Dimensions Of National Security Research Articles

ENTROPY BASED EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

In contemporary economic landscapes, effective managerial decision-making requires serious justifications often facilitated by information technologies. The article proposes the application of the foundational principles from information theory and entropy to determine the correlation between education and economic development. This research employs entropy methodology to explore the correlations and implications of these multifaceted domains, drawing insights from a range of global indices. By analyzing data from indices such as the Human Development Index, we investigate the relationship between average years of education and entropy values, shedding light on the diversity and standardization of human capital systems across nations. Moreover, economic indexes, encapsulating factors such as economic freedom and innovation, provide critical insights into the vibrancy and resilience of national economies. Through the lens of the Global Innovation Index, we explore how countries with higher levels of economic freedom and innovation efficiency exhibit less diversity in economic approaches and innovation strategies, leading to a reduction in entropy values. By examining entropy values in conjunction with innovation indicators, such as research and development expenditure and patent applications, we uncover patterns and trends indicative of the diversity or standardization of innovation strategies across countries. Additionally, cybersecurity emerges as a critical dimension of national security and resilience, with implications for economic well-being and societal trust. Through the National Cybersecurity Index, we assess the level of diversity and uncertainty in cybersecurity landscapes, highlighting the importance of robust cybersecurity measures in safeguarding against emerging threats and reducing entropy values. Ultimately, this research contributes to the discourse on sustainable development and resilience in an interconnected world. By identifying specific challenges and opportunities within education, economy, innovation, and cybersecurity domains, it facilitates informed decision-making and strategic interventions to promote inclusive growth and societal well-being on a global scale.

Mapping with(out) borders: an exploratory cartography of cross-border cooperation in the Spanish-Portuguese raya/raia

ABSTRACT Cross-border cooperation has developed fundamentally at the internal borders of the European Union. The border between Spain and Portugal, known as the line (raya in Spanish and raia in Portuguese), is one of them. Numerous cooperation projects have been developed there in recent years, although with a heterogeneous geographical distribution. The border seems to disappear, but far from doing so, it is just transformed, as the study of the dimension of national security shows, which is now largely binational. One of the highest levels of cross-border cooperation that has been achieved is that of integrated local units, called eurocities, with diverse objectives. We address the study of various dimensions of this eurocities with the aim of better understanding where they are created, in what political context and what is their demographic, economic and cultural impact.

NATIONAL SECURITY AND SOCIAL CAPACITY

Society is one of the fundamental resources on which the organisation of national security is based. The activation of society in the field of national defence is based on programming, coor-dination and monitoring of cooperation between state institutions responsible for creating the desired dimension of national security and non-governmental organisations. These organizations have a particular capacity for social monitoring of non-military threats, especially for detection, warning and alerting. The effectiveness of government organisations – the armed forces, police, guards and inspections – in the field of state security depends to a large extent on their support. A society that is aware of its rights and duties towards the Homeland lays the foundation for actions taken for the proper functioning of the state and the organisation of national security. When assessing social capacity, attention should be paid to the issue of dissemination of safety knowledge. The preparation of citizens for the defence and development of the state is one of the main chal-lenges of security policy. Directly related to this issue is the ability of the institutions of political power to defend the state and protect its citizens

Cyberspace as a fifth dimension of national security: trade measure exceptions

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the national security exception will not allow governments to respond to cyberspace threats within the confines of the world trade organization (WTO) rules.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is a desktop study of international trade laws with a specific focus on the convergence of cybersecurity measures and the national security exception provisions of the WTO.FindingsThe trends towards cybersecurity measures may mean there will inevitably be an evolution of trade norms. The question is, will the collective of the WTO be a part of the evolution, or merely an observer? In the authors’ view, it is crucial that it is the former.Originality/valueThis study makes three contributions. It provides a literature review and discussion on cybersecurity and the impact on trade. It demonstrates that the national security exception provision will not excuse these measures, and it aims to underscore the importance of the WTO as a community of nations where negotiation on important global issues is possible.

