Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting Research Articles

An ANALYSIS OF DVB-T2 TV BROADCAST TESTING DRIVE TEST AND FIELD STRENGTH METHODS IN THE JAKARTA SERVICE AREA

Indonesia has adopted DVB-T2 as the technology standard for terrestrial digital television broadcasting. This research aims to test and analyze the reception quality of DVB-T2 TV broadcasts in the DKI Jakarta service area. The research was conducted using drive test and field strength methods to test and evaluate the quality of digital television broadcasts. Tests were conducted in various locations in the DKI Jakarta service area using the Gsertel Hexylon TV Analyzer technical device to test DVB-T2 TV broadcast signals. The field strength test results were more accurate and higher values were generated than the drive test. Several parameters such as signal level and MER are evaluated and analyzed to find out what affects their values. The transmitter parameter settings such as modulation, FEC code rate, FFT Mode, Guard Interval, and Pilot Pattern greatly affect the signal level and MER values. The optimization performed on CH 24 also managed to maintain its signal level value of 18.19 dB and its MER of 55.01 dBµV to maintain broadcast stability during a technical failure of the transmitter on CH 1.

Digital Video Broadcasting T2 Lite Performance Evaluation Based on Rotated Constellation Rates

DVB-T2 offers the best levels of efficiency, reliability, and flexibility of any digital terrestrial broadcast technology now available. It provides the most up-to-date coding and modulation techniques to make the valuable terrestrial spectrum extremely effectively usable for many types of transmission. The mobile configuration of DVBT2 also known as T2-Lite, employs a constrained set of possible modes that are suited for movable transmission and reduce the demands placed on the receiver. This study compares the T2-Lite system's performance before and after using constellation rotation and cyclic Quadrature (Q) delay methods among different types of constellations, coding rates, and fading channels. Results show a significant improvement in T2-Lite system performance while using a rotating constellation in a bad fading environment. Moreover, the utilization of this technique enhances DVB-T2 Lite gain. All simulation of system components and channels were carried out in MATLAB R2021a software.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR TELEVISION BROADCASTING EQUIPMENT IN RUSSIA

The operation of uncertified broadcasting equipment located in 85 regions of Russia is the most important problem in the development of regional broadcasting networks in the absence of system requirements for network transmitters and earth stations of satellite repeaters in the «Digital Broadcasting Television. System of terrestrial terrestrial digital television broadcasting of the second generation DVB-T2. Second generation terrestrial digital television broadcasting system DVB-T2» domestic standard. Standard system requirements are the basis for actualization of requirements to the equipment during its certification. Requirements for network transmitters and earth stations of satellite repeaters in single-frequency broadcasting networks based on the author's research, published in domestic and foreign articles, protected by patents of the Russian Federation, are presented. In particular, the system requirements to the equipment for regional multiplex formation, metrological support of SFN (Single Frequency Network) operation and distributed system of DVB-T2 standard broadcasting quality monitoring are formulated. Requirements for assessing the efficiency of SFN networks, which will make it possible to further modernize existing regional networks to improve their reliability and the quality of television and radio broadcasting in all 85 regions of the Russian Federation, and to certify equipment in accordance with the resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation are also presented. The results of the author's research will make it possible to develop a system project for the creation of digital terrestrial television broadcasting in four new regions of Russia. The prospects for the development of DVB-T2 standard equipment at the program level are considered.

The Future of Broadcasting: Technology, Policy and AI Integration in the Philippine Setting

The TV Broadcast has achieved a potential new level of evolution that could either help achieve improvement on the current condition of possible extinction due to new technologies such as OTT, VOD, and different ICT applications. The migration of Digital TV aims to provide a new landscape and opportunities to maximize technology, thus helping achieve the next level of benefits through entertainment, livelihood, news, connectivity, and new business models. However, the technology adoption of each stakeholder is crucial in ensuring implementation success. This paper is a survey of the processes, action plans, and governance that each country that implemented ISDB-T standards went through as they achieved the different milestones in their goal to turn off analog TV and roll out digital terrestrial television broadcasting. The integration of AI through the Agent-Based Model aims to bridge possible technology gaps, policy alignments, changes in business model, and support needed for a successful migration which results in the theoretical framework. The proposed Technology Adoption Model can be implemented for the ongoing Philippine digitization

Evaluation of the Field-Test Results of Advanced ISDB-T System With Low-Rate LDPC Codes

