Digital Thermostat Research Articles

Analisa Mesin Pengering Makanan Food Dehidrator Menggunakan Sensor Thermostat Berbasis Hybrid

The process of drying food is done in the traditional way, by drying it in the hot sun, but the traditional drying method makes the food unhygienic. Several factors can influence the drying results of food ingredients, including temperature and drying time. Using optimal drying temperatures and times can reduce the level of damage caused by the drying process. This research aims to obtain an analysis of a food dehydrator drying machine using a hybrid-based thermostat sensor that can optimally condition the temperature and time factors in the drying process, the hyfood dehydrator machine system uses a dehumidification method, there is a heat recovery mechanism that recycles heat to open new air, thus saving 60-70% of fresh air preheating energy consumption. Hot air moving in the room dries the material. It is known that the test result data was analyzed by calculating the accuracy values, down to the relative distance values. The results of the comparison process are used as validation of the output values ​​produced by the temperature measuring instrument. The measurement results of the Digital Thermostat Sensor are in accordance with the datasheet and have a high level of accuracy. So the Digital Thermostat Sensor measuring instrument can be used as a measurement tool. With an internal fan, thermostat, and time settings on this device, you only need to set the right heat according to the type of food you want to dry. The shelves in the cupboard consist of drying trays that can maximize the drying process

Probing coumarin solubility and solvation energetics in diverse aqueous–organic solutions across a temperature range: A debut exploration

In this research, an investigation was conducted to explore the solubility of coumarin in both aqueous solutions and binary mixtures, specifically in pure and aqueous ethylene glycol (EG), aqueous 2-methoxyethanol (ME), and aqueous 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME). Solubility experiments were conducted first time using UV–Vis spectroscopy at a temperature range of 288.15–313.15 K at a pressure of 0.1 MPa for the current solute solvent systems. A digital thermostat was used to maintain the precise temperature. The findings indicated that coumarin exhibits its highest solubility in pure DME (3.0824 mol·kg−1) and its lowest solubility in pure EG (0.0169 mol·kg−1) across all temperatures. Various solvation parameters were calculated to enable the determination of solvation-related thermodynamic properties. The experimental results were used to evaluate various thermodynamic parameters including solution Gibbs free energies, transfer Gibbs free energies associated with cavity and dipole–dipole interactions, enthalpy of transfer, and non-covalent transfer energies. The focus of this research was on to provide insights into the thermodynamics of coumarin-like organic molecules when dissolved in solutions. The study aimed to contribute valuable information regarding the stability of coumarin, particularly in relation to non-covalent interactions. These insights have potential to influence the manufacturing and purification processes, thereby expanding its potential applications across various industries.

Analysis of intrapulpary temperature variation during the operative and restorative phase in human molars

The aim of this study was to analyze the intrapulpal temperature variation during the operative and restorative phase in human molars. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, registration CAAE 43677521.6.0000.5237 and 24 samples were made from human molars divided into 2 groups, group 1 (n = 12) restored with Bulk Fill composite resin in a single increment and group 2 (n = 12) restored with conventional composite resin in two increments. The temperature was monitored and recorded with a Lutron Tm-902C digital thermostat device during preparation, adhesive system application and restoration. The mean temperature variation in ºC for cavity preparation was -2.07 ± 0.89, application of the adhesive system was 1.12 ± 0.65, restoration with Bulk Fill resin was 2.73 ± 0.72 and restoration with conventional resin was 1.94 ± 0.35. Thus, in the operative phase there was a decrease in temperature in both groups and in the restorative phase the Bulk Fill resin presented a higher temperature compared to conventional resin.

Embryonic development of quail eggs (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in a homemade incubator.