The Cross-Border Gas Pipelines and Energy Security: The Case of Iran

Today, one of the dimensions of national security is energy security. Due to its huge gas resources and its superior strategic location, Iran has a high capacity to ensure its energy security through cross-border gas pipelines. Iran, as an exporter, importer and transit country for gas through cross-border pipelines, faces challenges. The main purpose of this research is to identify these challenges and provide solutions to them. Findings of this study show Iran's main challenges in the field of gas export, import and transit are security of demand, security of supply and security of supply-demand, respectively. To address the demand security challenge of, Iran needs to attract investment and transfer of technical knowledge, enhance readiness to supply in urgent conditions and reduce international disputes over gas supply. Increasing of energy efficiency, enhancing self-sufficiency in energy supply, improvement of energy storage and concluding suspended contracts are solutions of the challenge of supply security. To manage the transit security challenge, Iran should use cross-border pipelines for meeting both energy supply and energy demand.

Rethinking National Security in the Context of Nepal

This paper explores discourses of rethinking national security and the modern security challenges of Nepal, especially targeting the factors of both comprehensive and human security. The existing literature on Nepal has discussed the issues of threats such as fraud, cyber-crime, corruption, transnational organized crime, such as, illegal migration, identity politics raised by ethnic and religious groups, transit hub of narcotics, political disputes, economic downturns etc., and suggests ways of addressing those threats in both policies and implications. Security practices in Nepal sustains a gap in addressing non-traditional security mechanisms where the basic issues of the security dilemma, socio-cultural cohesion, political strength, diplomatic support, and military readiness are widely overlooked. In such a context, this paper explores the undergoing modern security challenges in Nepal based on a holistic approach. The critical constructivism perspective has been applied to rethink different dimensions of national security. This paper raises pertinent questions for strategic intervention in the contemporary context considering Nepal’s geostrategic importance, diplomatic presence, and national interest. The conclusion of the paper portrays the ways of ensuring national security which eventually helps security professional researchers and scholars.

The Influence of Social Media on Perceived Levels of National Security and Crisis: A Case Study of Youth in the United Arab Emirates

The increase in the use of social media as a 21st century communication tool is in parallel increasing the threat to national security globally. This study explores the perception of United Arab Emirate community members (specifically youth) on the influence of social media as a threat; the wide use of SM platforms for Emirate of Sharjah (Dibba Al-Hisn, Khor Fakkan, Kalba) were analyzed utilizing a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the study on the effects and consequences of social media on national security in the UAE, rates social media as having the highest level of influence on political implications followed in decreasing order of influence by, economic, cultural and societal, ethical and religious dimensions, and the least potential influence being on perceived national security implications. Further, the results of a one-way variance analysis indicate the potential for the perceived level of national security experienced by youth community members in the UAE to be predicted through social media. A unique feature of this study is the analysis of the influence of the five dimensions of national security on each other and national security collectively from an Arab youth perspective. Further, the study design is replicable and offers, (a) an opportunity for wider utilization as an avenue for contributing to understanding the impact of social media on the perception of a country’s national security, and (b) a fundamental baseline for future research.

Національна безпека України: економічний вимір

The article reveals the essential characteristics of economic security, its components, role and features. The vision of national security of Ukraine as a set of interconnected components allows to put on the agenda its economic dimension as one of the main among others: military, energy, information, consolidating – political. The evolution of organizational and legal bases and institutions of public administration created to ensure economic security in the face of threats and their counteraction in independent Ukraine is traced, the effectiveness of their activities is assessed, the weaknesses of Ukraine’s economic system . The interdependence and coherence of Ukraine’s economic security and national economic interests and their direct impact not only on the economic but also on the political sovereignty of our state have been proved. It is argued that understanding the essence of the state’s economic security as a means of protecting one’s own interests, political elite and the slow growth of the economic culture of ordinary citizens are threats to Ukraine’s economic security. Emphasis is placed on the need to complete the reforms, in particular, strengthen the protection of private property, change the law enforcement system and carry out urgent reforms and measures – large-scale privatization, corporate governance of state enterprises, overcoming low economic literacy, economic deregulation, innovative modernization, institutions, further economization of foreign policy to expand the geography and increase the capacity of Ukrainian exports, increase the efficiency of economic diplomacy. It is emphasized that the protection of the state lacks not so much a professional assessment of the economic dimension of national security and the declaration of reforms, as patriots-reformers and their support and understanding of society.

