Trust Dilemma Research Articles

Payoff-driven migration promotes the evolution of trust in networked populations

Establishing and maintaining trustworthy behaviors in large populations of self-interested individuals is a significant problem which received extensive attentions from research fields such as evolutionary biology, economics, sociology and engineering. As a well-known model that captures social trust dilemmas, the N-player trust game is adopted to investigate the evolution of trust in groups consisting of investors and trustees. In addition, to model real scenarios in dynamic environments, we introduce a novel migration mechanism, called adaptive environment-benefit-driven migration, which considers the influence of individuals’ payoffs on migration. Through theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the migration mechanism on facilitating trust behaviors in the framework of evolutionary game theory. We find that the population density plays a crucial role in establishing trust. Simulation results reveal that trust can be fostered in a dynamic environment influenced by individual migration with the medium vacancy rate. This work significantly contributes to the understanding of mutual trust behaviors in networked social systems from a more realistic perspective.

Trust in adolescence: Development, mechanisms and future directions

Trust is the glue of society. While the trust we place in close others is crucial for our wellbeing, trust in strangers is important to fulfill needs that families and friends cannot provide. Adolescence is an important phase for the development of trust in strangers, because the social world of adolescents expands tremendously. We provide an overview of the development of trust in adolescence by reviewing studies that used the trust game, an experimental paradigm to measure trust between dyads during monetary exchange. We start from the notion that trust is a form of social reinforcement learning in which prior beliefs about the trustworthiness of others are continuously updated by new information. Within this framework, development in adolescence is characterized by increasing uncertainty of prior beliefs, a greater tolerance of uncertainty, and a greater tendency to seek and use new information. Accordingly, there is evidence for an increase in initial trust and better adaptation of trust during repeated interactions. Childhood psychological and social-economic adversity may impact this development negatively. To further our understanding of these individual differences, we suggest ways in which the trust game can be enriched to capture trust dilemmas that are relevant to youth with diverse backgrounds.

Connectome-based prediction of decreased trust propensity in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Trust propensity (TP) relies more on social than economic rationality to transform the perceived probability of betrayal into positive reciprocity expectations in older adults with normal cognition. While deficits in social rationality have been observed in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), there is limited research on TP and its associated resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) mechanisms in this population. To measure TP and related psychological functions (affect, motivation, executive cognition, and social cognition), MCI (n = 42) and normal healthy control (NHC, n = 115) groups completed a one-shot trust game and additional assessments of related psychological functions. RSFC associated with TP was analyzed using connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) and lesion simulations. Our behavioral results showed that the MCI group trusted less (i.e., had lower TP) than the NHC group, with lower TP associated with higher sensitivity to the probability of betrayal in the MCI group. In the MCI group, only negative CPM models (RSFC negatively correlated with TP) significantly predicted TP, with a high salience network (SN) contribution. In contrast, in the NHC group, positive CPM models (RSFC positively correlated with TP) significantly predicted TP, with a high contribution from the default mode network (DMN). In addition, the total network strength of the NHC-specific positive network was lower in the MCI group than in the NHC group. Our findings demonstrated a decrease in TP in the MCI group compared to the NHC group, which is associated with deficits in social rationality (social cognition, associated with DMN) and increased sensitivity to betrayal (affect, associated with SN) in a trust dilemma. In conclusion, our study contributes to understanding MCI-related alterations in trust and their underlying neural mechanisms.

