Dilation Process Research Articles

Impact of aortic and pulmonary artery wall histology on radicular dilatation during the Ross procedure

ObjectiveIn our study, we aim to explore the structural differences between the aortic root and the pulmonary artery to better understand the process of pulmonary autograft dilatation during the Ross procedure.Materials and methodsWe studied twenty human fetuses (aged 14–36 weeks of gestation) and four adults (one female and three males, aged 30–45 years, mean age = 37 ± 16 years). Samples of aortic root and pulmonary artery were obtained through dissection. Histological examinations, including hematoxylin–eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and orcein staining, as well as immunohistochemical technique with caldesmon staining, were performed. Microscopic counting was conducted to assess the number of elastic laminae and smooth muscle cells in each arterial wall. Statistical analyses were performed using R software. Means and standard deviations were used to present central tendencies and data dispersion for elastic laminae and smooth muscle.ResultsSignificant histological differences were observed between the aortic root and pulmonary artery in both adults and fetuses. In fetuses, no difference was found between the two vessels in terms of elastic laminae (p = 0.26) and smooth muscle cells (p = 0.69). However, in adults, significant differences were found for elastic laminae (p < 0.001) and smooth muscle cells (p < 0.001) between the aorta and pulmonary artery.ConclusionsThe microscopic vascular structure impacts the mechanical properties of the pulmonary autograft wall and explains its observed dilatation remote from the Ross procedure due to wall stresses related to systemic pressure.

Do as Sonographers Think: Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for Thyroid Nodules Diagnosis via Microvascular Infiltrative Awareness.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging can reflect the microvascular distribution and blood flow perfusion, thereby holding clinical significance in distinguishing between malignant and benign thyroid nodules. Notably, CEUS offers a meticulous visualization of the microvascular distribution surrounding the nodule, leading to an apparent increase in tumor size compared to gray-scale ultrasound (US). In the dual-image obtained, the lesion size enlarged from gray-scale US to CEUS, as the microvascular appeared to be continuously infiltrating the surrounding tissue. Although the infiltrative dilatation of microvasculature remains ambiguous, sonographers believe it may promote the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. We propose a deep learning model designed to emulate the diagnostic reasoning process employed by sonographers. This model integrates the observation of microvascular infiltration on dynamic CEUS, leveraging the additional insights provided by gray-scale US for enhanced diagnostic support. Specifically, temporal projection attention is implemented on time dimension of dynamic CEUS to represent the microvascular perfusion. Additionally, we employ a group of confidence maps with flexible Sigmoid Alpha Functions to aware and describe the infiltrative dilatation process. Moreover, a self-adaptive integration mechanism is introduced to dynamically integrate the assisted gray-scale US and the confidence maps of CEUS for individual patients, ensuring a trustworthy diagnosis of thyroid nodules. In this retrospective study, we collected a thyroid nodule dataset of 282 CEUS videos. The method achieves a superior diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity of 89.52% and 94.75%, respectively. These results suggest that imitating the diagnostic thinking of sonographers, encompassing dynamic microvascular perfusion and infiltrative expansion, proves beneficial for CEUS-based thyroid nodule diagnosis.

Temporal variation of S-wave attenuation during the 2009 L'Aquila, Central Italy, seismic sequence

SUMMARY We investigate temporal and spatial variations of the spectral decay parameter kappa (κ) before and after the 6 April 2009, L'Aquila earthquake (Mw 6.1), in Central Italy. We analysed foreshocks 10 days before and aftershocks occurring 10 days and 6 months after this main event. We select earthquakes with magnitudes Mw ≥ 3.2 registered by the seismic network of Central Italy within a radius of 20 km from the epicentre of the L'Aquila main shock and having hypocentre distances of less than 170 km. We separate near-source, along-path and near-site contributions of κ for each group of events and we detected temporal variations of this S-wave attenuation parameter. We find that 10 days before the main shock κ along the path has the lowest values, probably due to high tectonic stress accumulated, in agreement with previous investigations performed with other techniques, then κ increases during the main event and remains constant during the first 10 days of aftershocks. The aftershocks that occurred 6 months after show an increase in the regional attenuation probably due to the tectonic stress released during the main shock and the earlier aftershocks. From the spatial point of view, 10 days before the principal event the foreshocks located to the south show an increase in the near-source attenuation towards the northeast, in the direction of the main shock. These spatial variations of κ may be related to the presence of crustal fluids near the rupture area, as evidenced by other previous studies. The first 10 days of aftershocks that concentrate around the main earthquake have high near-source κ, and those located north of the main rupture have lower values. These observations are consistent with previous investigations that show variations of elastic and anisotropic crustal properties during the L'Aquila earthquake sequence due to dilatancy and fluid diffusion processes within the nucleation zone. We conclude that temporal variations of the spectral decay parameter κ provide important clues for the earthquake cycle in Central Italy.