This article analyses low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes for forward error correction (FEC) in the next generation of digital terrestrial broadcasting systems for transmitting high-volume content services, such as ultra high definition television (UHDTV). We assess the performance of the LDPC codes used by the Advanced ISDB-T system with 2x2 MIMO transmission using experimental data obtained in field measurements in Brazil. Channel power, carrier-to-noise threshold, and receiving threshold were measured for four different low-rates LDPC codes, two modulation types, and three receiving antenna heights at outdoor sites in urban areas. The coverage analysis shows that the channel power presents a similar distribution for horizontal and vertical polarized signals. C/N threshold analysis shows that in sites with high vehicular traffic, the C/N threshold and reception threshold values were much higher than in other sites with less heavy vehicular traffic. Among the five coding-modulation combinations used in the field tests, the transmission configuration with LDPC code rate 2/16 and QPSK modulation was the one that presented the best results partially meeting the requirement of C/N <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\leq $</tex-math> </inline-formula> 0dB. The transmission configuration with LDPC code rate 3/16 and QPSK modulation showed C/N results just above 0dB, but offering 50% higher data transmission rate.

Coverage Optimization of Eureka Digital Sound Broadcasting Single Frequency Network Using Simulated Annealing and Particle Swarm Optimization

Due to scarcity of bandwidth available for sound broadcasting, Digital sound broadcasting Technology is emerging to be the Technology of resort in sound broadcasting industry towards replacing the analogue sound broadcasting currently dominated by FM Radio. There are many digital sound broadcasting systems being proposed with different performance and bandwidth efficiency. Static delays are artificial delays intentionally introduced at each Transmitter in order to minimize interference in a Single Frequency Network (SFN). In this paper, we have looked at the Terrestrial digital audio broadcasting (T-DAB) system specifically to optimize its final SFN coverage by finding an optimal set of static delays for transmitters. For the sake of simulation, hexagonal model of transmitters operating under Single Frequency Network (SFN) was used. The aim of this study is to maximize SFN coverage by using optimal set of artificial static delays, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) have strong ability in finding the global optimistic result while Stimulated Annealing (SA) algorithm has a strong ability to find the local Optimistic result and therefore based on their unique strength, these methods were selected so that our study can have a good comparison in terms of coverage by using both global and local optimistic results. We report the increase of coverage by 1.12% and 2.38% using Simulated Annealing and Particle Swarm Optimization technique respectively.

Investigative Assessment of the Impact of Perturbations on the Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Signal

This study examines the effects of perturbations on the digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) signal in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, using measurement-based performance analysis. In order to examine the effects of environmental perturbations on DTTB signal, measurement campaign used the Nigerian Television Authority, Integrated Television Services (ITS) digital video broadcasting -second generation (DVB-T2) signal. The aim of the research was to identify the environmental and atmospheric perturbations with highest impact on DTTB signal. Field measurement was accurately obtained throughout the measurement campaign using the E8000 series spectrum analyzer, a DVB-T2 receiver, and other facilities in order to actualize the two important measurement characteristics, such as field strength and received signal strength (RSS). The outcome showed a significant amount of dips in route A, depriving towns surrounding rocky hills of a DVB-T2 signal, as demonstrated in the Du community with RSS values of -87.1 dBm, 85.2 dB , and -27.8 dB V/m, -23.9 dB V/m for field strength. Additionally, the results show that signal performance was better in the dry season compared to the rainy season (more primary coverage in the dry season compared to the rainy season), with the RSS value being -41.6 dBm versus -36.4 dBm and the field strength value being 34 dB/m versus 38.6 dB/m for route A, or the same on route B. Solving signal propagation issues requires understanding the fundamental metrics driving an increase in perturbations in any broadcast environment. Creating a model to address these issues will help with system evaluation, network planning, and broadcast service operation, ensuring quality of service (QoS).

Channel-Aided Transmission Parameter Signalling Detection for DTMB-A

For reliable synchronization and transmission parameter signalling (TPS) detection, the preamble based on distance detection (PBDD) is adopted in the digital terrestrial television multimedia broadcasting - advanced (DTMB-A) standard. However, the conventional signalling detection methods do not take the channel information into consideration and will undergo severe performance loss over frequency-selective channels, especially those with strong and long delay echos. In this paper, a novel two-stage TPS detection method is proposed based on the preamble for DTMB-A system, which utilizes the channel information to enhance the detection accuracy. After coarse distance evaluation, the equalization will be performed on the possible candidate subcarriers to reconstruct the OFDM signalling block, hence a more reliable correlation statistic can be obtained to achieve more accurate signalling detection. As demonstrated in the simulations, the detection accuracy can be improved remarkably by compensating the impact of the transmission channel compared with the traditional detection schemes, while the increment of the computational complexity is acceptable.