رۆڵی دامه‌زراوه‌ زانكۆییه‌كان له‌ ده‌سته‌به‌ركردنی ره‌هه‌نده‌كانی ئاسایشی نیشتمانی (ئاسایشی كۆمه‌ڵایه‌تی وه‌ك نمونه‌)

In contemporary societies, security is no longer a narrow and one-dimensional concept, it has become a broad subject that can be tolerated in many dimensions and aspects, with an impact on different areas and sectors, at the same time, there are a range of factors that change the structure and components of this security and its continuity. Especially national security, which occupies a wide area influenced by many different issues and variables, especially if we look at it from an institutional perspective and examine it. In this sense, social security is a prominent dimension of national security, due to many influential factors, the most prominent of which are those institutions that have a permanent presence and take care of the course of community action. In this theoretical study, we tried to link one of the most important institutions in modern societies to the different dimensions of national security, and social security in particular, which relates to private affairs and good governance. In that study, by talking about university institutions and their supporting role for national security, including social security, and then linking the university as an important institution within society to social security, the theoretical framework was studied to link that relationship and find its effects. As a result, we have come to the conclusion that universities, through their basic functions, either directly or indirectly, will have a positive impact on the provision of social security in society.

The role of university institutions in establishing national security (Social security as a case)

In contemporary societies, security is no longer a narrow and one-dimensional concept, it has become a broad subject that can be tolerated in many dimensions and aspects, with an impact on different areas and sectors, at the same time, there are a range of factors that change the structure and components of this security and its continuity. Especially national security, which occupies a wide area influenced by many different issues and variables, especially if we look at it from an institutional perspective and examine it. In this sense, social security is a prominent dimension of national security, due to many influential factors, the most prominent of which are those institutions that have a permanent presence and take care of the course of community action. In this theoretical study, we tried to link one of the most important institutions in modern societies to the different dimensions of national security, and social security in particular, which relates to private affairs and good governance. In that study, by talking about university institutions and their supporting role for national security, including social security, and then linking the university as an important institution within society to social security, the theoretical framework was studied to link that relationship and find its effects. As a result, we have come to the conclusion that universities, through their basic functions, either directly or indirectly, will have a positive impact on the provision of social security in society.

Dimensions of National Security and Development of Nepal

The dimensions of national security are increasing in the world day by day. In a similar fashion, development is also becoming a multi-perspective phenomenon. However, both of them differ from country to country. Therefore, it needs a better understanding of the country-specific scenarios. The scenario of Nepal is also a specific subject matter in this regard because of its own inherent multidimensional features related to its geography, economy, sociocultural aspects, environmental aspects, and others. This study aims to explore the key dimensions of national security, key perspectives of development, and the two-way interrelation between national security and the development of Nepal. More specifically, this study focuses on the following research questions in the context of Nepal: What are the key dimensions of national security? What are the key perspectives of development? How dimensions of national security and perspectives of development interrelate to each other? This is qualitative research, and uses secondary information through books, journal articles, newspaper articles, magazines, and others. Moreover, I come up with some resolutions to the issue of national security through discursive practices and critical analysis Three conclusive points of the study are: (i) As a buff er state, the concentration of national security lies on its border and culture whereas as a member of the globe the concentration lies on its economy, politics, environment, and information technology. (ii) Common perspectives of development in the recent world are generally applicable in the case of Nepal. (iii) Political, economic, sociocultural, environmental, human, and information technological domains of interrelation are applicable in the context of Nepal.