Simulation analysis of different types of balloon dilatation catheters for the treatment of intracranial arterial stenosis.

The application of balloon dilation catheters in the management of intracranial arterial stenosis has been gradually increasing. However, studies on the feasibility and effectiveness of different types of balloons remain relatively scarce. In this study, catheter models of three different materials were designed to simulate balloon crimping,splitting, and dilatation processes. A compliant balloon produces large deformations with poor dilatation and a stress concentration phenomenon. During dilatation, the shear stress generated in the intima and lesion area by the semi-compliant balloon was smaller than that generated by the non-compliant balloon. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using semi-compatible balloons.

Three-dimensional fractional plastic models for saturated sand using Caputo derivative and R-L derivative: A comparative study

The strength and dilatancy of sand are mainly influenced by the void ratio, confining pressure and stress path. In engineering, the stress-strain relationship of sand in three-dimensional stress state is complicated, where the state-dependent properties of sand are difficult to be described by traditional constitutive models. Thus, fractional plastic models based on different fractional derivatives were developed to capture such state-dependent behavior of sand. This paper attempts to make a comparative study of the fractional models based on two typical fractional derivatives, i.e., the R-L derivative and Caputo derivative. The results show that the different types of fractional derivatives are mainly reflected in the different order of differentiation and integration, which will have a significant impact on the calculation of plastic flow direction, stress-dilatancy ratio and fractional order parameter βin the constitutive model. By determining the constitutive parameters of the two models, the constitutive behaviors predicted by different models were compared with the corresponding test results of saturated sands under different initial mean pressures and different stress paths. The models can reasonably simulate the test results of saturated sands, where the dilatancy characteristic can be captured. Compared with R-L model, Caputo model can predict more volumetric strain in the dilatancy process, and has better prediction effect. Overall, the predicted effects of the two models are close, with a maximum difference of about 7 %.

Ultrasound-guided renal puncture followed by endoscopically guided tract dilatation vs standard fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy for non-opaque renal stones; a randomized clinical trial.

This study was designed to evaluate the non-inferiority of ultrasound puncture followed by endoscopically guided tract dilatation compared to the standard fluoroscopy-guided PCNL. Forty patients with non-opaque kidney stones eligible for PCNL were randomly divided into two groups. The standard fluoroscopy-guided PCNL using the Amplatz dilator was performed in the XRAY group. In the SONO group, the Kidney was punctured under an ultrasound guide followed by tract dilatation using a combination of the Amplatz dilator based on the tract length and an endoscopically guided tract dilatation using a bi-prong forceps in cases of short-advancement. The primary outcome was successful access. In 90% of cases in the XRAY and 95% in the SONO group access dilatation process was performed uneventfully at the first attempt (p = 0.5). In 45% of cases in the SONO group, bi-prong forceps were used as salvage for short-advancement. In one case in the X-ray group over-advancement occurred. One month after surgery, the stone-free rate on the CT-scan was 75% for the X-ray group and 85% for the SONO group (p = 0.4). There were no significant differences in operation time, hospitalization duration, transfusion, or complication rates between the two groups. We conclude that ultrasound-guided renal puncture, followed by endoscopically guided tract dilatation can achieve a high success rate similar to X-ray-guided PCNL while avoiding the harmful effects of radiation exposure and the risk of over-advancement.

Diagnosis and Management of Ringwomb in Sheep: Challenges and Approaches

Small ruminants, including sheep and goats, constitute a major part of the livestock population in different countries of the world. About 15-32% of sheep dystocia are due to incomplete dilation of the cervix which is often called ringwomb. This disorder typically occurs during the lambing process, prompting farmers to possibly seek veterinary assistance due to delayed labor. Different causes, such as calcium and phosphorus deficiency, uterine inertia, and fetal inability to enter the cervical canal, could all lead to incomplete dilation of the cervix. In the meantime, many cases of ringwomb occur as idiopathic. Some factors, such as genetics, nutrition, and imbalance of estrogen to progesterone concentration may also contribute to incomplete dilation of the cervix. In practice, it is important to differentiate the ringwomb with similar conditions such as false dilation of the cervix, early dilation syndrome, and vaginal prolapse associated with ringwomb. In this review, the definition of ringwomb in sheep, an exploration of the structure of the sheep’s cervix, the normal process of cervix dilation during lambing, etiology and symptoms of ringwomb, differential diagnosis, and different treatments are discussed. Keywords: Cervix, Collagen, Dystocia, Sheep, Ringwomb

ERNet: Edge Regularization Network for Cerebral Vessel Segmentation in Digital Subtraction Angiography Images.