Knowledge of the embryonic development of species such as quail is important for our understanding of its production and reproduction. Quail provides a practical solution to the animal protein shortage problem in developing countries and is an excellent alternative to chicken (Shanaway, 1994). This study evaluated quail embryonic viability by comparing the main morphological changes that occur over the development in a homemade incubator with previous data; the incubator was built using easily accessible and low-cost materials, which allows small producers and communities to develop quail farms as an activity to increase income or even produce a source of animal protein for the community in the Brazilian Amazon region. The homemade incubator measured 40 cm × 42 cm × 32 cm and was constructed with wooden boards, a digital thermostat, and an incandescent lamp. A total of 24 fertile eggs were incubated at a temperature of 37.5°C and 60% relative humidity; age "0" was set at the start of incubation. Two eggs were opened on each day of development, starting from day 5 to day 16 of incubation. After gently opening the eggs, the embryos were removed, separated from the placenta and amniotic fluid, washed with running water, and weighed on a digital scale (SHIMADZU AUY 220 brand and UNI BLOC model). Crown-rump length and other measurements were performed with a digital caliper and the morphological structures were observed using a stereomicroscope (NOVA brand and NOVA ZTX-E model). All eggs opened contained live embryos, indicating that the homemade incubator temperature, relative humidity, and manual turning were adequate to maintain the quail's viability. The morphometric data of the embryos at different developmental time points were similar to those described in the literature. Embryos weighed 0.0069 g at day 5 and 4.7863 g at day 16, and the crown-rump length (CRL) means were 0.368 cm and 3.657 cm, respectively. Weight and CRL increased by 0.434 g and 2.593 cm per day of incubation, respectively. In conclusion, after 16 days of incubation in a homemade incubator, the embryos presented all phases of the development cycle, with appropriate development of weight and height based on the days of incubation without anomaly or external interference. These findings demonstrate that the homemade incubator does not alter the embryonic development of quail embryos in the Brazilian Amazon region.

Rancang Bangun Mesin Penetas Telur Otomatis Dengan Perata Suhu Kipas Casing CPU

Egg Incubator is a tool that helps the process of hatching eggs. With the egg incubator then the eggs can be hatched without going through the incubation process by the help of the parent. Hatching eggs in principle is to provide a suitable environment so that poultry eggs can hatch. This Egg Incubator aims to increase hatching power with an automatic egg screening system and digital temperature control. With the incubator is able to increase the percentage of success ranges from 80-85% in the process of hatching eggs. In the research of automatic Egg Incubator design with temperature grader CPU casing fan with a capacity of 25 this method used is the method of R&D(research and development). This study authors use a type of digital thermostat that aims to set the temperature stability in accordance with the provisions. Testing tools using descriptive method by asking some questions or questionnaires to the validator. The results of this study obtained the test results of several components and the time required to hatch eggs. The average required component testing shows good performance. While the average testing percentage of hatching eggs showed 82.5%. In the feasibility test and functional tools will be validated by Mr / Ms lecturer (validator). The average amount of percentage tested by validator 1 and validator 2 is 93.5% for feasibility testing. While functional testing the average amount of presntase tested by validator 1 and validator 2 is 93%. So the results of the feasibility and functional testing of the tool validated by 2 validators on the tool are categorized as very good.

Exergy analysis of banana drying process via a closed-loop air source heat pump system

ABSTRACT In this study, an air source heat pump drying system with an external condenser circuit connected in series was developed. The system was designed to enable the external condenser to be activated serially with the internal one via the solenoid valves controlled by the digital thermostat when the drying temperature of the cabinet reaches the desired level. Temperature control of the drying chamber was achieved by activating the external condenser along with the internal condenser. Exergy analysis was conducted for the process of drying banana slices via a closed-loop air source heat pump dryer (HPD) at various drying temperatures. Exergy efficiencies and losses for the HPD system were calculated. As a result, the exergy efficiency of the dryer was calculated to be between 75.93% and 80.95%, while the exergy efficiencies of the system and heat pump were found to range from 7 to 13.07%. Moreover, the expansion valve was found to have the highest exergy efficiency with 93.32%. The highest exergy losses were also found in the compressor and condenser with 0.557 kW and 0.366 kW, respectively.

SISTEM PENGATUR TIMER MEKANISME DAN SUHU PADA ALAT PENGASAPAN IKAN

This research aims to facilitate a more even fish maturation process due to the rotation process of the fish rack which is regulated by the system in Mechanism Timer and Temperature at the Fish Smoking machine. The smoking machine can also make it easier for people to smoke fish. It has an overall height of 150 cm, door height of 110 cm, Fuel tank height of 30 cm, and foot height of 10 cm, in the fish smoking room there are 2 fish tray racks. The fuel for the smoking machine uses coconut husk and the coconut shell is equipped with a Digital Thermostat to read the temperature in the room and is also equipped with a Thermohygro to read the humidity in the room. The working principle of this tool is that the first step is to connect the multi-plug to the power source, from the power source to the MCB, the MCB gets current and when the MCB is turned on, the current enters the Push Button Switch, and when the Push Button On is pressed, the red light turns on, indicating there is the current that enters the Digital Thermostat digital from the Thermostat to the plug terminal, from the plug terminal to the Timer and from the Timer to the Power Supply From the Power Supply changes the current from 220 volts to 12 volts when the green light is on then the Power Window functions by moving the fish rack tray.

EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THERMAL PROPERTIES OF A SCREW ELECTRO-MECHANICAL HYDROLYZER FOR PROCESSING POULTRY BY-PRODUCTS

Poultry farming is one of the key players in agriculture, but as a result of the activity of this industry, an excessively large amount of waste, mainly feathers, is generated. Feathers are valuable keratin raw materials for processing. One of the most effective methods of processing feather waste on an industrial scale is the hydrothermal hydrolysis method. Increasingly, hydrothermal hydrolysis of poultry by-products is performed in a screw electromechanical hydrolyzer. The screw electromechanical hydrolyzer is characterized by its versatility, and the mechanical forces arising during operation improve the mixing and heat transfer processes. Temperature control during hydrothermal hydrolysis in a screw electromechanical hydrolyzer is extremely important, so the study of this work is relevant.The purpose of this work is an empirical study of the thermal properties of a screw electromechanical hydrolyzer. To achieve this goal, a screw electromechanical hydrolyzer was developed for the processing of poultry by-products.The objects of the study were selected: a self-regulating heating cable SRF 30-2CR with a power of 30 W/m and a length of 1 m for preheating raw materials, a ring micanite, 1.2 kW, 230V for the main heating and two single-phase stators, 720 W for magnetic field exposure. Measurements were carried out in a closed room with an ambient temperature of 24 oC for 15 minutes using an infrared pyrometer BENETECH GM533A. Control of the upper limit of the heating temperature is carried out using a TENSE DT-36E digital thermostat with a J-type thermocouple.According to the results of the study, the dependence of the temperature of the research objects on time was obtained. The obtained results make it possible to state that the proposed screw electromechanical hydrolyzer is capable of maintaining the necessary temperature parameters for hydrothermal hydrolysis of poultry by-products.

Prokaryote playhouse: A low-cost, laser-cut acrylic incubator for optogenetic bacterial culture

Bacterial photography is a printing technique that replaces conventional photochemistry with a living film of engineered Escherichia coli. Many biology teaching labs have adopted monochrome bacterial photography because it offers a captivating playground for illustrating central concepts and lab techniques in biological engineering, particularly in the fields of synthetic biology and optogenetics. Recent improvements have increased the number of color channels from one to three. A key practical challenge in three-color printing is to expose a Petri dish loaded with engineered bacteria to a trichromatic image while maintaining it at 37 °C. Prokaryote Playhouse is a compact, inexpensive, open-source, benchtop incubator for light-sensitive bacterial cultures that makes bacterial photography and similar bacterial optogenetic methods more accessible to teaching labs, makerspaces, and research labs. The system includes a laser-cut, light-tight enclosure; digital thermostat; heated sample shelf; single-board computer; and miniature projector. We built a fleet of Prokaryote Playhouses that students have used to produce hundreds of bacterial photographs in a wide range of educational experiences, ranging from a four-hour introduction to synthetic biology and wet lab techniques to a six-week exploratory class for first-year students at MIT.

Pengolahan Daur Ulang Minyak Bekas Menjadi Biodisel Untuk Sumber Energi Alternatif di Kelurahan Karya Merdeka Kabupaten Kutai Kertanegara

Karya Merdeka Village is very famous for its oil palm plantations. Nearly 27% of the population work as oil palm farm laborers. In irrigating the plantations, they use diesel fueled rice cookers. Based on field surveys, 1 liter of diesel can be used for 2 hours to drive the dompeng machine. Means that in a month, residents need 30 liters of diesel fuel. If 1 liter costs IDR 6000, farmers will incur a cost of IDR 180,000 per month. Of course this needs to be balanced with an idea / innovation to reduce the expenditure of farmers in supplying diesel to their dompeng machines. Therefore, the Balikpapan State Polytechnic Lecturer team of the Electrical Engineering Department contributed significantly to the Community Service Activities (PkM) held at the Karya Merdeka Kelurahan Office, Kutai Kertanegara Regency in socializing a technology that can recycle used cooking oil into biodiesel, through a process of mixing with methanol and NaOH. The method of making it is quite simple, namely used cooking oil at a temperature of 40 degrees. For the right results, use a digital thermostat. The dose is 1 liter of used cooking oil mixed with half a liter of methanol and 0.1 mg NaOH. Stir until evenly distributed and leave for 24 hours. The result is biodiesel (clear color) and glycerol (the precipitate). Biodiesel is one alternative energy source that is environmentally friendly and proven to be economical in its implementation. It has the same function as Soilar, which is able to drive generators and dompeng engines, but is 3 times more efficient than diesel, which is 1 liter of biodiesel equivalent to 3 liters of diesel. It means that biodiesel is three times more efficient than diesel.