Dynamic Interference Suppression for TV White Space: the Case of Thailand

In this work, we study the problem of co-existence between the LTE (Long Term Evolution) and the Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) channel. There are three scenarios: co-channel, upper and lower adjacent channels. We use the broadcasted signal from channel 3 called ThaiPBS, the actual case of Thailand for our study where the standard of digital terrestrial television broadcasting is DVB-T2 adopting 8 MHz bandwidth, while the 5 MHz bandwidth of LTE is considered as the interference. We propose a dynamic interference suppression method for increasing spectrum usage by optimizing TV white space utilization and minimizing interference. This method adopts the protection ratio concept to suppress the LTE interference on TV receiver. We implement our proposed algorithm as an adaptive interference controller using a Radio Frequency (RF) attenuator and a Raspberry Pi board for our testbed hardware. We illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm by doing experiment using our testbed and assessing the quality of the received TV signal by adopting the Quality of Experience (QoE) assessment. In our testbed hardware, a Log Periodic antenna is used for receiving the DTTB signal, while an RF digital transmitter is used for generating a 5MHz bandwidth of LTE signal, an ultra-high frequency (UHF) mixer is used to combine both signals, then a field strength meter is used to monitor video picture quality and to analyze the spectrum. According to the experiment, our proposed method can reduce the perceived video distortion by at least 62.5% for co-channel and 87.5% for adjacent channel, while the spectrum usage is increased by 100%.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE POWER AMPLIFIER ACCORDING TO W. DOHERTY’S SCHEME WITH AUTOMATIC POWER ADJUSTMENT

At present, in relation to the power amplifiers of digital television broadcast transmitters, the scheme proposed by engineer William Dougherty for the construction of broadcast transmitters with amplitude modulation is widely used. W. Dougherty’s method, today is practically the only solution for improving the energy efficiency of OFDM signal power amplifiers, as applied to terrestrial digital television transmitters, when the wide band of the envelope of such a signal does not allow the construction of a transmitter based on a polar architecture. Transmitters for digital terrestrial television broadcasting using linear power amplifiers built on the basis of the W. Doherty method are developed and produced. When building transmitters for terrestrial digital television broadcasting, the problem of ensuring an acceptable efficiency of a linear power amplifier is very acute. The main reason for the low efficiency of such amplifiers is the high OFDM crest factor of the digital television radio signal. The problem of increasing the linear power amplifiers average efficiency of digital broadcasting transmitters is considered. The joint application of two methods for constructing high-efficiency linear power amplifiers is discussed: the method of William Dougherty and method of automatic power mode control. Preliminary assessment results of the energy gain from the combined use of these two methods, obtained by computer circuit simulation, are presented.

Analysis of Substance Flow and the Transition of Industrial Structure of Indium in Japan

Indium is a rare metal that is an essential raw material for indium tin oxide (ITO) essential for transparent electrodes for displays. However, its supply is unstable as it is a by-product of zinc. In this research, we investigated the domestic substance flow of indium used for liquid crystal applications in Japan. Accordingly, we quantitatively evaluated the amount of indium contained in the process loss and the content of indium in end-of-life products. Through this quantification, we examined the visualization of loss in the entire flow and the usability of end-of-life products as secondary production. Consequently, it was found that the amount of indium used in the production of end-use-products in Japan has increased significantly due to the growth of liquid crystal display TVs, particularly in preparation for the transition to terrestrial digital broadcasting in 2011, and has drastically decreased after 2012. Meanwhile, some manufacturing bases have been relocated from Japan to other countries, and a certain proportion of end-use-products are imported, by which we infer the domestic input amount of end-use-products in recent years is estimated to have remained at approximately 4 t. Based on the result, after having continued to increase to the maximum value of approximately 70 t in 2014, the in-use stock has exhibited a gradually decreasing trend. Moreover, the indium content in end-of-life products has continued to increase, and in 2015, it exceeded the amount of the end-use-products input into society. Furthermore, compared with the process loss at the time of processing from ITO to a display, the gap has been narrowed from 100 times or more, and the indium content in end-of-life products in 2008 to about 15 times in 2017. These results suggest that the recycling potential of end-of-life products has increased with the spread of indium-based products.

