Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory Research Articles

Development and Validation of Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) Algorithms to Assess ICD-11 Personality Trait Domain Qualifiers.

With the advent of the new diagnostic model for personality disorders in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), researchers and practitioners in World Health Organization signatory countries are urged to implement it. This study aims to develop a brief, reliable, and valid scale for assessing maladaptive personality traits according to the ICD-11 model, using the item pool of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory (IDCP-2). Quantitative and qualitative criteria for item selection were applied to a sample of 251 Brazilian adults. As a result, the 25 items (five items per factor) were selected, demonstrating promising evidence of validity based on the internal structure with a database of 1,659 Brazilian adults. In addition, we found good evidence of validity based on relationships with external variables, particularly those related to personality pathology, in a sample of 617 Brazilian adults. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Development of an indicator for screening the dependent personality disorder using factors of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 in a Brazilian community sample

We aimed to verify the capacity of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) factors to identify people with high levels of dependent personality disorder (DPD) traits in a Brazilian sample extracted from the general population. Participants were 1469 adults who responded to factors from the IDCP-2, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), and the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV—Personality Questionnaire (PQ-SCID-II). We found three profiles via Latent Profile Analysis using PID-5 facets. Based on the discrimination capacity of IDCP-2 factors to identify these profiles, we created a DPD score for screening patients showing high levels of DPD traits. The IDCP-2 factors were discriminative of the profiles, showing large effects, except Perseveration. The DPD score presented a cutoff equal to 23 with good discriminative indicators, prioritizing the ability to produce fewer false negatives, and higher than those observed in the PQ-SCID-II. The DPD score can be clinically employed to indicate patients presenting a profile matching the DPD pattern. Moreover, the DPD score can assist the professional in mapping the patient’s pathological profile into typical DPD traits, as well as helping to plan more personalized interventions. Studies focusing on clinical samples must be conducted to investigate whether our findings replicate.

An empirical test of a new trait-based measure for psychopathy in a community sample of adults

In the current study, we used latent profile analysis to investigate the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 capacity to discriminate psychopathy traits in a sample of adults. Participants were 628 adults from the general population recruited by convenience. Our latent profile analysis recovered two groups: Psychopathic Tendencies and Empathetic Tendencies. The psychopathic tendencies group scored higher in all the IDCP-2 factors comprising psychopathy features. Although our study has sample restrictions, we found evidence for using IDCP-2 factors to discriminate people with low and high levels of psychopathic traits. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.

Inventory of Interpersonal Problems–Personality Disorders: adaptation to Brazil and test of a bifactor model

ObjectiveThe Inventory of Interpersonal Problems–Personality Disorders (IIP-PD-47) has a controversial factor structure, as some studies have provided support for 5 correlated factors, and others have suggested the existence of a general second-order dimension. One approach of data modelling that reconciles multidimensionality and the existence of a general factor is the bifactor analysis. We used unrestricted exploratory-confirmatory bifactor modelling to validate the Brazilian version of the IIP-PD-47. MethodsThe sample consisted of 1,091 subjects aged 18-64 years who answered the IIP-PD-47 and a collateral measure of pathological traits, the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2). ResultsAfter testing many candidate models, our data were best represented by a bifactor model with one general factor and five specific uncorrelated factors. Nevertheless, a closer inspection of the discriminant validity of each IIP-PD-47 factor revealed strong support for the general factor and a factor capturing aggressive behaviours, but less support for the additional four specific factors. ConclusionsThe theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, and some recommendations are offered about the need for controlling response styles when assessing PD traits via self-report inventories. Our findings indicate that the Brazilian version of IIP-PD has promising psychometric properties.

Measuring pathological traits of the dependent personality disorder based on the HiTOP

We developed and validated a self-report scale for screening pathological traits of dependent personality disorder (DPD) from the Hierarchical Taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP) perspective. The sample was 693 adults who answered the new scale, the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory DPD (IDCP-DPD), the PID-5, the FFDI, and the FFBI. The IDCP-DPD was composed of six factors grouped in one general score. The scores showed associations with external measures in the expected direction, and the means comparisons showed large differences. Our findings indicated the IDCP-DPD as a useful clinical measure, and the structure observed confirms the spectrum level of the HiTOP.