The Kerry-Lugar Bill: Dilemma of Trust and Mistrust between Pakistan and USA

The Kerry-Lugar Bill: Dilemma of Trust and Mistrust between Pakistan and USA

The connectome-based prediction of trust propensity in older adults: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

A recent neuropsychoeconomic model of trust propensity argues that an individual uses economic (executive functions) and social (social cognition) rationality strategies to transform the risk of treachery (affect) into positive expectations of reciprocity, promoting trust in another person. Previous studies have shown that the trust of older adults is associated with affect and social cognition. However, little is known about the intrinsic functional connectivity correlated with trust propensity or whether trust propensity is associated with executive functions in older adults. In this study, we examined the association between trust propensity (measured by a one-shot trust game [TG]), social preference (measured by a one-shot dictator game), and executive functions (measured by a battery of neuropsychological tests). We also performed connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) and computational lesion analysis to identify the key large-scale resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) underlying the prediction of trust propensity. Our behavioral results showed a lower trust propensity in older adults in our study than in younger adults in a previous meta-analysis. Furthermore, trust propensity was associated with social preference, but there was no significant relationship between trust propensity and executive functions. The neuroimaging results showed that the cingulo-opercular network (CON) and the default mode network (DMN), rather than the frontoparietal network (FPN), significantly contributed to the prediction of trust propensity in older adults. Our findings suggest that older adults rely less on economic rationality (executive functions, associated with FPN) in trust games. Rather, they are likely to depend more on social rationality (social cognition, associated with social preference and DMN) to resolve the risk of treachery (affect, associated with CON) in trust dilemmas. This study contributes to a better understanding of the neural underpinnings of older adults' trust propensity.

How to Break the Arbitrator’s Trust Dilemma?

In solving the trust-shaping problem of the investment dispute settlement mechanism, one must overcome the arbitrator’s dilemma of trust. For a long time, the arbitrator’s independence, representativeness and professionalism have suffered from being questioned, thus a series of international societies covering the code of conduct was gradually launched, and conflict of interest has ruled arbitrator, the selection and appointment mechanism. While the systemic reform to promote the judge’s jurisdiction in harmony with the host country’s regulation rights relationship issues have also appeared in a different reform path. At the bilateral level between China and the EU, the possibility exists for China to accept the EU investment tribunal model, while at the broader bilateral and multilateral levels, China should adopt a balanced stance, that is, to be wary of the risk of over-politicization that may arise from the transfer of the power to appoint arbitrators. Aside from that, China also has to prevent the abuse of regulatory power in the process of harmonizing adjudicative and regulatory powers and may consider adopting a mandatory roster system of arbitrators led by an independent third-party body and a system for the selection of members of the appellate body.

JOB CREATION LAW: HEALTHY INVESTMENT CLIMATE OR INJURED CLIMATE COMMITMENT?

To overcome the problem of overlapping regulations and complexities of investment in Indonesia, on 5th October 2020, the Jokowi government passed Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation (“Job Creation Law”), which is still a controversy to this day. This law has drawn broad criticism, particularly regarding the formal law-making and its problematic substances. Critics argue the legal drafting process is not in accordance with the characteristic of good law making aspired by the 1945 Constitution and Law Number 12 Year 2011 concerning the Establishment of Legislation (“Establishment of Legislation Law”). Noting that the academic text of this law does not address the importance of protecting forests and the environment, but only focuses on increasing economic development and investment. The public is faced with a dilemma of trust whether there is a trade between economic growth and environmental sustainability that is hidden by the government. The pro-deforestation articles in this law generate fundamental changes in the framework of protecting Indonesia's environment which it is feared could open the door to massive deforestation and have a global impact on violating Indonesia's climate commitment under Paris Agreement. Through this writing, the author questions the consistency of the Indonesian government in carrying out its climate commitments to prevent future deforestation. The authors will identify weakening instruments for environmental protection and forest management under the Job Creation Law as well as their impact to environmental protection efforts and Indonesia's future climate commitments. At the end of this study, the author found that due to weakening of forest and environmental protection instruments, Indonesia risks failing to meet its climate commitments targeted in the first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to reduce deforestation to below 3.25 million hectares by 2030 or a maximum of 325,000 hectares / year during 2020 to 2030 either on their own or with international assistance.

