Digital Video Watermarking Research Articles

Machine learning based weight optimized genetic algorithm for digital video watermarking technique

Machine learning based weight optimized genetic algorithm for digital video watermarking technique

Systematic comparison of digital video watermarking aspects with techniques and algorithm designing issue

With the coming of innovation, verification and security have turned into the principle perspective during communication over the enormous distance. Unlawful dispersal of digital video is the principal peril to the entertainment world. With the advancement of web access, copied duplicates of digitized video might be essentially scattered to globalized watchers. A few applications of video watermarking in copyright insurance, security, fingerprinting, duplicate control, and comment are tremendously expanding. Consequently, a likely technique for confining such sort of digitalized theft is Digital Video Watermarking. At present, watermarking has arisen as a huge strategy to recognize the legitimacy and validation of the proprietor and to ensure the copyrights. The watermarking approach is used by the analysts to hide the secret data that might be apparent or dark according to the client’s need. This paper will outfit the disparate tendencies continued in the space of digital watermarking. Also, a point by point outline of digital video watermarking and writing review is talked about in an even arrangement which can give the bearings to forthcoming scientists to seek after their research in this field.

A Robust Video Watermarking Algorithm Based on Two-Dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform

Due to the continuous development and popularity of digital video technology, the copyright protection of digital video content has become an increasingly prominent issue. Digital video watermarking, as an effective means of digital copyright protection, has attracted widespread attention from academia and industry. The two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform (2D-DFT) template-based method has the advantages of good real-time performance and robustness, but the embedding capacity is small and cannot resist frame-dropping attack. To address this problem, a new template construction method is proposed in this paper, which can extend the embedding capacity from 1 bit each group of pictures (GOP) to theoretically n bits each GOP. In addition, by changing the GOP pattern, the method gains the ability to resist frame-dropping attacks. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve larger watermark capacity while maintaining strong robustness against image-processing attacks, geometric attacks, video-processing attacks and compression attacks.

A Novel Method of Invisible Video Watermarking Based on Index Mapping and Hybrid DWT-DCT

Watermarking is widely used in multimedia preservation and communication, which comprises, and is therefore not limited to, data security and validation. Security, readability, imperceptibility, and resilience are some of the key advantages of this technology. However, there are still certain issues that need to be addressed, such as the ability to withstand a variety of assaults without substantially affecting the quality and value of embedded data. Based on its operational domain, the watermarking technology may be divided into two groups: spatial and frequency watermarking. An index mapping-based watermarking approach for copyright protection of multi-media color videos is presented in this paper. We offer a hybrid discrete wavelet transform and discrete cosine transform (DCT) watermarking algorithm for digital video watermarking of a color video watermark. Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), similarity structure index measure (SSIM), have been used to analyze the distortion produced by watermarking. It is suggested that the proposed video watermarking method provides greater imperceptibility in conjunction with each other with the human visual system and it offers higher robustness against different attacks.

A robust digital video watermarking based on CT-SVD domain and chaotic DNA sequences for copyright protection

A robust digital video watermarking based on CT-SVD domain and chaotic DNA sequences for copyright protection

The Implementation Of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) And Blowfish Methods In Digital Video Security

Collecting data partially or completely illegally without the permission of the owner causes losses to the copyright owner. This has a big impact in proving ownership of a digital media. To be able to prove ownership of the copyright, the Discrete Cosine Transform watermarking technique can be used by inserting the Blowfish cryptographic algorithm. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is a method that converts digital data into the form of a frequency domain. The method used in the DCT transformation technique is to break the digital image into small blocks with a fixed size and then convert it from the spatial domain to the frequency domain. Blowfish works by dividing the message into 64-bit blocks of equal length with varying aty lengths that encrypt the data in 8 byte blocks. Messages that are not multiples of 8 bytes will be added extra bits (padding), so that the size for each block is the same. After the final result is obtained, the value is inserted into the digital video without destroying the original digital video. From the research that has been done in the implementation of digital video watermarking, it can be concluded that the Blowfish cryptography method and the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) watermarking cryptography method can be applied properly. In the watermarking process, digital image insertion does not damage the watermaratd video and at the security level it is provided with blowfish cryptographic encryption, so that it can increase security in copyright protection

Development of payload capacity enhanced robust video watermarking scheme based on symmetry of circle using lifting wavelet transform and SURF