Refining the antisocial subscale of the dimensional clinical personality inventory 2: Failed improvements or did we reach the mountain top

We aimed to refine the previously proposed antisocial subscale for the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-ASPD). The sample involved 628 Brazilian adults between 18 and 81 years old. We administered the revised ASPD subscale (IDCP-ASPD-R), the Affective and Cognitive Measure of Empathy (ACME), the Crime and Analogous Behavior Scale (CAB), and the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy (LSRP). We confirmed the 3-factors structure for the IDCP-ASPD-R. The IDCP-ASPD-R and its former version presented a good capacity to distinguish the groups, with the largest effect size for the Affective factor (IDCP-ASPD-R). Although the IDCP-ASPD-R has shown good performance, we have observed only a slight increase over the previous version of the scale. Therefore, we can only expect a small higher contribution of IDCP-ASPD-R in its practical application to group discrimination. However, from a theoretical perspective, the IDCP-ASPD-R overrides its former version.

Toward Developing Clinical cut-off for the Grandiosity Scale of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2

ObjectiveThe present study aims to establish a clinical cut-off for the Grandiosity dimension, using item-level evaluation procedures. MethodsParticipants were 5,387 adults, including outpatients diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), outpatients diagnosed with other personality disorders, and adults from the community. We administered the self-reported Grandiosity scale from the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2). The equating procedure was applied to generate theta scores for participants who did not answer all items. ResultsThe Wright map revealed that outpatients scored high on the latent continuum of the Grandiosity scale. Group comparison showed large effect sizes for the mean difference between patients and non-patients. The ROC curve supports a cut off at a –0.45 score in theta standardisation, which yields a high sensitivity (91%) and moderate specificity (58%). Moreover, the PPP (71%) and NPP (79%) values suggest that the scale is able to identify NPD patients in 71% of cases, and people without NPD in 79% of cases. ConclusionsThe findings suggest the IDCP-2 Grandiosity scale is useful as an NPD screening tool. Possible clinical applications for the scale are described and the limitations of the study are discussed.

Moderately Eccentric: Evidence for Dimensionality in the Latent Structure of Schizotypal Personality Features

The authors investigated the latent structure of schizotypal personality features using taxometric analysis in a large sample of individuals from clinical and nonclinical populations. A total of 7,072 community adults and 270 psychiatric patients participated in the study by responding to the eccentricity, distrust, and isolation scales from the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory (IDCP). Data were analyzed using three different taxometric techniques, MAMBAC, MAXEIG, and L-Mode. The indicators proved valid for the taxometric analysis (d ≥ 1.25). The comparison curve fit index (CCFI) coefficients from the three methods used were close to zero, and the average CCFI was lower than .40, clearly indicating a dimensional structure for schizotypal personality features. These findings suggest that schizotypal personality traits occur in levels, with no evidence of any natural boundary between clinical and nonclinical manifestations. Results from other studies that were consistent with a categorical structure may be due to methodological weaknesses.

Using Pathological Traits for the Assessment of Suicide Risk: A Suicide Indicator Proposal for the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2

This study aimed to investigate the discriminative capacity of IDCP-2 factors to identify people with suicide risk. Moreover, we are providing a suicide total score for IDCP-2. Participeted 346 people aged between 18 and 72 years who responded to ASIQ, IDCP-2, and PID-5. We divided participants into three groups: low-risk group moderate-risk and high-risk group. We conducted mean comparisons, linear regression analysis, and ROC curve verification. The IDCP-2 factors were able to discriminate between the groups, with the high-risk presenting the highest means. The regression indicated Self-devaluation and Hopelessness as variables with a significant single contribution in explaining suicidal behavior. Suicide risk indicators demonstrated adequate performance in identifying people according to the risk group. Our findings indicate that the IDCP-2 factors can discriminate groups of people according to suicidal behavior. Besides, the index developed showed sensitivity in the identification of people who reported attempted suicide. How to cite this article: Gonçalves, A.P., Machado, G.M., Pianowski, G., Carvalho, L.F. Using pathological traits for the assessment of suicide risk: a suicide indicator proposal for the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 31 (1), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v31n1.85513

