Dimensional Construction Research Articles

Discharge coefficient of vertical sluice gates with broad crested weir under free-submerged orifice flows using best subset regression.

Accurate calculation of flow discharge for sluice gates is essential in irrigation, water supply, and structure safety. The measurement of discharge with the requirement of distinguishing flow regimes is not conducive to application. In this study, a novel approach that considers both free and submerged flow was proposed. The energy-momentum method was employed to derive the coefficient of discharge. Subsequently, the discharge coefficient was determined through the experiment which was performed on the physical model of a vertical sluice gate with a broad-crested weir. Feature engineering, incorporating dimensional analysis, feature construction, and correlation-based selection were performed. The best subset regression method was employed to develop regression equations of the discharge coefficient with the generated features. The derived formula was applied to compute the discharge coefficient in the vertical sluice gate and determine the flow discharge. The accuracy of adopted method was assessed by comparing it with recent studies on submerged flow, and the results demonstrate that the developed approach achieves a high level of accuracy in calculating flow discharge. The coefficient of determination for the calculated flow rate is 0.993, and the root mean square percentage error is 5.04%.

RANCANG BANGUN CNC PRINTER 3 DIMENSI MENGGUNAKAN ARDUINO MEGA 2560

In making this 3 Dimensional CNC Printer machine, the design and construction process is divided into several main parts. The main parts include; design for the mechanical part, design for the frame part, design for the control and calibration system. In the mechanical section, the motor type is selected and the transmission system is designed. The type of motor used is the Stepper Motor Type 17210 G Shinano Kenshi with specifications; angular movement of 1.8 degrees/pulse with a current of 1 A, voltage of 2.6 VDC, resistance of 1.5 Ohm/phase, inductance of 2.8 mH/phase and holding torque of 0.3 Nm. For transmission, it uses a pulley and belt transmission type. The frame uses Tslot 2040, Vslot 2020 and Aluminum Composite materials for the engine mount. In the control and calibration section, this 3 Dimensional CNC Printer machine uses an Arduino Mega 2560. In mechanical testing, movement trials were carried out in the x, y and z axes. The test results show that the movement is as expected. For the x-axis movement, it is 60 mm, the y-axis is 80 mm and the z-axis is 100 mm.

Fe2O3 for stable K-ion storage: mechanism insight into dimensional construction from stress distribution and micro-tomography.

Fe2O3 is considered a potential electrode material owing to its high theoretical capacity, low cost, and non-toxic characteristics. However, the significant volume expansion and structural degradation during charging and discharging hinder its application in potassium ion batteries. The electrochemical properties of the electrode material are primarily influenced by the diffusion efficiency of ions and the mechanics of the object. From the construction of a one dimensional structure, a three-dimensional flower-like Fe2O3 with a high specific surface and low-dimensional spherical Fe2O3 were prepared. Considering the convenience and visualization of the research, micron-scale Fe2O3 was prepared, although the larger particle size will lose part of the capacity. Notably, compared with the spherical structure, the specific capacity of the flower structure was increased by about 100%. The von Mises stress distribution on the two structures was simulated by the finite element method, revealing the mechanism of electrode failure induced by volume expansion and confirming the vital role of the multidimensional system in relieving stress concentration and improving electrochemical performance. Furthermore, synchrotron radiation soft X-ray absorption spectrum and X-ray micro-tomography revealed the phase transformation process and reaction mechanism of Fe2O3 in potassium ion batteries. The dimensional structure construction strategy reported here can provide theoretical support for modifying transition metal oxides.

Dimensions and Proportions of the Ptolemaic Temple at Gebel el-Nour

The paper focuses on the analysis of plan proportions of the Ptolemaic temple near the settlement of Gebel el-Nour (Egypt), the construction of which is dated to the period of reign of Egyptian king Ptolemy II Philadelphus (king from 284 to 246 B.C.). In an attempt to understand the possible logic of the dimensional and geometrical construction of the temple, the development of arithmetical, graphic and modular methods of proportionality is considered in the examples of structures from the Early Dynastic to Ptolemaic periods. Thus, during the construction of the largest Early Dynastic structures the simplest modular system based on sequentially constructed squares in combination with a system of diagonal constructions was used. During the Old Kingdom architecture begins to reflect the proportions of the Egyptian rectangular triangle 3:4:5. To replace the simple ratio of integers and rectangular triangles, laid in the proportions of buildings, in the New Kingdom era comes a system of building on the diagonals of the square. The growing influence of the Mediterranean region in the Ptolemaic period led to the introduction of the Greek system of construction modulo. Meanwhile, during this period there was a conscious archaization — a return to the methods of the Old Kingdom. The analysis of the temple in Gebel el-Nour shows that its geometry is based on a square, the side of which, giving the width of the ground area (16.68 m), and the diagonal of which gives its length (23.60 m). The centre of the square is the centre of the circle (diameter 34.88 m) into which the whole temple is inscribed (pronaos together with the naos). Premises and internal walls of the temple can be built according to the module, the role of which is probably played by the diameter of the base of the column (1.19 m) or on the basis of a rectangular triangle 3:4:5. Thus a complex of methods could be applied to the construction of the temple. Each of these methods solved its task: to obtain general geometry of the building, aesthetics (facades), construction (wall thickness), and functioning (size and configuration of the hall). The use of geometric principles from a much earlier period (the archaic construction of the diagonal square and the use of a rectangular triangle 3:4:5 to divide the interior spaces) is probably a deliberate archaization typical of the period.