Stroke is a leading cause of disability and fatality in the world, with ischemic stroke being the most common type. Digital Subtraction Angiography images, the gold standard in the operation process, can accurately show the contours and blood flow of cerebral vessels. The segmentation of cerebral vessels in DSA images can effectively help physicians assess the lesions. However, due to the disturbances in imaging parameters and changes in imaging scale, accurate cerebral vessel segmentation in DSA images is still a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a novel Edge Regularization Network (ERNet) to segment cerebral vessels in DSA images. Specifically, ERNet employs the erosion and dilation processes on the original binary vessel annotation to generate pseudo-ground truths of False Negative and False Positive, which serve as constraints to refine the coarse predictions based on their mapping relationship with the original vessels. In addition, we exploit a Hybrid Fusion Module based on convolution and transformers to extract local features and build long-range dependencies. Moreover, to support and advance the open research in the field of ischemic stroke, we introduce FPDSA, the first pixel-level semantic segmentation dataset for cerebral vessels. Extensive experiments on FPDSA illustrate the leading performance of our ERNet.

A Hybrid Approach to Detect and Identify Text in Picture

In order to create computer systems that can automatically read text from images or pictures, researchers focus on detecting and recognizing text in images. This issue is particularly difficult because images often have complicated backgrounds and a wide range of properties, including color, size, shape, orientation, and texture. Our proposed approach is based on morphology, which consists of a dilation and erosion process to extract text and recognize black-and-white text areas that contain document text or images. This suggested approach has been investigated for its ability to automatically identify text aligned with text pictures, such as store names, street names, banners, and posters. The design, application, and outcomes of the device's experiments are covered in this manuscript using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Tesseract standards and the optimized OCR Tesseract. Our result shows that the optimized OCR Tesseract performs much better compared to the standard. Image preprocessing and text processing modules comprise this device's two modules. With an Arduino Uno and drawbot/flutter for text printing, this device was created using the Raspberry Pi and a 1.2GHz processor. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-01-016 Full Text: PDF

Physical simulation aspects of structural changes in rock samples under thermobaric conditions at great depths

When designing the parameters for the development of oil and gas field at significant depths, crucial to comprehend how certain factors affect the behavior of reservoir rocks and host rocks. These factors include the high level of rock stress, the ambient temperature field, and the hydro- and gas-dynamic processes within the mass. The impact of one or a combination of these factors can result in alterations to the construction, structure, composition, and properties of the rock mass and, ultimately leading to a mismatch between the design solutions and the actual conditions.The purpose of the research is to establish a methodology for conducting laboratory studies that investigate the impact of the mode of occurrence of oil and gas field reservoirs at great depths on the properties of rock samples.The research objectives encompass a theoretical analysis and the identification of the principal factors influencing rock behavior and changes in internal structure. Additionally, the objectives include developing laboratory research methods that comprehensively simulate these factors and conducting trial experiments to assess their effects.As part of the project, tests were conducted on sandstone samples collected from depth ranging from 3.5 to 4 km within the hydrocarbon field. These studies were performed while simulating thermobaric reservoir conditions, which include temperature, rock pressure, and reservoir pressure.The results of these experiments, aimed at examining the behavior of rock samples as closely as possible to their natural reservoir occurrence at depth of 3.5–4 km, are presented. It has been observed that rock samples of the same lithology, collected from nearly identical depths, can exhibit significant differences in deformation characteristics, both in the pre- and off-limit regions of loading. The findings from these studies provide the initial data for the development and refinement of geomechanical model behavior for materials that take into account not only fracture strength criteria but also dilatancy processes at various stages of rock deformation. Increasing lateral pressure within the range of 0 to to 55 MPa causes relatively minor change in ultrasonic vibration velocities, typically ranging from 1 to 10%. This makes it challenging to determine the necessity of utilizing these results for indirectly assessing changes in rock properties within the mass. Nevertheless, within the context of geophysical studies, considering variations in velocity values enhances the quality of result interpretation, especially given the substantial geometric dimensions of the rock masses under investigation.Research into the acoustic emissions of rocks in a complex stressed state enables the monitoring of spatial micro- and macrofracturing processes throughout the entire loading phase of samples. This provides a more comprehensive understanding of changes in their internal structure. The article delves into the factors that impact structural changes in oil and gas field rocks, particularly as their development extends to greater depths. The study outlines methodological approaches that facilitate the investigation of physical and mechanical properties of rock samples, while accurately modeling complex thermobaric conditions. Additionally, the it describes the technical specifications of the testing equipment, ensuring the closest possible replication of the actual conditions of reservoir rock occurrences. Lastly, the study reveals key features related to the deformation and fracture of rock samples during testing under lateral pressures of 55 MPa and pore pressures of 30 MPa, along with the creation of temperature fields up to 100 °C.