Development of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory Antisocial Personality Disorder Scale based on the HiTOP

We aimed to develop a version of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) according to the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) for the assessment of antisocial personality disorder traits (i.e., IDCP Antisocial Personality Disorder Scale; IDCP-ASPD), as well as verify its psychometric properties. We developed new factors to cover ASPD traits, and collect data with 206 adults from the community (Mage = 31.3; 77.8% women). Participants completed the IDCP-ASPD, factors from IDCP-2, and Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Exploratory structural equation modeling (E-SEM) suggested a 3 factors solution, grouping the 14 factors composing the IDCP-ASPD. Reliability indicators were good. Correlations between IDCP-ASPD and external measures corroborated expectations. The bootstrap two-sample t-test comparing non-clinical and psychiatric groups suggested good discrimination capacity of the IDCP-ASPD. Favorable evidence was found for the usability of the developed scale for ASPD traits measurement, although future studies must replicate the findings in samples composed by ASPD patients.

Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2: antecedents, development, and future improvements

Personality disorders (PDs) are characterized by impairments in the self and interpersonal relationships. People diagnosed with PD present distress in several areas of life. The prevalence of these disorders is 13% in Western countries and around 7% in Brazil. Despite the adverse outcomes related to PDs and its prevalence, these disorders tend to be undertreated in Brazil. One possible explanation is the lack of assessment scales to measure PDs typical traits. To fulfill this gap and improve mental health care in Brazil, the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) was developed, an assessment tool that follows international guidelines and takes into account for the Brazilian reality. This paper aimed to present the main characteristics of IDCP-2, including its antecedents, development, theoretical and empirical foundations, as well as definitions of its 12 dimensions distributed in 47 factors. We discussed ongoing clinical research, limitations, and future improvements of the IDCP-2. Although IDCP-2 helps in fulfill the gap regarding PDs assessment in Brazil, efforts for the continuity of research focused on the PDs traits assessment is more than desirable, necessary for the advance of the mental health research area in the country.

Proposal for an HiTOP-based evaluation scale of traits of the Paranoid Personality Disorder

Aim of the studyThis study aimed to operationalize a version of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) for the screening of typical traits of the Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) from the perspective of the HiTOP, as well as investigate its internal and external validity.Subject or material and methodsWe selected IDCP-2 factors that appropriately represented PPD traits according to the HiTOP. We created new items for a Rudeness factor. The participants were 454 Brazilian adults (aged 18-70 years). We administered the following scales: IDCP-PPD, PID-5, and CAT-PD-SV.ResultsWe found a one higher-order factor structure for the IDCP-PPD The factors that composed this higher-order factor reflect traits from both HiTOP spectra witch PPD is represented, Thought disorder and Antagonistic externalizing. The expected correlations between IDCP-PPD factors and external measures were observed. Groups comparison indicated people with high levels of pathological traits in the external measures showing higher means in the IDCP-PPD scores in comparison to people with lower means in these measures.DiscussionThe factors of the IDCP-PPD demonstrated a good capacity for the assessment of PPD traits.ConclusionsThe findings of our study indicate the IDCP-PPD scale as a useful tool for operationalizing HiTOP for clinical practice. Future studies should test our findings in patients with a PPD diagnosis.

Verification of the Internal Structure of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 in a Brazilian Community Sample

The internal structure is investigated in mental health measures, exploring or confirming the association of stimuli composing the test and whether this structure is consistent with expectation. Our focus is on the internal structure of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (idcp-2), a self-report test for pathological traits measurement. Previous studies have only partially verified the internal structure of idcp-2. The objective of this study is to verify the internal structure of idcp-2, contemplating in the same analysis all its dimensions and factors. Participants were 2,000 people from the general population. We conducted confirmatory (cfa) and exploratory (efa) factorial analyzes, including bifactor models. The results showed the bifactor model with 12 specific factors with best fit indices. The internal consistency for the general factor was above .90, and from .40 to .91 for the specific factors. Findings suggested the original solution of idcp-2 is reasonable using a bifactor model. How to cite this article: Carvalho, L.F., Gonçalves, A.P., Araujo, J.A., Macedo F.M. (2021). Verification of the internal structure of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 in a Brazilian community sample. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 30(2), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v30n2.83530