A Remote Thermostat Control and Temperature Monitoring System of a Single-Family House using openHAB and MQTT

In this research, an open-source IoT platform named openHAB smart home automation is used as a home server, an ESP32 Thing microcontroller board is used to design a remote-control system for a thermal energy storage system. It consists of temperature sensors for real-time temperature monitoring, ESP32 Thing board is used for data receiving, processing and sending it to the MQTT broker, openHAB software installed in the personal computer is used as a home server for creating dashboard panel, MQTT broker is used to establishing the communication in between openHAB home server and ESP32 Thing board, Wi-Fi router is used to create the communication channel, a battery-powered remote-controlled heater with a digital thermostat is used as a testing device where user can set the desired temperature for house heating. The main objectives of this work are to design a low-cost monitoring and control system for thermal energy storage systems, to monitor the real-time temperature data, to design a control system for thermostat settings with the following features such as manual/automatic operations, local/remote control options. The user can access the dashboards locally via any computer and remotely via openHAB Cloud console from anywhere in the world. The proposed system in this work will help residence to manage their heating systems smartly in a cost-effective way, which will be the replacement of the conventional thermostat settings. The utility provider company can also use this system to control the thermostat settings from centrally, wirelessly, and remotely.

Design an automatic clothes dryer in a cabinet with wi-fi transmission

Indonesia is a tropical country that has two seasons, dry and rainy seasons. Now this season in Indonesia is difficult to predict because of the effects of global warming. The effect of global warming is quite disturbing activities of human life, one of which is in the case of drying clothes. Then an automatic clothes dryer cabinet was made with Wi-Fi transmission media making it easier for humans to find out information in the cabinetremotely using a smartphone. The system starts when the voltage supply is turned on and the fan turns on and the other system is in standby. When the clothes are in the cabinet, the heater will turn on and the microcontroller will send information about the situation in the cabinet. The heater will turn off when it has reached the set temperature to prevent excess heat in the cabinet. Clothing weight information will appear on the smartphone through the application, if the weight of the clothes has reached <190 grams, then the clothes notification will appear dry and turn off the system on the application. The weight sensor has a role to activate the digital thermostat which has a temperature sensor to disconnect and connect the power to the heater.

Optimal control of a wind–PV-hybrid powered heat pump water heater

This paper develops an optimal control (OC) model of a heat pump water heater (HPWH) supplied by a wind generator–photovoltaic-grid system. The objective function is energy cost minimization, taking into account the time-of-use electricity tariff, which is an important control parameter. The control variables are the supply switch to the HPWH and the power from the grid, while the hot water temperature inside the tank is the state variable. The model meets both the HPWH’s technical and operational constraints in providing hot water at a desired temperature and achieves load shifting. This problem is solved using a mixed integer linear program. The results show a 70.7% cost reduction upon implementation of this intervention. A case study is done and the OC shows significant potential in both energy and cost saving in comparison to the digital thermostat controller used in most of the HPWHs on the market. The economic analysis is presented in this paper as well.

Using sketches and storyboards to assess impact of age difference in user experience

We compared two versions of a touch-screen digital thermostat using a framework encompassing several user experience (UX) characteristics, and here describe how the implementation of certain design factors (specialists, praises, tooltips and increased interactivity) was done on mixed-fidelity prototypes of the user interface. We illustrate how the experimental comparison, involving 20 university students and 20 older adults, revealed important differences in UX, including perceived ease of use, behavioral intentions, enjoyment, quality, satisfaction, trust and usability, measured mainly through established questionnaires.Analysis revealed that using that kind of artifacts is a very cost effective way to elicit interesting and useful results; many UX variables are significantly affected by design factors and by age differences, as expected; effects of design factors go well beyond usability and therefore could not be caught by running an investigation focused only on usability.Age difference matters: older adults do not respond to addition of specialists, praises and tooltips as younger users do. We argue that potential benefits of these design choices are outweigh by the increase in complexity of the user interface.From a methodological viewpoint we suggest using a particular array of UX characteristics and metrics when testing mixed-fidelity prototypes. Not all the metrics that we adopted were equally useful, and in particular perceived usability, subjective mental effort, and emotions did not help us highlighting differences.

