Dimensional Landscape Research Articles

Finiteness of 3D higher spin gravity Landscape

Abstract We give Swampland constraints on the three dimensional Landscape of Anti-de Sitter higher spin gravity in the Chern-Simons formulation with connection valued in various split real forms of Lie algebras. We derive the finiteness conjecture by computing the upper bound on the rank of possible gauge groups then we refine it using the AdS distance conjecture. We discuss the implications of this Swampland constraint on the spectrum of higher spin gravity theories and we compare it with the gravitational exclusion principle required from BTZ black hole consideration to excerpt a constraint on the Chern-Simons level k.

Two dimensional landscape of ferromagnetic domains and the resulting magnetization curves

Recently, Kittel’s theory of ferromagnetic domains in thin films in one dimension, i. e. with the domains extended infinitely over one in-plane direction and with the anisotropy axis oriented perpendicular to the film was revisited by considering the film thickness and unbalanced domains with up and down magnetization, yielding to the computation of magnetic hysteresis [C. M. Teodorescu, Res. Phys. 46 (2023) 106287]. In this work, the above study is extended to samples featuring two-dimensional domain landscapes, for materials with strong magnetic anisotropy, typically characterized by a superunitary ratio between the anisotropy energy and the stray field energy densities. This allows one to compute the most stable structures for vanishing average magnetization 〈M〉 together with hysteresis curves for thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and two-dimensional rectangular domains and also for thin films with in-plane magnetic anisotropy. For two-dimensional films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, the most stable structure for 〈M〉 = 0 is found to be that with domains infinitely elongated along one in-plane direction, i. e. the one-dimensional case treated in the preceding work. For thin stripes with in-plane magnetization, the domain size l is approximately linear with the stripe lateral size d for low film thickness, while for large film thicknesses it follows a Kittel-like law, but as function of the stripe size l ∼ d1/2. For in-plane magnetized thin films of infinite lateral extent, the most stable structure is the single domain. As for hysteresis curves, the two-dimensional case with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is shown to evolve from a 2D landscape derived from the checkerboard structure, but with unbalanced domains for magnetization near saturation, towards one-dimensional domain structures for lower magnetization. In some cases and depending also on the demagnetization factor, the one-dimensional case is not reached, and the film exhibit 2D structures on the whole range of the magnetization curve. The hysteresis obtained for thin magnetic stripes with in-plane magnetization also can exhibit a rich structure, with minor cycles on the wings of the magnetization curves evolving towards „normal” hysteresis (again, depending on the film thickness, stripe lateral size and demagnetization factor). An infinite thin film with in-plane anisotropy features a steplike magnetization dependence on the applied field.

Effects of activity distance on dynamics of bio-molecules in the multidimensional potential energy model

Activity distance, which is commonly used to describe the transformation from a bound state to a transition state in the potential energy landscape model, is the key factor in the bio-molecular system to study dynamic properties. Adopted both in phenomenological theory and the statistical model, activity distance is the fundamental parameter to describe the kinetic characteristics of bio-molecules and is usually connected with the change in the pulling force F. The effects of activity distance Δx‡ are easy to be detected in a single dimensional landscape model because the force only expresses the mechanical work −Fx, which mainly overlaps with the fluctuation of the configuration of bio-molecules. However, as the force cannot affect the transformation directly in the multidimensional landscape model, the deflection angle φ is introduced in our work to discuss the pulling force, which has partial effects on the Q dimension. By comparing the mean waiting time ⟨t⟩ under the conditions of normal kinetics and dynamic disorder, in this study, we show the typical results from the effects of activity distance on the multidimensional potential energy model.