Using simple image and video editing software it is relatively easy to pirate the digital contents at the cost of huge revenue loss to the content owner. Entertainment is the key industry that is overwhelmed by huge financial loss due to digital piracy. WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest and Twitter are some of the massive social media platforms that are used by millions of users. Many of the users share digital content without giving credit to the owner. Digital watermarking is an efficient technique to protect the digital rights and legal compensation of content owners. Due to the poor selection of watermarking locations, most of the state-of-art methods were fall short to preserve the relationships among the host data. Hence such methods were not efficient to provide safeguards against digital piracy. Therefore, this paper proposes a digital video watermarking technique that analyzes, extracts and processes the useful patterns or features of data based on the symmetry of the circle using 2D-Lifting Wavelet Transform (2D-LWT) and Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF). SURF method is used to obtain five invariant feature points on an approximation part of 2D-LWT utilizing the luminance component of each video frame. The invariant points serve as centers of the circles used to find the embed locations. The maximum intensity value point in all the points on the circumference of the 1/8 part of the circle is then calculated to serve as an embedding location. Three other points in different quadrants are simply obtained using the concept of symmetry of the circle. After applying temporal desynchronization, compression and insertion of noise attacks the video is assessed through subjective and objective evaluation metrics. The results reveal a high degree of correlation (close to one) and good visual transparency which proves that the proposed scheme is superior for practical applications.

An effective and secure video watermarking using hybrid technique

Now, all satellite channels handle high-quality data, including HD video files (1 K, 2 K, and 4 K). High-quality compression software is required to archive and transmit these files accurately and efficiently. HEVC is a standard development technique for high-quality video compression which can produce double compression while preserving video quality. On the other hand, the use of a robust digital video watermark algorithm can solve copyright issues for these types of categories. Therefore, in this paper, an efficient compression-based secure digital watermarking is proposed. In this paper, initially, the video are converted into number of frames. Then, we de-compose the frame using dual-tree complex wavelet transform. After that, to increase the security of the system, the embedding positions are optimally selected using adaptive cuttlefish optimization algorithm. Then, the secrete images are encrypted using elliptic curve cryptography algorithm. After that, the encrypted images are converted into binary bit. Then, the binary bits are embedded into the selected position of video frame. After the encryption process, to decreases the size of encrypted document, H.265 video encoding approach is applied. This method is, effectively, reduce the size of the image, without affecting quality of the image. Finally, the compressed image is transmitted to the receiver. The reverse process of embedding is used for extraction process. The performance of proposed approach is analyzed in terms of different metrics and effectiveness compared with different methods.

A secure method in digital video watermarking with transform domain algorithms

One of the problems in the digital world is the secure transmission of information through insecure communication channels which has been selected as the main concept discussed in this research. This article, by thoroughly analyzing the types of attacks in video watermarking, learns the basics used in the proposed method and offers a solution to deal with the most important categories. Therefore, it presents a secure solution against collusion attacks by introducing a three-dimensional discrete cosine transform algorithm. According to the evaluations, it can be claimed that the proposed solution is resistant to collusion attacks, which is the most important attack in the field of digital watermarking. Another strength of the proposed algorithm compared to other methods is its higher capacity in watermarking. The proposed algorithm, using its special blocking method, has the ability to cover all types of video, both dynamic and static. Various tests have been applied to the selected dataset to analyze the security and the performance of the proposed algorithm. The results show that if the proposed algorithm is used in watermarking, in addition to high accuracy, it can have an acceptable resistance to attacks.

Compressed domain based robust digital video watermarking scheme to protect the copyright

<p><span>Digital video watermarking is an effective way to protect the ownership of the multimedia contents. A novel compressed domain based digital video watermarking algorithm scheme is proposed by exploiting MPEG-2 structure. Watermark bits are embedded in DC and AC coefficients both of only smooth discrete cosine transform (DCT) blocks from selected I-frames in the original digital video. The algorithms never exploited entire frames but explore only three location from the subset of DCT blocks from the subgroup of I-frames only. This process maintains the perceptibility of the watermarked video. Two parameters, normalized correlation (NC) and bit error rate (BER) are used to evaluate the degree of similarity and dissimilarity respectively to check the robustness against image processing and video specific intentional and non-intentional attacks. The security of embedded watermark is enhanced by applying three cryptographic keys. The experimental results demonstrated that the better robustness and perceptibility achieved by comparing the results with the state of art. </span></p>