Доверие пользователя к интернет-сервисам: теоретические основы расчета

This article explores the theoretical foundations of calculating the user’s trust in Internet services. The author conceptualized trust as a rational action and used the metaphor of calculation to examine the main objective factors that affect trust in internet services. These factors were divided into three groups according to the evaluation object: winnings, risks, and trustworthiness. The increasing offer makes the user face the trust dilemma. Trust in Internet services depends on many interrelated factors that encourage users to turn to online services. The factor of winning is especially important: online services save time and are more user-friendly. The risk factor is associated with the personal data that the user has to provide. The research facilitates the processes of digital transformation in general and can help to increase public trust in specific Internet services.

The trust dilemma - conclusions from a popular TV show

The trust dilemma - conclusions from a popular TV show

Rationality Now!

Rationality Now!

Application Value Evaluation of Blockchain Technology in Innovation and Entrepreneurship Information Platform for College Students

The current collegiate innovation and entrepreneurship information network works in a centralized manner, and there is a centralized trust dilemma. Malicious administrators can use their own rights to achieve public and private purposes. To solve this problem, a blockchain technology based on decentralization was introduced into the innovation as well as an entrepreneurship information platform for college students. It is critical to understand how to assess the usefulness of blockchain in innovation and entrepreneurship information platforms. This research mixes it with the current popular artificial intelligence trend and offers a neural network to assess the value of blockchain technology in terms of creativity and as an entrepreneurship information platform. The contents are as follows: (1) an application value evaluation method with an improved residual neural network is proposed. First, an improved data pooling layer is constructed by using three consecutive convolutional layers in series. The approach then has a significant feature learning ability by increasing the receptive field, thanks to an atrous residual block that combines atrous convolution and the residual block. Finally, the dropout method is introduced to avoid the negative impact of overfitting. (2) An application value evaluation method based on skip connection and residual network is proposed. With the inception module, this method creates a better data pooling layer and adds residual connections. The skip connection line is built in the residual block, which improves the residual block’s learning efficiency for feature information. The ordinary convolution in the residual block with a skip connection line is replaced with atrous convolution, and an atrous residual block with a skip connection line is designed. Finally, to construct a neural network, the two designed leftover blocks are connected end-to-end.

Blockchain-Based Decentralized Cloud Solutions for Data Transfer.

Cloud computing has increased its service area and user experience above traditional platforms through virtualization and resource integration, resulting in substantial economic and societal advantages. Cloud computing is experiencing a significant security and trust dilemma, requiring a trust-enabled transaction environment. The typical cloud trust model is centralized, resulting in high maintenance costs, network congestion, and even single-point failure. Also, due to a lack of openness and traceability, trust rating findings are not universally acknowledged. “Blockchain is a novel, decentralised computing system. Its unique operational principles and record traceability assure the transaction data's integrity, undeniability, and security. So, blockchain is ideal for building a distributed and decentralised trust infrastructure. This study addresses the difficulty of transferring data and related permission policies from the cloud to the distributed file systems (DFS). Our aims include moving the data files from the cloud to the distributed file system and developing a cloud policy. This study addresses the difficulty of transferring data and related permission policies from the cloud to the DFS. In DFS, no node is given the privilege, and storage of all the data is dependent on content-addressing. The data files are moved from Amazon S3 buckets to the interplanetary file system (IPFS). In DFS, no node is given the privilege, and storage of all the data is dependent on content-addressing.

THE LEGITIMATIZATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE’S DIGITAL MEDIA PRACTICES WITHIN NEOLIBERAL CONTEXTS AND ECOLOGIES

This panel focuses on different ways that practices of children, youth, and families are legitimatized (and deligitimatized) in schools, homes, and market places. With a focus on media consumption, the four papers examine the lived realities of families in the late 2010’s, a time period dominated by Trump-era politics, neoliberal ideologies, digital capitalisms and dilemmas of trust. In this moment, children and youth are positioned variously as in need of media literacy, parental regulations, and social controls. Simultaneously, children and youth are looked to as the future generation of political activists, savvy consumers, and promotional actors. In these polarized and sometimes conflicting positions, particular practices are recognized and condoned, while others are subject to intense scrutiny. We ask a number of questions: what discursive constructions are available for children and youth engaging with digital media? What options do parents have in terms of positioning themselves and their parenting in relation to children and media? In what ways are hierarchies of value enacted and replicated in relation to media and education? These questions are all framed by larger questions from the field of child studies and how the child is framed in various discourses - civic, parental, promotional and educational.