Seismically progressive motion mechanism of earth slopes considering shear band porewater pressure feedback under earthquake excitations

The complicated seismic response of earth slopes and the transition mechanism from progressive to catastrophic motion of landslides have long been recognized as one of the most challenging research topics in geotechnical earthquake engineering. In this paper, this fundamental conundrum will be tentatively unveiled from a new perspective combining the seismic slope displacement analysis with (mechanical) dynamic porewater pressure feedback of the shear band soils against the earthquake excitation. We present both the conceptual scheme and the calculation framework to numerically study the dynamic changes of porewater pressure, shear strength parameters, and hydraulic properties of the shear band soils. Their significant influences to the change of earthquake-induced landslide movement modes are systematically investigated. Different dilation angles are chosen to characterize the shear dilation and shear contraction processes in the shear band soil, while the dynamic porewater pressure feedback in the shear band soil during the continuous seismic displacement is investigated. The results show that the seismic slope displacement and failure strongly depend on the mechanical feedback of the shear band soil. When the dilation angle is positive, the porewater pressure feedback in the shear band during the slope movement is negative, and the effective resistance stress increases, which is not susceptible to catastrophic motion. On the other hand, when the dilation angle is negative, the positive porewater pressure feedback may lead to catastrophic failure. At last, the effects of shear softening/hardening combined with dilation angle evolution on the ultimate slope movement mode are also put forward.

Introduction to Dione’s Wispy Terrain as a Putative Model Region for “Micro” Wilson Cycles on Icy Satellites

The Wispy Terrain is the region of chasmata characterized by quasi-parallel fault systems, formed by extensional and shear stresses of the icy crust of Dione, a moon of Saturn. Besides the basic, satellite-scale geological mapping and very general definition of the phenomenon, only a few studies focus on the Wispy Terrain and its chasmata from the angle of detailed tectonic reconstruction, with others mainly targeting, e.g., the timing of its formation. This study provides a detailed geological and cryotectonic analysis in the surroundings of the Eurotas and Palatine Chasmata and proposes additional, until now, unidentified tectonic processes and a formation model. The relationship between fragmentary impact craters and tectonic features indicates other newly suspected tectonic movements, namely thrust, and splay and décollement fault systems. In contrast to the commonly expected and identified dilatational processes, such fault types show compression and are characteristic of subduction in a terrestrial environment. Theoretically, the appearance of such tectonic processes means that the already-known rift and the newly discovered subsumption (subduction-like) processes may appear together in the Wispy Terrain. The appearance of both features may suggest the presence of some of the components (phases) of a Wilson cycle analog cryotectonic cycle (or possibly cycles) in icy planetary bodies like Dione.

A novel balloon dilation catheter facilitating endoscopic papillary balloon dilation in patients with Roux-en-Y gastrectomy

Video 1Selective biliary cannulation was difficult, and the catheter tended to be cannulated into the pancreatic duct. We applied a double-wire technique to achieve biliary cannulation. Finally, selective biliary cannulation was achieved. Cholangiography revealed a small stone of approximately 5mm in the common bile duct (red arrow). Subsequently, endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) was performed using a new EPBD catheter with a diameter of 8mm. This new EPBD catheter was inserted. We inflated this EPBD catheter slightly while observing both endoscopy and fluoroscopy monitors to confirm its dilation process. EPBD was easily and effectively performed without slipping in or out of the papilla. The orifice of the papilla was dilated. Stone extraction was completely achieved.

Wall shear stress and pressure patterns in aortic stenosis patients with and without aortic dilation captured by high-performance image-based computational fluid dynamics.