Novel 1D/3D CeO2/g-C3N4 catalysts for photodegradation of ciprofloxacin under visible light via dimensional regulation and heterostructure construction

Dimensional regulation and heterostructure building strategy are the significant means to boost the property of semiconductor photocatalysts. Herein, CeO2/g-C3N4 (CeCN) composites with 1D/3D structure were synthesized by compounding one-dimensional CeO2 nanorods and three-dimensional porous carbon nitride materials. Diverse characterization methods, BET, XRD, SEM/TEM, FT-IR, XPS and UV–vis DRS, to name a few, were conducted to reveal the surface area, micro shape, crystal structure, surface functional groups and photoconductive properties of the samples. The photocatalytic properties of catalyst were estimated by photodegradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) under visible light irradiation. The results suggested that CeO2 nanorods with 1D structure and g-C3N4 with 3D porous structure are successfully composite into 1D/3D composites without any crystal structure and surface functional groups changed. The optimal CeCN25 exhibited brilliant photodegradation performance with 96.3% degradation efficiency within 100 min under visible light irradiation. The dimension control strategy made the material form porous structure and increases the adsorption performance of the material, while the heterostructure construction strategy formed a space electric field with efficient charge separation and transfer, which prolonged charge life. The combination of two strategies was the crucial factor for the eminent catalytic activity of photocatalysts. This work supplies thinking for the directional design and synthesis of composite catalysts with high photocatalytic activity.

High power efficiency nitrides thermoelectric device

III-Nitrides, especially InGaN, are promising for high-efficiency thermoelectric (TE) components operating at high temperatures (HTs), playing a critical role in the recovery of waste heat for sustainable energy development. However, the performance of InGaN TE materials is limited by the high thermal conductivity (k) and the conflict coupling between the power factor (PF) and the k. Here, the previously unstudied two-dimensional InGaN/GaN SL structured TE device with a high In composition of 31% was developed and demonstrated to improve the TE figure of merit (ZT, Z = PF/k) by reducing the k value without deteriorating the PF. The Seebeck coefficient (S) exhibited a value of − 365 μV/K due to the increased density of electron states near the Fermi level by the low dimensional construction. Simultaneously, a relatively low k was obtained as 7.7 W/m·K, benefitting from the alloying and SL interface scattering effect of high energy phonons. Moreover, enhancement of the Umklapp process by the space confinement effect further lowers the k. Accordingly, a record ZT value of 0.089 at 300 K was achieved, which was better than previously reported values for GaN-based TE film materials. This work provides a new material system for improving the performance of nitride TE materials at HTs and extends the fields of application in electricity harvesting from waste heat.

Fuzzy Information Discrimination Measures and Their Application to Low Dimensional Embedding Construction in the UMAP Algorithm.

Dimensionality reduction techniques are often used by researchers in order to make high dimensional data easier to interpret visually, as data visualization is only possible in low dimensional spaces. Recent research in nonlinear dimensionality reduction introduced many effective algorithms, including t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP), dimensionality reduction technique based on triplet constraints (TriMAP), and pairwise controlled manifold approximation (PaCMAP), aimed to preserve both the local and global structure of high dimensional data while reducing the dimensionality. The UMAP algorithm has found its application in bioinformatics, genetics, genomics, and has been widely used to improve the accuracy of other machine learning algorithms. In this research, we compare the performance of different fuzzy information discrimination measures used as loss functions in the UMAP algorithm while constructing low dimensional embeddings. In order to achieve this, we derive the gradients of the considered losses analytically and employ the Adam algorithm during the loss function optimization process. From the conducted experimental studies we conclude that the use of either the logarithmic fuzzy cross entropy loss without reduced repulsion or the symmetric logarithmic fuzzy cross entropy loss with sufficiently large neighbor count leads to better global structure preservation of the original multidimensional data when compared to the loss function used in the original UMAP algorithm implementation.

