled 1100 W Ablation Zone Dimension ResultsModel Temperature (ºC)Ablation Time (sec)NMean Ablation Diameter (cm)St Dev Ablation Diameter (cm)Mean Ablation Length (cm)St Dev Ablation Length (cm)Mean Ablation Volume (ml)St Dev Ablation Volume (ml)Mean Ablation ShapeSt Dev Ablation Shape176061.770.0822.480.1844.080.6360.710.0361721062.900.1792.920.40712.952.7700.900.0841751064.020.1944.030.25034.164.1200.950.0391760064.230.2424.150.35139.257.2000.960.0431790064.820.0754.780.23258.164.1200.970.01617120065.200.3745.050.32171.9911.9900.950.0522530063.650.2263.680.12225.874.6300.940.0352560064.670.1514.500.03751.394.0400.960.0253512063.050.1383.130.16315.281.4810.940.0443524063.780.1173.680.17227.611.9130.950.0333536064.280.1724.150.28140.004.9600.950.0363560065.030.2944.750.18763.258.5400.930.038 Open table in a new tab

Reconstruction Method Adopting Laser Plane Generated from RANSAC and Three Dimensional Reference

A reconstruction approach is proposed based on a laser plane derived from the Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) and three dimensional (3D) reference. The Hessian matrix is performed to extract the center points of the two intersection lines between the laser plane and the reference. The initial laser points are divided into two parts: the inner and exterior points. The inner points are chosen by the RANSAC method to fit the laser line, which avoids the interference of the exterior points. The intersection lines between the laser plane and the reference are represented by Plucker matrices. The laser plane is modeled by the intersection laser lines in the coordinate system of the reference and solved by the singular value decomposition method. The cylinders with known radii are employed to evaluate the accuracy of the laser plane, by comparing the reconstructed radii with the real values of the cylinders. The effects of the Gaussian noise, the distance from the camera to the 3D reference and the cylinder radius are investigated in the experiments. The average reconstruction errors of the three methods of RANSAC, Hough and least squares are 0.68, 1.47 and 2.32 mm in the four groups of experiments, respectively. The experimental results show that reconstruction method using the laser plane generated from the RANSAC and the 3D reference is reliable to present a high accuracy reconstruction for the vision reconstruction system.

Olive tree varieties cultivated for the great Baetican oil trade between the 1st and the 4th centuries ad: morphometric analysis of olive stones from Las Delicias (Ecija, Province of Seville, Spain)

During the excavations of a Roman amphora workshop and oil mill of the 1st–4th century ad in Las Delicias, Genil valley, Ecija, Spain, large quantities of charred olive stones were recovered. The assemblages discovered in the pottery kilns demonstrate the use as fuel of olive residues, which were obtained from the extraction of the oil in the nearby mill. The abundance of material offered the opportunity to study the infra-specific diversity of the olives growing in the province of Baetica, which is known to have been an important oil-producing region during the Roman Empire. In total, 335 intact charred archaeological olive stones were analysed using geometric morphometry (outline analysis) and compared with several current morphotypes. These have been identified within a set of dimensional references of the stones established from the morphometric study of current varieties and wild populations, including genuinely wild and feral forms of olives, from various areas around the Mediterranean. The morphotype mainly found in wild populations was widely represented among the olive stones from Las Delicias. A large proportion of the archaeological stones were however close to various domesticated forms, which reflect the history of the region and of its varied cultural Mediterranean influences, Punic, Greek and Roman. Moreover, intermediate forms between two distinct morphotypes were identified. They suggest that hybrid olive trees derived from crosses among domesticated varieties and also between domesticated and wild forms, were grown in Las Delicias. In the Genil valley, Roman olive cultivation was based on a set of local olives which included wild and domesticated varieties from various origins, and whose diversity arose from breeding for improvement of varieties.