Spatial patterns of elevated wall shear stress and pressure due to blood flow past aortic stenosis (AS) are studied using GPU-accelerated patient-specific computational fluid dynamics. Three cases of moderate to severe AS, one with a dilated ascending aorta and two within the normal range (root diameter less than 4cm) are simulated for physiological waveforms obtained from echocardiography. The computational framework is built based on sharp-interface Immersed Boundary Method, where aortic geometries segmented from CT angiograms are integrated into a high-order incompressible Navier-Stokes solver. The key question addressed here is, given the presence of turbulence due to AS which increases wall shear stress (WSS) levels, why some AS patients undergo much less aortic dilation. Recent case studies of AS have linked the existence of an elevated WSS hotspot (due to impingement of AS on the aortic wall) to the dilation process. Herein we further investigate the WSS distribution for cases with and without dilation to understand the possible hemodynamics which may impact the dilation process. We show that the spatial distribution of elevated WSS is significantly more focused for the case with dilation than those without dilation. We further show that this focal area accommodates a persistent pocket of high pressure, which may have contributed to the dilation process through an increased wall-normal forcing. The cases without dilation, on the contrary, showed a rather oscillatory pressure behaviour, with no persistent pressure "buildup" effect. We further argue that a more proximal branching of the aortic arch could explain the lack of a focal area of elevated WSS and pressure, because it interferes with the impingement process due to fluid suction effects. These phenomena are further illustrated using an idealized aortic geometry. We finally show that a restored inflow eliminates the focal area of elevated WSS and pressure zone from the ascending aorta.

Design of an optimized gait planning generator for a quadruped robot using the decision tree and random forest workspace model

AbstractReal-time gait trajectory planning is challenging for legged robots walking on unknown terrain. In this paper, to realize a more efficient and faster motion control of a quadrupedal robot, we propose an optimized gait planning generator (GPG) based on the decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF) model of the robot leg workspace. First, the framework of this embedded GPG and some of the modules associated with it are illustrated. Aiming at the leg workspace model described by DT and RF used in GPG, this paper introduces in detail how to collect the original data needed for training the model and puts forward an Interpolation Labeling with Dilation and Erosion (ILDE) data processing algorithm. After the DT and RF models are trained, we preliminarily evaluate their performance. We then present how these models can be used to predict the location relation between a spatial point and the leg workspace based on its distributional features. The DT model takes only 0.00011 s to process a sample, while the RF model can give the prediction probability. As a complement, the PID inverse kinematic model used in GPG is also mentioned. Finally, the optimized GPG is tested during a real-time single-leg trajectory planning experiment and an unknown terrain recognition simulation of a virtual quadrupedal robot. According to the test results, the GPG shows a remarkable rapidity for processing large-scale data in the gait trajectory planning tasks, and the results can prove it has an application value for quadruped robot control.

Use of prostaglandin E1 analog (misoprostol) to aid cervical dilation in birth induction (a case report)

The cervix is a barrier between the environment and the uterus, composed of longitudinal folds that continue along the uterine folds. Cervical dilation is associated with increased synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Dilatation may fail due to congenital malformations or adhesions of the cervix caused, for example, by previous dystocia or by failure of any mechanisms that regulate cervical relaxation including a reduction in collagen and glycosaminoglycans and an increase in water content and metalloproteinases. Labor induction often requires the ripening of the cervix mechanically or pharmacologically. Oxytocin success may be reduced if the cervix is not favorable or responsive. Misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog, is widely used in reproduction in cases of oviduct obstruction. It also promotes cervical softening by the dissolution of extracellular collagen. A 17-year-old mixed-breed mare from a private farm in the Middle East presented with abdominal discomfort and signs of imminent delivery, 10th months after embryo transfer. A slight thickening of the uterus-placental junction (7.12mm) was observed during transrectal ultrasound evaluation, but there was no placental detachment. On transabdominal imaging, the absence of a fetal heartbeat, fetal movements, and torsion of the umbilical cord were observed. Imaging evaluations were performed with an ultrasound machine DCS - MyLab™25 GOLD, 5Hzfrequency. Hematological analysis of the mare showed results within normal ranges. Flunixin Meglumine (10mL i.v., Finadyne, 50mg/mL, MSD) was administered before the abortion procedure. After confirmation of fetal death and dystocia in the mare, the cervix dilation process began with a local application of 1mg of misoprostol 200mcg diluted in lubricating gel and mechanical massage. Then, intravenous oxytocin (Syntocin, 10UI/mL, Illium) was started gradually every 5 minutes (5IU, 5IU, 10IU, 10IU). Mild sedation and analgesia was achieved with detomidine (0.6mL i.v., Dormiun V, 10mg/mL, Agener Uniao) and butorphanol (1mL i.v., Torbugesic, 14,58mg/mL, Zoetis). The mare showed signs of delivery before the mechanical rupture of the allantochorion. The position of the fetus (head back and right shoulder flexion) was corrected transvaginally by mechanical maneuver. After removing the fetus, 5 mg of dinoprost (i.m., Lutalyse, 6.71mg/mL, Zoetis) was administered to aid uterine contractility and clearance. The placenta did not have macroscopic changes. The fetus showed an absence of the right posterior limb's first, second, and third phalanges. During fetal necropsy, no other changes were observed. Uterine lavage was performed 24h and 48h after the procedure, using Ringer Lactate Solution (LRS), with 10% iodine (20mL/5L LRS) followed by 20IU oxytocin every eight hours for two consecutive days.