Novel 1d/3d Ceo2/G-C3n4 Catalysts for Photodegradation of Ciprofloxacin Under Visible Light Via Dimensional Regulation and Heterostructure Construction

Novel 1d/3d Ceo2/G-C3n4 Catalysts for Photodegradation of Ciprofloxacin Under Visible Light Via Dimensional Regulation and Heterostructure Construction

Cr(VI)-imprinted polymer wrapped on urchin-like Bi2S3 for reduced photocorrosion and improved photoreduction of aqueous Cr(VI)

Just like other metal sulfides, the misfortune of photocorrosion and undesired photogenerated electron-hole recombination for Bi2S3 was inevitable. In this work, a viable route to reduce photocorrosion of Bi2S3 and improve photoreduction of aqueous Cr(VI) was developed via “dressed” a Cr(VI) imprinting polymer (Cr(VI)-IP) on urchin-like Bi2S3 (U-Bi2S3). Cr(VI)-IP wrapped on the three dimensional U-Bi2S3 was implemented by a bulk polymerization. The wrapped Cr(VI)-IP enabled to fast enrich and adsorb Cr(VI) on U-Bi2S3 leading to improve the photoreduced efficiency of photogenerated carriers and restrain the photogenerated electron-hole recombination. What’s more, Cr(VI)-IP wrapped on U-Bi2S3 was just like an “armor” which could support the three dimensional construction of U-Bi2S3 from the structural collapse of photocorrosion and retard the direct contact of oxygen and H2O from the surrounding media. As expected, the obtained U-Bi2S3@Cr(VI)-IP exhibited higher photostability, adsorption, photoreduction capacities towards the target Cr(VI) than the bare U-Bi2S3. The photocatalytic kinetic constant of U-Bi2S3@Cr(VI)-IP was 6 times higher than U-Bi2S3. After 3 times recycling uses, the morphology, crystal structure and chemical constitution of U-Bi2S3@Cr(VI)-IP were maintained. In addition, the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) by U-Bi2S3@Cr(VI)-IP was kept at 58% whereas U-Bi2S3 was almost lost to zero.

Three Dimensional Cellular Automata Sand Castle construction Model Based on Step Factor

It seems that everyone has the experience of making sandcastles on the leisure beach. In order to know how to build a beautiful and sturdy beach castle, this article simulates and analyzes the process of sand castles being eroded by water, and obtains some factors that extend the life of sand castles. First, we model the waves. Simplify the waves into a sine wave. Using calculus and fluid mechanics, the water wave impact force on a particle on the sand castle was calculated. Second, we model the sandcastle. Discretizing time, space, and state, we innovatively introduce the concepts of friction and impact into the model, and propose a new Three-dimensional Cellular Automaton model combined with step factors. We consider each gravel or water molecule as a cell, and simultaneously introduce the moving probability and collision probability to describe the moving trend and collision between the gravel cells, respectively. In order to effectively describe the loss of sand castles in the waves, the gravel cells that are in direct contact with the water cells will receive an impact force calculated by the first model. According to the law of large numbers, we use enough cells to simulate the erosion of sandcastles by the waves. It was found that within a certain range, the farther from the ocean and the more the total gravel, the stronger the anti-erosion ability of the sand castle.

The Orthogonality of Two-scale Three-dimensional Eight-direction Wavelet

The construction of wavelets is a key problem in wavelet analysis. In the background of the one-dimensional double wavelet theory and the one dimensional biorthogonal bidirectional wavelet construction theory, this paper extends the one-dimensional bidirectional wavelet to the two-scale three-dimensional eight-direction biorthogonal wavelet. By using the method of tensor products to construct higher dimensional wavelets, the two-scale three-dimensional eight-direction multi-resolution analysis, two-scale three-dimensional eight-direction scale function and wavelet function are obtained. In addition, the conditions satisfied of the orthogonal and biorthogonal properties of the two-scale three-dimensional eight-direction wavelet are studied.

An Intelligent 2D Secret Share Construction using Visual Cryptography for Secure Transmission

Data Security is the most challenging area in Internet communication, where most of the secret sharing schemes are proposed for binary images. But still it lacks in providing security for data communication, especially in image transmission. Traditional visual cryptography scheme generate meaningless diwies and the reconstruction phase leads to quality degradation over the secret image. In this work, an intelligent two dimensional secret share construction scheme is proposed. A secret image is expanded into n diwies with the choice of scheme selection. By Stacking all the qualified diwies to revert the secret image without content loss and less than s* - 1 shares could not reveal any information about the secret image. The experimental results emphasize that the proposed secret share scheme is highly secured for image transmission.

Large field excursions from dimensional (de)construction

An inflation model based on dimensional (de)construction of a massive gauge theory is proposed. The inflaton in this model is the “zero-mode” of a component of the massive gauge field in the (de)constructed extra dimensions. The inflaton potential originates from the gauge invariant Stueckelberg potential. At low energy, the field range of the inflaton is enhanced by a factor Nd/2 compared to the field range of the original fields in the model, where d is the number of the (de)constructed extra dimensions and N is the number of the lattice points in each (de)constructed dimension. This enhancement of the field range is used to achieve a trans-Planckian inflaton field excursion. The extension of the mechanism “excursions through KK modes” to the case of (de)constructed extra dimensions is also studied. The burst of particle productions by this mechanism may have observable consequences in a region of the model parameter space.