Redundancy-selection trade-off in phenotype-structured populations

Realistic fitness landscapes generally display a redundancy-fitness trade-off: highly fit trait configurations are inevitably rare, while less fit trait configurations are expected to be more redundant. The resulting sub-optimal patterns in the fitness distribution are typically described by means of effective formulations, where redundancy provided by the presence of neutral contributions is modelled implicitly, e.g. with a bias of the mutation process. However, the extent to which effective formulations are compatible with explicitly redundant landscapes is yet to be understood, as well as the consequences of a potential miss-match. Here we investigate the effects of such trade-off on the evolution of phenotype-structured populations, characterised by continuous quantitative traits. We consider a typical replication-mutation dynamics, and we model redundancy by means of two dimensional landscapes displaying both selective and neutral traits. We show that asymmetries of the landscapes will generate neutral contributions to the marginalised fitness-level description, that cannot be described by effective formulations, nor disentangled by the full trait distribution. Rather, they appear as effective sources, whose magnitude depends on the geometry of the landscape. Our results highlight new important aspects on the nature of sub-optimality. We discuss practical implications for rapidly mutant populations such as pathogens and cancer cells, where the qualitative knowledge of their trait and fitness distributions can drive disease management and intervention policies.

T is for territory: Gathering data about human experience in Developmental Transformations and advancing technologies

This article makes a comparison between developing technologies in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and a practice used by drama therapists called Developmental Transformations (DvT). Both technologies gather granular data on human bodies; however, AI does so in the virtual realm, whereas DvT necessitates a physical encounter. As a contribution to theory, this article raises questions about whether interactions with technological interfaces are actual, virtual or somewhere in-between, and about where our bodies intersect in that dimensional landscape. Is it possible for practitioners of drama therapy, specifically DvT, to be in conversation with the growing dominance of technologies operated through AI, and where do the boundaries of human territory fit in relation to both? The relationship between these two approaches to data gathering are explored through the use of arts-based research in the form of collage. Possible implications for future practice as research are considered.

Measurement of New Observables from the $$\pi ^{+}\pi ^{-}p$$ Electroproduction Off the Proton

A key objective of the N* program is to measure the resonance transition form factors that contain information needed to explore the distance-dependence description of the interaction of a probe with the nucleon resulting in its excitation to one of its various resonance states. These resonance transition form factors are sensitive to the underlying degrees of freedom of the nucleon and their dynamics while being confined within the nucleon, and therefore serve to understand the emergent complexity of the Universe at the most fundamental level. Experimental observables from single- and double-charged electroproduction channels serve as dominant sources for the extraction of these form factors in the two dimensional landscape spanned by the variables $$Q^{2}$$ and W, which map out the space-time scale of the degrees of freedom and their dynamics during the interaction as well as the range of possible excitations of the nucleon, respectively. For the first time, observables in the double-charged channel that are sensitive to the polarization of the virtual photon are measured using the $$\pi ^{+}\pi ^{-}p$$ reaction channel. This article presents preliminary measurements for these new observables for $$2\;\mathrm{GeV^{2}}\;<\;Q^{2}\;<\;5\;\mathrm{GeV^{2}}$$ and $$1.400\;\mathrm{GeV}<\;W\;<\;2.125\;\mathrm{GeV}$$ using data collected at the experimental facility of Jefferson Laboratory, preceded by an introduction to these observables.

Location choice for renewable resource extraction with multiple non-cooperative extractors: a spatial Nash equilibrium model and numerical implementation

Especially in lower-income countries, the distribution of renewable resources in open access settings often reflects the non-cooperative spatial extraction decisions of many individuals who spread out across a landscape. These individuals recognize tradeoffs between distance to the resource, density, and competition amongst extractors. In this paper we present a game theoretic model that explicitly accommodates such explicitly spatial non-cooperative behavior with respect to the extraction of a stationary renewable natural resource, such as a non-timber forest products or bivalvia (for example, oysters, clams), that is located in a two dimensional landscape. Villagers that have identical labor allocations and preferences are shown to undertake very different extraction pathways in equilibrium. For example, some may extract in more congested patches closer to the village while others may extract in less crowded but more distant patches. For many parameterizations, we find multiple spatial Nash equilibria that differ with respect to the number of villagers at each resource location, whether individual villagers extract from one or multiple locations, and the extent and spatial pattern of resource degradation. In addition to finding equilibria with widely different actions taken by identical extractors, the analysis here demonstrates the impact of simplifying assumptions for spatial decisions on predictions of policy impact, resource distributions, and conflict.