Wendell Wallach and Colin Allen: Moral machines: teaching robots right from wrong

Can a machine be a genuine cause of harm? The obvious answer is affirmative. The toaster that flames up and burns down a house is said to be the cause of the fire, and in some weak sense, we might even say that the toaster was responsible for it; but the toaster is broken or defective, not immoral and irresponsible, though possibly the engineer who designed it is. But what about machines that decide things before they act, that determine their own course of action? Somewhere between digital thermostats and the murderous HAL of 2001: A Space Odyssey, autonomous machines are quickly gaining in complexity, and most certainly a day is coming when we will want to blame them for genuinely causing harm, even if philosophical issues concerning their moral status have not been fully settled. When will that be? Without lapsing into futurology or science fiction, Wallach and Allen predict that within the next few years, ‘‘there will be a catastrophic incident brought about by a computer system making a decision independent of human oversight’’ (p. 4). In this light, philosophers and engineers should not wait for a threat of robot domination before determining how to keep the behavior of machines within the scope of morality. The practical concerns to motivate such an inquiry—and indeed this book—are already here. Moral Machines is an introduction to this newly emerging area of machine ethics. It is written primarily to stimulate further inquiry by both ethicists and engineers, and as such, it does not get bogged down in dense philosophical prose or technical specification. It is, in other words, comprehensible by the general reader, who will walk away informed about why machine morality is already necessary, where we are with various attempts to implement it, and the authors’ recommendations of where we need to be. Chapter One notes the inevitable arrival of autonomous machines and the possible harm that can come from them. Some automated agents that are quickly integrating into modern life do things like regulate the power grid in the United States, monitor financial transactions, make medical diagnoses and fight on the battlefield. A failure of these systems to behave within moral parameters could have devastating consequences. As they become more and more autonomous, Wallach and Allen argue, it becomes more and more necessary that they employ ‘‘ethical subroutines’’ to evaluate their possible actions before they are executed. Chapter Two notes that machine morality should unfold in the dynamic interplay between ethical sensitivity and increasingly complex autonomy, and several candidate models for automated moral agents, or AMAs, are presented. Borrowing from Moor, the authors indicate that machines can be implicitly ethical in that their behavior conforms to moral standards. Moor marks a three-fold division among kinds of ethical agents: such agents are either ‘‘implicit,’’ ‘‘explicit’’ or ‘‘full’’. The first are constrained to emulate ethical behavior, whereas the second engage in ethical decisions making and the third are, like human beings, conscious and have free will. Robots, Wallach and Allen argue, are capable of being the first, while setting the question of whether they can be explicit or full ethical agents to the side. After a brief digress in Chapter Three to address whether we really want machines making moral decisions, the issue of agency reappears in Chapter Four, where the ingredients of full moral agency (free will, understanding and consciousness) are addressed. This review is a slightly revised version of another that originally appeared in the January/February 2009 issue of Philosophy Now.

Internet-based monitoring and controls for HVAC applications

Significant advances in Internet and computer technology have made it possible to develop an Internet-based control, monitoring, and operation scheduling system for heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. The proposed system architecture includes such features as control, measurement, networking, and reporting. This article addresses issues in architecture selection, electronics, embedded processors and software, and Internet technologies. This article also proposes an Internet-based HVAC system architecture that combines Web technology, networking, and functions of direct digital control. The proposed system also includes technologies needed for supporting real-time digital thermostat control, data gathering, remote access and occupancy control, light sensing control, and views of the history of HVAC utilization. This system enables users to make cost-effective energy decisions and quickly identify trouble spots of HVAC systems to minimize system down time.

Development of New Low-Cost Indirect Tensile Test Equipment for Bituminous Mixtures

Abstract In order to design pavements analytically, mechanical properties such as elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio should be known. In addition, fatigue and plasuc deformation life of bituminous mixtures have to be known. Marshall mix design, while abandoned in many developed countries, is still in use in Turkey. The reason for using the Marshall mix design is the lack of knowledge by highway authorities of other mix design methods, and the cost of change. In order to minimize the cost of change, new low-cost indirect tensile test equipment has been developed that costs about one-tenth that of conventional equipment. The equipment is fully computer controlled and the control program was written by the first author. The load is controlled by a load cell, and the pressure is applied via an electronic pneumatic system. Deformation is measured by two LVDTs. The specimen size is the same as a Marshall specimen for the sake of easy sample preparation. However, if compaction equipment is available, other sample sizes can also be tested using the mold. In order to control the temperature in the cabinet, a digital thermostat that also shows the cabinet temperature on the screen is used. It is possible to apply square, haversinusoidal, and triangular waves to the sample. Using different granular material gradations and temperatures, fatigue lives were obtained for analytical pavement design. As can be seen from the test results, the fatigue relationship does not have a good linear fit. Fatigue test results were interpreted in a different way using fuzzy set theory, which indicated that fatigue life can be predicted better than using the linear fit.