Process R&D investment and social dilemmas

We consider a coopetitive game model of firms’ behavior in process R&D with entry cost. We compare the competitive behavior of firms in R&D with the R&D coopetition scenario. In R&D coopetition, firms engage in a bargaining process to reach a binding R&D agreement. We find that R&D competition can lead to a prisoner’s dilemma or a chicken game between market rivals. The possibility of entering a binding R&D agreement resolves the above social dilemmas associated with the firms’ competitive behavior. In turn, under R&D coopetition, for a medium level of R&D entry cost, firms may enter a trust dilemma, but it is a beneficial scenario in comparison with the corresponding R&D competition outcome.

Accessing Mental Health Services: a Systematic Review and Meta-ethnography of the Experiences of South Asian Service Users in the UK

BackgroundDespite calls to address ethnic inequalities to accessing mental health services in the UK, governmental initiatives have had limited impact. Studies indicate that South Asian communities underutilise mental health services. Previous reviews have identified cultural and institutional factors that may influence service use, but these are mostly narrative and limited in their scope.MethodA systematic literature search resulted in fifteen studies exploring the experiences of seeking help and barriers to accessing and using services from the perspective of British South Asian service users.FindingsQualitative data was synthesised through meta-ethnography, and three themes emerged: Distanced from Services, Dilemma of Trust and Threat to Cultural Identity. South Asian service users were positioned at a distance from being able to access services and stuck in a dilemma of mistrusting White and Asian professionals. They constructed their cultural identity through a set of important values which were neglected by mental health services. Service users, therefore, appeared to engage in an ongoing evaluation of the potential benefits of accessing services against the risks of threat to their personal and cultural identities. The findings are discussed in relation to Eurocentric models of care and community engagement approaches.ConclusionThe review argues that institutional racism and cultural dissonance marginalise South Asian service users from access to quality and effective mental healthcare. It is recommended that services acknowledge the impact of alienation and powerlessness and advance their practices to establish trust and cultural safety for South Asian service users in the UK.

Social proximity and respect for norms in trust dilemmas

AbstractTrust is based on both rational considerations (outcomes and expectations) and moral considerations (respect for moral norms). We find that social proximity shifts the extent to which trust is perceived as a moral decision. People are more likely to trust similar strangers (partners they share personality traits with) because they feel it is the moral thing to do. In three studies, we found that partner similarity was associated with increased trust, and this effect was mediated by increased feelings of normative obligation. This mediation remained significant after controlling for expectations of reciprocity and participants' tendency to like similar partners more than dissimilar partners (Studies 1 and 2). Furthermore, the felt obligation to trust similar partners was based, in part, on a desire to avoid insulting the other party's moral character. The effect of partner similarity on feelings of obligation was weakened when distrust was no longer insulting to the trusted party's character (Study 3). These findings add to our knowledge of how social information shifts the extent to which trust is perceived as a moral decision.