Эволюционная динамика для многомерного ландшафта приспособленности

В данной работе рассматривается одна из самых значимых моделей популяционной генетики — модель Кроу–Кимуры. В последнее десятилетие были исследованы модели с ландшафтами приспособленности малой размерности. Цель статьи состоит в анализе модели Кроу–Кимуры c многомерным ландшафтом приспособленности в рамках формализма Гамильтона–Якоби. Для случая однопикового ландшафта приспособленности выводятся точные аналитические выражения, которые подтверждаются численно.

조선 왕릉의 경관관리를 위한 통합적 시각구조분석모델 모색방안

본 연구는 조선 왕릉의 명확한 공간 및 시각구조특성을 활용하여 그 주변 경관관리를 위해 요청되는 시각구조분석의 최적화 모델개발을 모색한 것으로, 이를 최근의 분석 장비와 기법으로 뒷받침하고자 하였다. 연구 결과 삼차원적 정보모델링인 '스케치업'의 간략화한 자료구축을 통해 이 자료상에서 주요지점과 통경축, 그리고 주변의 저해요소 등을 복합적으로 고려한 연속적 시뮬레이션 기반구축의 선행 실시를 상정하였다. 이후 이들의 경로와 시선방향을 연장하는 좌표 값을 도출하고 이 구간을 헬리캠이 운행하면서 촬영한 실사이미지와 시뮬레이션을 상호 비교함으로서 경관분석과 관리의 효율성이 배가될 수 있음을 제안하였다. 이러한 내용은 그간 소수의 국한된 장소에서 촬영된 이미지를 통해 분석되어온 고정적 지각구조 분석방식의 한계성을 극복할 수 있으며, 시선차단요소들과의 관계성 고찰이 용이한 장점을 보유한다. 아울러 제안된 방식은 주요 시선경로 상의 경관적 변화양상을 포착할 수 있으며, 헬리캠을 이용한 실사 이미지와 스케치업의 가상 이미지 간 호환을 통해 최적화된 장비운영을 가능케 함으로서 분석이후 시간적 변화에 따른 정비계획의 시뮬레이션 자료로서도 용이하게 전환될 수 있다. 상기의 제안은 그간의 조망점, 통경축, 경관관리권역이라는 점, 선, 면, 입체적 환경을 중층적, 연속적, 효율적으로 연계하는 자료로서 기능할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 조선왕릉과 주변 경관구조 분석방법론 수립에 치중한 까닭에 실천적 점검이 결여된 상태이나 향후 현장에서의 실천과 점검을 통해 기타 문화재의 경관관리에도 응용될 것을 기대한다. The purpose of this study is to provide the visual landscape modelling on Josun royal tombs and surrounding. The visual landscape of traditional heritage is illustrated by the main view points of analysis. This analysis examines limited view points and cannot reflect a reality of environments. Nowadays various equipments and methodologies are developed for the visual landscape research. This study used new tools for analysis which are Sketch up (3D simulation) and mini helicopter (UAV). With those tools, this research examines not only view points of the analysis but also axis views and disincentive environments as a complex analysis. First of all, the research examined 3D modelling for the virtual simulation and drew coordinates and routes for the UAV operating. Secondly, UAV followed this routes and took linear and continuous views that are real scenes. As a result, it drew 3D simulation could illustrate and control the changing of environments such as the forest density and seasonal variations. Thus, comparing both of them shows efficiently landscape analysis. Thirdly, the study compared virtual and real landscape. Using this 3D modelling, this paper able to elaborate heritage environment and surrounding which omitted by view point analysis. Although this study has limitation practice and exercise on the field, the results and suggestions contribute to the various historic heritage managements and conservations. Moreover, it helps to explain the complex and dimensional landscape analysis.