Clinical functioning and cutoff of eccentricity dimension with psychiatric patients and non-patients

ObjectivesThis study investigated the Eccentricity scale's clinical functioning from the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2). Additionally, we sought to establish a cutoff for a screening scenario to be taken as the first indicator of Eccentricity characteristics’ possible clinically relevant functioning. MethodIn total, 2167 adults, aged from 18 to 90years (M=28.98, SD=11.12), being 1244 women (63%), and the majority of undergraduate students (67.9%). Total sample was comprised into five groups, namely, outpatients diagnosed with both schizotypal and schizoid PDs (n=3), outpatients diagnosed with schizotypal PD (n=5), outpatients diagnosed with schizoid PD (n=2), outpatients diagnosed with other PDs and clinical disorders (n=172), and a general population-based sample (n=1985). Not all participants answered all the items from IDCP-2; therefore, we used the equating procedure. ResultsThe groups were statistically different in ANOVA. For the −0.40 cutoff in the theta metric scale, equivalent to a total score of 38, the area under the curve was equal to 0.85, reaching 90% of sensitivity and 87.4% of specificity. ConclusionsFindings provide clinical data on the Eccentricity scale, supporting its professional use in a clinical setting; specifically, we suggested a clinical cutoff to the scale, helping the professional address typical characteristics from schizoid schizotypal functioning.

Investigation on the internal and external validity of the antisocial subscale of the dimensional clinical personality inventory 2

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) factors to identify ASPD traits, proposing an ASPD subscale for IDCP-2 (IDCP-ASPD). The sample consisted of 460 Brazilian adults, where 367 were a community sample (aged 18–63 years), and 93 prison inmates (aged 18–62 years). The participants answered IDCP-2 factors, Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) facets, and the Affective resonance factor of the Affective and Cognitive Measure of Empathy (ACME). The IDCP-ASPD factors showed high associations with the PID-5 facets. We found a structure of three factors for the IDCP-ASPD: Affective, Interpersonal, and Lifestyle. The IDCP-ASPD factors showed a good discriminatory capacity for the groups of offenders and non-offenders, and the groups with high and low scores in the ASPD features. The exception was the Seduction and Manipulation factor, which presented a non-significant difference between the offenders and non-offenders groups. The factors of the IDCP-ASPD showed good performance. However, Antagonism, Impulsivity, Deceitfulness, and the higher-order factor Lifestyle prove to be the bests to identify people with elevation on ASPD traits. The factors of the IDCP-ASPD demonstrated usability for screening typical ASPD features.

Inventory of Interpersonal Problems–Personality Disorders: adaptation to Brazil and test of a bifactor model

ObjectiveThe Inventory of Interpersonal Problems–Personality Disorders (IIP-PD-47) has a controversial factor structure, as some studies have provided support for 5 correlated factors, and others have suggested the existence of a general second-order dimension. One approach of data modelling that reconciles multidimensionality and the existence of a general factor is the bifactor analysis. We used unrestricted exploratory-confirmatory bifactor modelling to validate the Brazilian version of the IIP-PD-47. MethodsThe sample consisted of 1,091 subjects aged 18-64 years who answered the IIP-PD-47 and a collateral measure of pathological traits, the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2). ResultsAfter testing many candidate models, our data were best represented by a bifactor model with one general factor and five specific uncorrelated factors. Nevertheless, a closer inspection of the discriminant validity of each IIP-PD-47 factor revealed strong support for the general factor and a factor capturing aggressive behaviours, but less support for the additional four specific factors. ConclusionsThe theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, and some recommendations are offered about the need for controlling response styles when assessing PD traits via self-report inventories. Our findings indicate that the Brazilian version of IIP-PD has promising psychometric properties.