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscope Liquid Cell 3D Profile Reconstruction and Analysis of Nanoscale Liquid Water Contact Line Movements.

Static nanodroplets and dynamic contact line (CL) movements were visualized by an in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) liquid cell technique at nanometer spatial resolution. Crawling and sliding movements of nanoscale CL were observed. The crawling happened at a capillary number (Ca) range of ∼10-9 to ∼10-8, and the sliding happened at a Ca range of ∼10-8 to ∼10-7. Three dimensional (3D) image construction had been employed to study static and dynamic contact angles (CAs) at nanoscale. CA hysteresis at nanoscale was observed in the sliding but not in the crawling. The energies associated with sliding were analyzed to investigate the CA hysteresis. An empirical model of the relationship between nanoscale CAs and Ca was developed. Both the experimental observation and the empirical analysis suggested that the competition among substrate defect, CL elastic, and molecular activation energies dictated different CL movements at nanoscale.

Self-organized Higgs criticality

The critical point for a Higgs sector can be a point of interest in the potential for a modulus field such as the radion of an extra dimensional construction, or the dilaton of spontaneously broken approximate conformal invariance. In part motivated by conjectures about the self-organized critical state in statistical physics, we construct a 5D model in which there is an infrared emergent Higgs instability due to violation of the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound deep in the interior of a near AdS geometry. This is holographically dual to a “running” scaling dimension transitioning from real to complex with decreasing scale. The complex scaling indicates an instability to be resolved by condensates which modify the interior geometry and backreact on the 5D radion potential. Studying the model at small gravitational backreaction, we find a rich possible vacuum structure and uncover evidence that resolution of the instability requires a non-trivial cosmology.

Basic equivariant gerbes on non-simply connected compact simple Lie groups

This paper computes the obstruction to the existence of equivariant extensions of basic gerbes over non-simply connected compact simple Lie groups. By modifying a (finite dimensional) construction of Gaw\c{e}dzki-Reis [J. Geom. Phys. 50(1):28-55, 2004], we exhibit basic equivariant bundle gerbes over non-simply connected compact simple Lie groups.

Dimensional construction and morphological tuning of heterogeneous MoS2/NiS electrocatalysts for efficient overall water splitting

Heterogeneous MoS2/NiS is dimensionally constructed and selectively fine tuned to achieve different morphologies with multi-level interfaces.

Characterization of URM buildings and evaluation of damages in a historical center for the seismic risk mitigation and emergency management

Recent Italian earthquakes have been highlighted the role of the historical centers and their high vulnerability. To define effective mitigation strategies, the historical environments must be accurately investigated. The first and fundamental step is an assessment based on the knowledge of dimensional characteristics, construction techniques and materials. The seismic vulnerability evaluation depends on the quality and completeness of information available for the buildings under examination. In this paper, the characterization of an historical center and its buildings has been treated considering a new approach and existing common techniques for assessment of buildings' dimensional characteristics. Using GIS, data collected on the investigated historical center has been analyzed to obtain the typological characterization of the surveyed buildings in order to evaluate the seismic vulnerability, urban resilience, and recovery strategies for historical center. Based on comparison with an existing classical procedure, the approach seems also very promising in order to carry out a first evaluation of post seismic damage.

Establishment of Immortalized Primary Human Foreskin Keratinocytes and Their Application to Toxicity Assessment and Three Dimensional Skin Culture Construction.

In spite of frequent usage of primary human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) in the study of skin biology, senescence-induced blockage of in vitro proliferation has been a big hurdle for their effective utilization. In order to overcome this passage limitation, we first isolated ten HFK lines from circumcision patients and successfully immortalized four of them via a retroviral transduction of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncogenes. We confirmed expression of a keratinocyte marker protein, keratin 14 and two viral oncoproteins in these immortalized HFKs. We also observed their robust responsiveness to various exogenous stimuli, which was evidenced by increased mRNA expression of epithelial differentiation markers and pro-inflammatory genes in response to three reactive chemicals. In addition, their applicability to cytotoxicity assessment turned out to be comparable to that of HaCaT cells. Finally, we confirmed their differentiation capacity by construction of well-stratified three dimensional skin cultures. These newly established immortalized HFKs will be valuable tools not only for generation of in vitro skin disease models but also for prediction of potential toxicities of various cosmetic chemicals.

곡선 절개형 바지의 패턴사이즈 변형방법과 가상착의곡면3D

곡선 절개형 바지의 패턴사이즈 변형방법과 가상착의곡면3D