Reduced order modelling of an unstructured mesh air pollution model and application in 2D/3D urban street canyons

A novel reduced order model (ROM) based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) has been developed for a finite-element (FE) adaptive mesh air pollution model. A quadratic expansion of the non-linear terms is employed to ensure the method remained efficient. This is the first time such an approach has been applied to air pollution LES turbulent simulation through three dimensional landscapes. The novelty of this work also includes POD's application within a FE-LES turbulence model that uses adaptive resolution. The accuracy of the reduced order model is assessed and validated for a range of 2D and 3D urban street canyon flow problems. By comparing the POD solutions against the fine detail solutions obtained from the full FE model it is shown that the accuracy is maintained, where fine details of the air flows are captured, whilst the computational requirements are reduced. In the examples presented below the size of the reduced order models is reduced by factors up to 2400 in comparison to the full FE model while the CPU time is reduced by up to 98% of that required by the full model.

Correction: Realistic three dimensional fitness landscapes generated by Self Organizing Maps for the analysis of experimental HIV-1 evolution

Correction: Realistic three dimensional fitness landscapes generated by Self Organizing Maps for the analysis of experimental HIV-1 evolution

Data Transformation Functions for Expanded Search Spaces in Geographic Sample Supervised Segment Generation

Sample supervised image analysis, in particular sample supervised segment generation, shows promise as a methodological avenue applicable within Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA). Segmentation is acknowledged as a constituent component within typically expansive image analysis processes. A general extension to the basic formulation of an empirical discrepancy measure directed segmentation algorithm parameter tuning approach is proposed. An expanded search landscape is defined, consisting not only of the segmentation algorithm parameters, but also of low-level, parameterized image processing functions. Such higher dimensional search landscapes potentially allow for achieving better segmentation accuracies. The proposed method is tested with a range of low-level image transformation functions and two segmentation algorithms. The general effectiveness of such an approach is demonstrated compared to a variant only optimising segmentation algorithm parameters. Further, it is shown that the resultant search landscapes obtained from combining mid- and low-level image processing parameter domains, in our problem contexts, are sufficiently complex to warrant the use of population based stochastic search methods. Interdependencies of these two parameter domains are also demonstrated, necessitating simultaneous optimization.

On Gaussian random supergravity

We study the distribution of metastable vacua and the likelihood of slow roll inflation in high dimensional random landscapes. We consider two examples of landscapes: a Gaussian random potential and an effective supergravity potential defined via a Gaussian random superpotential and a trivial Kähler potential. To examine these landscapes we introduce a random matrix model that describes the correlations between various derivatives and we propose an efficient algorithm that allows for a numerical study of high dimensional random fields. Using these novel tools, we find that the vast majority of metastable critical points in N dimensional random supergravities are either approximately supersymmetric with |F| ≪ M susy or supersymmetric. Such approximately supersymmetric points are dynamical attractors in the landscape and the probability that a randomly chosen critical point is metastable scales as log(P ) ∝ − N. We argue that random supergravities lead to potentially interesting inflationary dynamics.

Symmetry breaking and geometric confinement in VO2: Results from a three-dimensional infrared nano-imaging

Epitaxial strain can play an important role in controlling the local phase dynamics of transition metal oxides. With scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy, we visualize the three dimensional landscape of phase inhomogeneity in strained VO2 films grown on [100]R TiO2 substrates. We demonstrate that three different symmetries are spontaneously broken in the vicinity of the VO2 phase transition: (1) Monoclinic-tetragonal (rutile) crystal symmetry breaking due to the structural phase transition, (2) in-plane (x-y plane) rotational symmetry breaking due to the formation of periodic strain domains, and (3) out-of-plane (z-axis) mirror symmetry breaking at the film cross-section due to substrate-induced epitaxial strain.

USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING AND LIDAR DATA FOR PHOTO-REALISTIC VISUALISATION OF CLIMATE IMPACTS AT HERITAGE SITES

Abstract. Remote sensing technologies such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) can now provide accurate spatial data for describing topographic patterns in landscapes and mapping the fine geometric detail of complex structures. Interdisciplinary studies using such data for characterising heritage sites are now widespread, but it is less common for data derived from these technologies to be used in an operational setting to 'engage' local people with the idea of future change. Three- dimensional landscape models using TLS and LIDAR are a powerful way of communicating climate change to lay audiences on a local level and the use of multi-scale spatial data can help to show the anticipated impacts of climate change at heritage sites. The aim of this paper is to present the results of a project designed to produce a photorealistic geospatial model of the historic quayside at Cotehele Quay, Cornwall, UK. Our central aim was to generate a spatially accurate and visually realistic three-dimensional model of the site for use in local engagement strategies. TLS and LIDAR data were collected and processed to produce a three-dimensional model. The key image processing stages included: registration to a national co-ordinate system, meshing using 3D reshaper and visualisation creation in 3DS Max. The resulting model will permit spatial consideration of the impact of management strategies at the site. The over-arching application of this method beyond the study site will provide a platform for discussion that addresses the needs of site managers and the expectations of local communities.

Study on Fusion of Aerial and TM Image and its Application

The aerial remote sensing image has the advantage of high resolution, while the TM image has the predominance of multi spectral information. This paper introduces the theory and method of the fusion of aerial and TM images, and discusses the application of fusion image to make three dimensional landscape graph, inundate analysis and loss evaluation, monitoring the conditions of reforesting and regrassing , boundary survey and virtual reality simulation system.

Editorial: Categories and dimensions: reflections on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Editorial: Categories and dimensions: reflections on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Leadership, Violence, and Warfare in Small Societies

Multi-agent simulation was used to study the effect of simple models of leadership on interpersonal violence and warfare in small societies. Agents occupied a two dimensional landscape containing villages and food sources. Sharing and stealing contributed to normative reputation. Violence occurred during theft, in revenge killings, and in leader-directed warfare between groups. The simulations were run over many generations to examine the effect of violence on social development. The results indicate that leadership reduced the survival probability of the population. Interpersonal violence killed more agents than warfare when intra-group violence was permitted. More aggressive leaders did not always prevail over less aggressive leaders due to the inherent risks associated with attacks. The results of the simulation are compared to cross-cultural studies and to observations of indigenous Pacific island societies.

The Dimensional Landscape Model: Exploring Differences in Expressing and Locating Landscape Qualities

Landscape quality assessments provide information for developers, decision-makers and designers as to what is significant about a given landscape. However, assessment methods that rely on disciplinary expertise can fail to identify the qualities of landscapes that are important to those communities for whom landscape is a lived-in experience, particularly indigenous communities. While theories of landscape provide ample scope for understanding the intangible and temporal qualities that might be important to these communities, assessment methodologies still largely focus on landscape's tangible and geographic attributes. Using a New Zealand example to illustrate the problem, and examining a range of approaches across landscape disciplines and indigenous groups, underlying differences are identified in how landscape qualities are expressed and located. The resulting Dimensional Landscape Model offers a set of conceptual structures around which the variety of qualities expressed may have a better fit. It differentiates between static and dynamic expressions of landscape qualities, and in locating those qualities in spatial, temporal or spatio-temporal dimensions. It reveals a tendency for Western disciplines to use static spatial approaches and indigenous groups to use dynamic spatio-temporal approaches. These fundamental differences may help explain why the latter qualities tend to be given less prominence or credibility in formal landscape assessments. The Dimensional Landscape Model offers concepts around which it might be possible to develop more sophisticated and inclusive methods of conveying the multiple qualities of landscapes.

Computational modeling of city formation

Although a burst of recent research in economics has examined how industries form, a majority of it considers highly simplified models. In this paper, we use computational modeling techniques to expand from traditional, simple, analytically tractable economic models to more complex two dimensional landscapes. Using the basic theories developed in earlier research, we examine what factors cause cities to emerge, including: transportation costs, the percentage of workers in a population, and the elasticity of substitution. These three factors should cause workers and firms to agglomerate, causing cities to emerge out of a scattered population.