EigenCloud: A Cooperation and Trust-Aware Dependable Cloud File-Sharing Network

There exist two severe challenges in cloud file-sharing networks: cooperation dilemma and trust dilemma. The mechanism designed to promote cooperation could suffer from malicious users, while the trust management that only considers the trust dilemma is subjected to denial-of-service attacks. To address these two dilemmas simultaneously, we present a dependable cloud file-sharing scheme-EigenCloud. The main contributions include the following. First, we propose a modified EigenTrust algorithm to calculate the global cooperation value and global trust value of each cloud user based on her/his past behaviors. Second, we propose cooperation and trust-aware worker recommendation mechanism by determining a Pareto front from all cloud users. Thus, a cloud user who adopts the recommendation mechanism by paying an additional fee could have a higher probability of receiving a valid file in one transaction. Last but not least, we use the evolutionary game theory (EGT) to study the acceptance and effectiveness of the proposed EigenCloud by strategically modeling cloud users. The Lyapunov stability theory is employed to mathematically investigate the stability of evolutionary equilibriums of our EigenCloud. Finally, both numerical simulations and simulator-driving experiments illustrate that our EigenCloud has an outstanding performance in promoting cooperation and inhibiting malicious activity.

The case for creative, visual and multimodal methods in operationalising concepts in research design: An examination of storyboarding trust stories

Creative, visual and multimodal research methods are commonly employed by sociologists in the ‘outward-facing’ activities of data collection, presentation and dissemination of research findings; however, they are rarely applied to the ‘inward-facing’ research practices of conceptualisation and research design. Responding to Pierre Bourdieu’s calls for methodological pluralism in sociology and for the construction of the object to be rigorously undertaken in every moment of research, I explore how such methods can be used by the researcher as effective thinking tools to enhance the creativity and quality of conceptual work as a precursor to empirical investigation. I investigate the affordances of this approach using a creative research method – storyboarding – to examine trust. Although empirical research commonly cites trust as an explanatory factor, its meaning is ambiguous and contested. Based on three imagined trust dilemmas developed with the involvement of a visual artist, I demonstrate how a visual creative process can encourage consistent attention to the construction of the research object. It also speculatively reveals new facets of phenomena and supports reflexive attention to the researcher’s relation to the object of research. I argue for sociological thinking to engage an eclectic range of visual and creative forms as legitimate tools capable of extending rigour and creativity.

The Performance of Economic Sectors and Their Growing Non-Performing Assets in India

The Indian banking system of an economy is of foremost importance for its financial and economicdevelopment. It forms the core of the financial sector and plays a critical role in transmitting monetary policyimpulses to the entire economic system. Hence the stability of banking sector is of paramount importance for thedevelopment of an economy. Non-performing assets(NPAs) or loans are growing issue in commercial banks especially in Indian Public sector banks which are facing huge losses due to accumulated NPAs over the past twenty year. As 90% of the total NPA isheld with public sector banks, it is essential to focus on the procedure of giving loans by them and proper verification of collateral and other reliability to repay the loan. The extensive lending by the banks to companies during the boom phase of the economy(e.g.2008-09) without proper documentation (relaxed) leads to such rising NPA levels. This paper focuses onthe accumulation of NPAs and its implications on sectors’economic performance. It also specifically emphasizes the efficacyof SARFAESI Act, DRT tribunals, IBC (Insolvency Bankruptcy Code 2016) as mitigation of NPAs. The problem of double trust dilemma in the context of NPAs has been introduced is a case of investor and innovator.

Social game theory: Preferences, perceptions, and choices

ABSTRACT Building on classic game theory, psychologists have explored the effects of social preferences and expectations on strategic behaviour. Ordinary social perceivers are sensitive to additional contextual factors not addressed by game theory and its recent psychological extensions. We review the results of a research programme exploring how observers judge “players” (i.e., individuals making strategic decisions in social dilemmas) on the dimensions of competence and morality. We explore social perception in several well-known dilemmas, including the prisoner’s dilemma, the volunteer’s dilemma, and the trust dilemma. We also introduce a novel self-presentational dilemma. In research conducted over a decade and a half, we have found that judgements of competence are sensitive to both players’ choices and the dilemma’s (expected and actual) outcomes. In contrast, judgements of morality respond strongly to players’ behaviour and little else. We discuss how these social-perceptual patterns might affect expectations, preferences, and strategic choices.