Toward Developing Clinical cut-off for the Grandiosity Scale of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2

ObjectiveThe present study aims to establish a clinical cut-off for the Grandiosity dimension, using item-level evaluation procedures. MethodsParticipants were 5,387 adults, including outpatients diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), outpatients diagnosed with other personality disorders, and adults from the community. We administered the self-reported Grandiosity scale from the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2). The equating procedure was applied to generate theta scores for participants who did not answer all items. ResultsThe Wright map revealed that outpatients scored high on the latent continuum of the Grandiosity scale. Group comparison showed large effect sizes for the mean difference between patients and non-patients. The ROC curve supports a cut off at a –0.45 score in theta standardisation, which yields a high sensitivity (91%) and moderate specificity (58%). Moreover, the PPP (71%) and NPP (79%) values suggest that the scale is able to identify NPD patients in 71% of cases, and people without NPD in 79% of cases. ConclusionsThe findings suggest the IDCP-2 Grandiosity scale is useful as an NPD screening tool. Possible clinical applications for the scale are described and the limitations of the study are discussed.

Relationship between religiosity domains and traits from borderline and schizotypal personality disorders in a Brazilian community sample

Introduction Research suggests that religiosity domains are associated with mental health constructs. Some studies have focused on the relationship between religiosity and personality disorders.Objective To investigate the relationship between religiosity domains and pathological traits of the borderline (BPD) and schizotypal (SZPD) personality disorders.Methods Participants were 751 adults from the general population who answered the Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being (MI-RSWB-E), the Attachment to God Inventory (AGI), and factors of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2). Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis were conducted with pathological traits as independent variables and religiosity domains as dependent variables.Results Correlation and regression analyses indicated slightly higher associations between religiosity domain and BPD traits in comparison to SZPD traits. BPD traits showed higher associations with the hope immanent, forgiveness and hope transcendent domains, while SZPD presented higher associations with connectedness. The SZPD-related paranormality factor presented the highest correlation observed in the study and was the best SZPD predictor of religiosity domains. The BPD-related hopelessness factor was the predictor with significant contribution to most regression models. BPD traits presented slightly higher average association with religiosity domains, whereas spiritual-related domains (e.g., connectedness) tended to show higher associations with SZPD traits.Conclusions Our findings help explain the relationship between specific pathological traits and religiosity domains.

Personality differences and COVID-19: are extroversion and conscientiousness personality traits associated with engagement with containment measures?

Introduction In December 2019, an outbreak of the novel coronavirus, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) probably occurred in Wuhan, China. By March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) had declared a pandemic. Containment measures such as social distancing and hand hygiene were recommended. In this study, we start from the hypothesis that engaging with containment measures in a pandemic situation should be more comfortable for some people than for other people. Thus, individual differences should be associated with engagement with containment measures. Objective To investigate to what extent two personality traits, extroversion and conscientiousness, are associated with engagement with two containment measures (social distancing and handwashing). Methods The sample consisted of 715 Brazilian adults aged 18-78 years, who answered the Big Five Inventory 2 Short (BFI-2-S) and factors from the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2). Results Higher scores for extroversion were associated with lower means for social distancing (p < 0.001) and higher scores for conscientiousness were associated with higher means for social distancing and handwashing (p < 0.05). Conclusion The findings indicate the importance of acknowledging extroversion and conscientiousness traits as relevant to people's engagement with the measures recommended for COVID-19 containment.

Development and Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory - Schizoid Personality Disorder Scale

A new dimensional-based framework was proposed, the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). We aimed to develop a specific version of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2), focused on the assessment of the schizoid personality disorder (SCZPD) according to the HiTOP. In stage 1 we developed a new factor to cover all SCZPD traits as presented in HiTOP. Six factors (one new and five from IDCP-2) composed the IDCP-SCZ. In stage 2, 434 adults from the community, aged from 18 to 67 years (M = 31.6, SD = 9.7), completed factors from three self-report measures: IDCP-SCZ, PID-5, and FFaVA. IDCP-SCZ factors and total score showed high reliability. Correlations and bootstrap two-sample t test comparison corroborated the expectations. Although favorable evidences were observed for the use of the IDCP-SCZ to SCZPD traits measurement, future studies should verify the replicability of the present findings in samples composed by SCZPD patients.