Intervention of Kusuma Milk-Shake Drink on Cervical Dilatation and Duration of Labor: Experience from Bengkulu, Indonesia

Background: Labor processes require energy consumption regulated by a complex nervous system and hormonal response. Thus, the intensity of maternal nutritional intake since pregnancy should be highly considered for physiological delivery. Nutrients that are high in energy and provide fast-decomposing glucose intake should be chosen by the mothers. Kusuma is a kind of drink made from dates, milk, and honey. This study aimed to analyze the effect of Kusuma milk-shake drink implementations on cervical dilatation and duration of labor.Methods: An experimental study was conducted by post-test only with a controlled group design, including 34 mothers with term pregnancy, which was intervention groups and controls. A completely randomized design in two different places was conducted. Data were analyzed using Shapiro-wilk, independent sample T-test, and Mann-Whitney. Results: There was a significant effect of Kusuma milk-shake implementation on cervical dilatation (p=0.000). The dilatation process was found to be 5.5 times faster, and the duration of labor (p=0.000) was observed to be 9.7 hours faster than the control group.Conclusions: Implementation of the Kusuma milk-shake has a significant effect on the acceleration of cervical dilation and the duration of labor. This research is expected to improve the quality of midwifery services as an effort to realize the concept of a Continuum of Obstetric Care.

VISUALIZACIÓN DE PROCESOS DE MICRODILATACIÓN INDUCIDOS POR LÁSER MEDIANTE EL USO DE INTERFEROMETRÍA HOLOGRÁFICA DIGITAL

This paper presents the use of digital holography interferometry applied to the study of microdilation process. The optical setup with the use of CCD cameras allowed to obtain interferograms on different study objects, whereas a localized thermal load was induced by a 5.5 W 405 nm laser. This study was done over two samples with different thermal conductivity in order to calibrate this process. The main objective of this work was to understand the thermo-mechanical response on LED-based illumination devices due to the transition in the on-off process. The results show that these kind of lamps function under mechanical stress because of the different dilation processes of each component of the device.

Commentary: The never-ending story of COVID-19: Accustoming to the new abnormal in glaucoma practice.

Commentary: The never-ending story of COVID-19: Accustoming to the new abnormal in glaucoma practice.

Deep Learning Model for the Detection of Real Time Breast Cancer Images Using Improved Dilation-Based Method.

Breast cancer can develop when breast cells replicate abnormally. It is now a worldwide issue that concerns people’s safety all around the world. Every day, women die from breast cancer, which is especially common in the United States. Mammography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and biopsies may all be used to detect breast cancer. Histopathology (biopsy) is often carried out to examine the image and discover breast cancer. Breast cancer detection at an early stage saves lives. Deep and machine learning models aid in the detection of breast cancer. The aim of the research work is to encourage medical research and the development of technology by employing deep learning models to recognize cancer cells that are small in size. For histological annotation and diagnosis, the proposed technique makes use of the BreCaHAD dataset. Color divergence is caused by differences in slide scanners, staining procedures, and biopsy materials. To avoid overfitting, we used data augmentation with 19 factors, such as scale, rotation, and gamma. The proposed hybrid dilation deep learning model is of two sorts. It illustrates edges, curves, and colors, and it improves the key traits. It utilizes dilation convolution and max pooling for multi-scale information. The proposed dilated unit processes the image and sends the processed features to the Alexnet, and it can recognize minute objects and thin borders by using the dilated residual expanding kernel model. An AUC of 96.15 shows that the new strategy is better than the old one.