A Residual Chaotic System for Image Security and Digital Video Watermarking

Multimedia data security has become a noticeable problem in the continuous development of multimedia technology. Traditional chaotic systems usually require larger bit-width iterative calculations to affect the generation rate of chaotic systems when generating. To solve this problem, we proposed a general Residual Chaotic System (RCS) for image security in heterogeneous multimedia signal processing environments. Based on the Residue Number System (RNS) commonly used in VLSI, we generate the general chaotic sequences by iterating unary polynomial function through it in Galois Field (GF). Moreover, we make use of the Box-Muller algorithm to generate RCS, which improved the speed of operation by a large margin when doing R/B backward transformation. Experiments show that the key sensitivity and plaintext sensitivity of the proposed encryption system are good, and the system can encrypt pictures efficiently and safely. Then, we proposed a watermark embedding and extraction algorithm with block selection. Based on the proposed new judgment conditions, the $4\times 4$ brightness blocks are divided into five categories, then the appropriate types of blocks are selected accordingly. After testing the performance indexes of cypher-text images, including statistical and sensitivity-related tests, all results indicate that our algorithm has good randomness and security. The invisibility is good, the watermark capacity has been significantly improved, and the video bit-rate growth rate is in a good range. The watermark can resist attacks such as noise and the bit error rate under re-encoding and Gaussian low-pass filtering attacks. Compared with other algorithms, the algorithm that we proposed is faster, much more efficient, and more secure. Therefore, it is a practical alternative scheme for heterogeneous communication environments.

Robust and Secure Video Watermarking Based on Cellular Automata and Singular Value Decomposition for Copyright Protection

In recent years, watermarking techniques have been under deliberation for their wide variety of applications in various fields. An organization transmits its data through digital communication channels, where the probability of attack is more. To protect the data transmitted through the channel, a novel fuzzy-based digital video watermarking scheme based on Cellular Automata Transform and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) for copyright protection is proposed. The proposed scheme adopts a mixture of both cellular automata and SVD, which provides copyright protection with high robustness and imperceptibility for multiple transform planes with high processing speed and data redundancy. Moreover, the confidentiality of the proposed scheme is improved with the help of SVD. The watermarked video is experimented with to prove the strength by extracting the watermark image after applying geometric transformation, noise addition, enhancement, and compression attacks. The quantitative performance analysis, which shows improved robustness and imperceptibility of the proposed method compared to the existing methods, is performed by calculating the peak signal-to-noise ratio, structural similarity index, bit error rate, and normalized cross-correlation.

Implementation of Digital Video Watermarking Scheme Based on FPGA

Implementation of Digital Video Watermarking Scheme Based on FPGA

Robust video watermarking using a hybrid DCT-DWT approach

In order to solve the limitations of the digital video watermarking algorithm, this paper proposes a new robust video watermarking algorithm using combining discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) techniques. First of all, the video frames are randomly selected and then the DCT algorithm is applied to the selected video frames. After that, the first column of the selected video frames is scrambled using the Arnold algorithm. Furthermore, every column with 4 direct current (DC) coefficients is reshaped and transformed into four different sub-bands using the DWT technique. Next, the watermark is embedded into the approximation (LL) sub-band. The proposed algorithm is easy to carry out because it provides random frames with no special requirements for video frames. The experiment results indicate that this algorithm can resist against different kinds of watermarking attacks, such as the Gaussian filter attack and sharpen attack. In addition, it also illustrates that the proposed algorithm has a better result than some other watermarking algorithms.

A discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition-based digital video watermark method

Digital video watermark is widely used to protect copyright and content authentication. DWT-SVD based method, i.e., discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) based method, is one of the most popular state-of-the-art methods. There are two main criteria to evaluate it, i.e., imperceptibility and robustness. The former is measured via the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM). They should be as high as possible after the watermark is embedded. Robustness measures how easy to restore the embedded watermark by the owner even if the watermarked video is damaged by an outside attacker. Current studies randomly choose embedded positions for watermark, which hardly achieves its highest imperceptibility and robustness. In this paper, we propose a more imperceptible and robust digital video watermarking method than the existing one. First, we introduce a method to measure video frame distortion in a wavelet transform domain. Second, we model the problem to achieve the minimum video frame distortion as an optimization problem, i.e., choose embedded positions that can maximize peak signal to noise ratio. Finally, we evaluate and compare our method with the state-of-the-art approaches by using real experiments and show its advantages in both imperceptibility and robustness.