Changing Political Context: Internal and External Dimensions of National Security of Nepal

Changing Political Context: Internal and External Dimensions of National Security of Nepal

The Sea Power of Small States: A Case Study of Sri Lanka

The geo-strategic location of Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean, which is a part of global and regional power competition, is close to the key and busy naval routes between the East and the West. Particularly, the marine area of Sri Lanka has critical geopolitical importance due to its location between the Strait of Hormuz and the Strait of Malacca, which are essential transit zones in the world. The marine area of Sri Lanka has gained much attention from the industrial and newly industrial nations due to the living and non-living natural resources contained in the surrounding sea. With this background note, this paper focuses on discussing the sea power dimension of national security, focusing on the case of Sri Lanka, which has been neglected by contemporary academia of small powers’ studies. For this purpose, Alfred Thayer Mahan’s theory on sea power has been employed to theoretically and practically examine the feasibility of its application for enhancing the sea power of Sri Lanka in the context of changing global order. The research was drawn from a wide range of secondary sources and a descriptive analysis was made. The paper concludes with implications for some realistic policies for enhancing the sea power capacity of Sri Lanka as it allows the free flow of people and goods as well as the projection of naval power of Sri Lanka.

A nova Lei de Migração na sociedade brasileira

A Nova Lei de Migração foi internalizada no Estado brasileiro em 24 de maio de 2017, substituindo o Estatuto do Estrangeiro de 1980. Entrou em vigor em 21 de novembro do mesmo ano. O objetivo deste artigo é publicizar o percurso juspolítico da Nova Lei, destacando-se: forças sociais da sociedade que opinaram sobre a nova normativa; dialética de mitos versus verdades; avanços e desafios; sugestões para dar maior efetividade à Nova Lei; e o papel da Defensoria Pública da União na promoção dos direitos dos migrantes. A essência do referencial teórico fundamentalmente aponta para o fato de que a Nova Lei relaciona a imigração aos direitos humanos, portanto, afasta a antiga dimensão da segurança nacional. Como resultados, apresentam-se, entre outros: a omissão da lei em não especificar uma instituição líder que coordene a Política Migratória; a certeza do papel fundamental da Defensoria Pública da União na defesa dos migrantes para assegurar-lhes os direitos humanos; necessidade de persistência para mitigar os inúmeros desafios, entre os quais, maior integração entre as administrações federal, estadual e municipal. A metodologia se apoia em uma pesquisa documental. A importância do artigo visa a contribuir com a Defensoria Pública da União, a Academia e gestores responsáveis pela Política Migratória.

The Role of New Media in Rising Public Awareness of National Security in Iraqi Kurdistan Region During The War On ISIS

This study aims to explain the role and impact of news websites in Iraqi Kurdistan region in raising public awareness regarding the dimensions of national security and providing them with important information. In this study the method of content analysis is used to analyzing the news content in (Xendan) website and (K24) website during their coverage of the war on Islamic state. The most important finding in this study are: news websites concerned with different dimensions of national security and the military dimension has received more attention than other dimension.

La Seguridad Nacional y la excepción en el Sistema Europeo Común de Asilo (SECA)

Desde los ataques terroristas del 11 de septiembre de 2001 hasta las recientes crisis de refugiados en la UE, las distintas fases del Sistema Europeo Común de Asilo (SECA) han propiciado continuas excepciones radicadas en seguridad, limitando gravemente los derechos de los solicitantes de protección internacional. Las políticas de seguridad nacionales en el ámbito del asilo se han ido conectando cada vez más al procedimiento de tramitación y, en su caso, de reconocimiento del estatuto de protección internacional. A priori, este nexo causal puede criminalizar a un colectivo especialmente vulnerable, desvirtuando el “mínimo denominador común” de la normativa comunitaria, lo que ha generado que el actual marco jurídico resulte especialmente fragmentado, incoherente e incluso, contrario al propio espíritu del SECA cuando la efectividad del mismo pivota en torno a la seguridad nacional.La inminente reforma del SECA pretende proporcionar verdaderas mejoras en la relación seguridad nacional y protección internacional. Se prevé una progresiva traslación de los problemas competenciales relativos a la seguridad desde el seno de los Estados miembros hacia el ámbito comunitario abordando estas cuestiones “por defecto” no solo gracias a un mayor perfeccionamiento del régimen competencial sino también en virtud de una actuación mejorada de los nuevos organismos y agencias que aseguran un efectivo control de las fronteras exteriores de la UE. Ahora bien, esta no ofrece respuestas adecuadas a nuevos retos como la radicalización o reclutamiento de solicitantes de protección internacional y refugiados y que exige, el diseño de un novedoso “marco proactivo o preventivo” que permita afrontar por parte de los Estados miembros imprevistas acciones terroristas o de delitos de especial gravedad.

