The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda), by setting integrated ocean goals (IOGs), is expected to strengthen the means of implementation of the legal regime of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This could lead to a sustainable transformation of global ocean governance in the Anthropocene to address systemic risks to the global oceans. Based on the realization of blue justice, the sustainable transformation of global ocean governance encompasses three holistic and interconnected dimensions: blue security, blue economy, and blue protection. It is a complex and adaptive global collective action that involves various actors and methodologies. This study introduces the concept of global public goods (GPGs) to the debate on sustainable transformation of global ocean governance, emphasizing that the process and outcome of governance transformation benefit mankind as a whole. Using cost-benefit analysis, aggregator techniques, and a heterogeneity game model to analyze the undersupply of GPGs, this study then argues that a framework for the provision of GPGs can provide adaptive institutional arrangements for coordinating the "collective action dilemma" involved in the sustainable transformation of global ocean governance. Collective action should be strengthened to promote the achievement of the SDGs: ⅰ) the establishment of international ocean regime complexity to facilitate coordination; ⅱ) the broad implementation of transboundary marine spatial planning as a tool for the coordination of interests; and ⅲ)the promotion of equitable capacity-building, including co-production of ocean knowledge, sharing information on marine data, and diversified financial support mechanisms to reduce heterogeneity.