Optimization insisted watermarking model: hybrid firefly and Jaya algorithm for video copyright protection

In this digital era, illegitimate redistribution and protection of digital multimedia have to turn out to be the critical issue. Therefore, digital watermarking has been introduced for avoiding illegitimate works and also to ensure security and authentication as well. “Digital video watermarking is a method to hide some kind of data like audio, image, text into digital video sequences which is nothing but orders of successive still images.” This paper intends to formulate a novel video watermarking framework that includes three stages, such as (i) optimal video frame prediction, (ii) watermark embedding process and (iii) watermark extraction process. Very first, the optimal frames are determined using a new hybrid algorithm termed trial-based update on Jaya plus firefly (TU-JF) algorithm, in such a way that the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) should be maximal. The frames are assigned with a label of one or zero, where label one denotes the frame with better PSNR (can select for embedding process) and label zero denotes the frame with reduced PSNR (cannot be used for embedding). Consequently, a data library is formed from the obtained results, where each frame of videos is determined with their gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) features and labels (can embed or not). As in the proposed model, the optimal frame prediction is carried out using deep belief network (DBN) framework; the obtained data are then trained in the model. The optimal frames could be predicted in an efficient manner while testing. The significant contribution of this work concerns the optimization of hidden neurons in the DBN framework, which helps to enhance prediction accuracy. At last, the “watermark embedding process” and “watermark extraction process” are done by which the image could be embedded within the optimal frames.

Optimization based interesting region identification for video watermarking

The advancements in multimedia watermarking technologies have gained lots of attention in the past few years. A digital video watermarking is the data embedded in the video and sent to the recipient. Privacy is considered as the major issue in digital media while hiding the data by maintaining the video quality. This paper presents an optimization algorithm for video watermarking based on interesting regions. Here, the optimal regions for the video watermarking are selected using the proposed Chronological-Moth Search (Chronological-MS) approach, which is established by modifying the Moth Search (MS) algorithm using chronological concept. The employed fitness function contains cost function, which uses several parameters, like energy, edge, pixel intensity, brightness, and coverage. At first, the input video file is subjected to feature extraction, and the extracted features are employed for selecting the optimal regions using the proposed Chronological-MS. After that, the wavelet transform is given to the original image to obtain the wavelet coefficients. Here, the privacy message is divided into binary images using bit plane technique. Thus, the embedding process is carried out for hiding the secret message with the use of interesting regions identified using the proposed Chronological-MS algorithm and is retrieved at the extraction phase. The performance of the proposed Chronological-MS shows superior performance with correlation coefficient and PSNR of 1.00 and 98.741 dB, respectively.

Design of Digital Video Watermarking Technique Based on Motion Frames

The availability of high internet bandwidth instantaneously transfer the digital video multimedia object between two or work workstations. Additionally, the advent of digital technology can be mistreating by malicious user to replicate multiple identical copies of the original video illegally. These capabilities introduce the issue of developing the methods for protecting the copyright of video multimedia objects. The proposed technique suggested detecting the motion part of the video by applying heuristic method of histogram difference between two consecutive frames. Then powerful transformations, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) are used to insert the different segment of the scrambled watermarks into different motion frames of the video. The experimental results show that the scheme is robust to unintentional and intentional video specific attacks which considered being frequently occurring attacks. The proposed algorithm has been contrasted with an existing DWT, DCT or hybrid-based approaches and is found to exhibit better robustness.

Efficient Security Base d Video Watermarking Technique u sing Chaotic Encryption with Discrete Cosine Transform

In this paper, a novel chaotic encryption-based blind digital video watermarking technique (DVWT) is presented for grayscale and color images. This method makes use of Discrete Cosine transform (DCT) prior to embed the watermark in the hosting video. The hosting video is split into frames of 8*8 nonoverlapping blocks before employing DCT, and watermark bit is implanted by altering the variations among the nearby DCT coefficients of neighboring blocks. Arnold transform is applied for chaotic encryption to offer extra security to the watermark. A set of three versions of the proposed model has been applied and the results are investigated. The experimental outcome confirms that the DCT-VWT is efficient on different image processing functions such as JPEG compression, sharpening, cropping, and median filtering. The comparative analysis ensures that the presented DCT for digital video watermarking technique (DCT-DVWT) is efficient under subjective as well as objective way.

Digital video watermarking algorithm robust against video container format changes

A digital watermark embedding algorithm robust against any changes of a video container format with the use of a three-dimensional (3D) discrete cosine transform is proposed. For embedding the three-dimensional (3D) method based on Koch and Zhao’s two-dimensional (2D) method is applied. The image of a digital watermark and its digital hologram as embedded information are used. Embedding is carried out in a YUV color scheme. Computer-simulation experiments are made. The proposed method proved to be robust against attacks of video container format changes.