‘The gates of hell’: the cruel optimism of national security in Secret City

ABSTRACT Despite the rapid expansion of counter-terrorism legislation in Australia since 9/11, recent polls show that Australians feel no safer. In this article, I examine the affective dimensions of national security in Foxtel’s political thriller Secret City (2016). I draw on Lauren Berlant’s concept of cruel optimism to illustrate the ways in which Secret City frames the desire for security itself as problematic. Secret City uses the logic of security and the visual language of surveillance to alert viewers to the threat that national security legislation poses; when politicians and intelligence agencies erode civil rights, journalistic freedoms, and democratic processes, citizens lose their ability to secure against their own security forces. However, in creating such a pervasive atmosphere of fear and threat for its viewers, Secret City actually validates the foundational desire for security which it shows to be so easily exploited. I argue that Secret City illustrates an impasse in which the desire for security is affectively binding, even when security practices jeopardize the very safety and wellbeing they promise.

Science Education as an Instrument for the Enhancement of National Security in Nigeria.

Education is conceived to be a life-long learning process that begins with the birth and ends with the death of a person. Education has equally been defined as a process by which individuals are assisted formally through proper direction and guidance to develop their capacities for their own benefit and that of the society. Science education on the other hand is a field of study that exposes learners to the contents as well as the methodology (processes) of acquiring scientific knowledge for practical application in relevant and applicable areas of life endeavours.This paper critically examined the dimensions of national security in Nigeria, the essence of government vis-à-vis citizens expectation, the definition of national security, the issue of insecurity, the many security challenges bedeviling the country and how Science education as an instrument can be used for the enhancement of national security in Nigeria. Since national security is important for national development, it is therefore meaningless to talk of development in the absence of national security. In otherwords, insecurity in a nation is a treat to development. In a state of insecurity, development is as elusive as a mirage. Useful recommendations were also made.

Impact of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on Human Security and the Role of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB)

Recent history of international relations suggests that economic interdependence largely contributes to the mitigation of the major political conflicts in the world. CPEC, a flagship mega development project of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), has not only initiated massive development projects in Pakistan, which will eventually help in socio-economic development of Pakistan but it will also ensure regional integration. Development of Pakistan through CPEC is desirably focused on a people centric growth model that primarily seeks to resolve the issues of human security. This paper seeks to establish the relationship between economic interdependence and regional integration with human security. Furthermore, this study looks into the role of Gilgit-Baltistan, a geographical lynchpin region, in making CPEC a successful developmental project. Findings of the study suggest that the viability and success of this mega project is highly dependent on the inclusiveness of projects in terms of engaging all stakeholders. The fruits of this mega project are expected to be positive. This is only possible if all the different dimensions of national security, i.e. social cohesion, economic development, and political stability are ensured by the state.

Vulnerabilities and Threats to Human Security Generated by an Ineffective Educational System

Abstract The present trend towards globalization has led to people changing their views on possible threats to their existence. Nowadays, we witness a diversification of vulnerabilities and threats to human security, as well as a progressive reduction of our resilience. The article attempts to correlate the 5 dimensions of national security, as identified by the Copenhagen School of Security, with the problems of the Romanian educational system, explaining how these problems can become threats to the security of Romanian citizens. It offers an overview of the problems of the Romanian educational system, and the threats and vulnerabilities derived from them towards human security. It also suggests solutions to problems and indicators for monitoring progress.