Measurement of personal radio frequency exposure in Japan: The Hokkaido Study on the Environment and Children's health

The opportunities for exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) among children are increasing. Children's exposure to RF-EMF in Japan was recorded using a personal exposure meter (ExpoM-RF), and factors associated with the exposure examined. A total of 101 children, aged 10–15 years old, participated in the prospective birth cohort “Hokkaido study”. RF-EMF data were recorded in the 700 MHz-5.8 GHz frequency range for 3 days. The recorded data were summarized into six groups of frequency bands: downlink from mobile phone base stations (DL), uplink from mobile phones to a base station (UL), Wireless Local Area Network (LAN), terrestrial digital TV broadcasting (digital TV), 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz Time Division Duplex (TDD), 1.9 GHz TDD, and total (the summation of power density in all measured frequency bands). A questionnaire was used to document the internet environment (at home) and mobile phone usage. Personal RF-EMF exposure in Japanese children was lower than that reported in studies in Europe. The DL signals from mobile phone base stations were the most significant contributors to total exposure, while Wireless LAN and digital TV were only higher at home. The urban residence was consistently associated with increases in the four groups of frequency bands (DL, UL, digital TV, and TDD). TDD level has several associations with mobile phone usage (calls using mobile phones, video viewing, text message service, and online game). The association between inattention/hyperactivity subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and higher Wireless LAN exposure at nighttime was also noted. Further studies with additional data will shed light on factors involved in RF-EMF exposure among Japanese children.

Digital terrestrial television in Nigeria: A technical review of path loss modeling and optimization techniques

&lt;span&gt;The switch from analog to digital terrestrial broadcasting (DTTV) has resulted in a substantial shift in the contemporary television broadcasting environment, introducing a new means of transmitting content, as well as a new and upgraded process that will improve consumer satisfaction by ensuring greater reception. Despite the deadline, only a small percentage of terrestrial television stations in Nigeria have been digitalized. This work takes a critical review of various aspects of DTTV implementation, ranging from evolution to path loss estimation, prospects and challenges associated with the switch-over on the very high frequency (VHF) communication links as well as various optimization techniques that are adopted for DTTV in Nigeria and sub-Sahara Africa. Findings show that the prospects are bright and numerous benefits are accruable if the government of Nigeria can solve the problems facing its full migration. Furthermore, investigations into the path-loss of DTTV in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) communication links have enjoyed scanty attention, therefore, careful examination and suitable path-loss model development in this frequency regime for TV services across various ecological and vegetation zones should be considered as it will aid the full deployment of DTTV in Nigeria.&lt;/span&gt;

Spectral Efficiency Evaluation of an NR-Based 5G Terrestrial Broadcast System for Fixed Reception

LTE-based 5G terrestrial broadcasting, standardized in 3GPP Release 16, allows broadcasters to reach cellular devices. In this paper, toward the development of a future terrestrial broadcast system in Release 18 or later called 5G-Advanced, a specification for New Radio (NR) based 5G terrestrial broadcasting is presented for a 6 MHz-channel raster, which is used in current digital terrestrial television broadcasting. The transmission performance is evaluated in physical layer simulations. In particular, the spectral efficiency is evaluated and compared with a second-generation DTTB system at a required carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of 20 dB in a fixed-reception scenario with a rooftop receiving antenna. The evaluation in an additive white Gaussian noise channel indicates that the spectral efficiency of NR-based 5G terrestrial broadcasting can be improved by 0.83 (bps/Hz) by enhancing the code length of low density parity check code, the carrier modulation scheme, guard band ratio, and cyclic prefix ratio from what available so far in Release 16. Furthermore, when frequency interleaving is incorporated, the spectral efficiency is increased by 0.75 (bps/Hz) in a short echo channel with a desired-to-undesired signal power ratio of 0 dB. The introduction of time interleaving increases spectral efficiency by 0.97 (bps/Hz) in an impulsive interference channel with a carrier-to-interference signal power ratio of -20 dB. For each interleaving, the increase in spectral efficiency tends to be higher as the required CNR increases.

High robust broadcasting over DTMB-A with low-rate LDPC codes

As the 2nd generation digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) standard, digital terrestrial/television multimedia broadcasting — advanced (DTMB-A) can provide higher spectrum efficiency and transmission reliability by adopting flexible frame structure and advanced forward error correction coding compared with the 1st generation DTTB systems. In order to increase the flexibility and robustness of the DTTB network, the frequency reuse scheme of factor one (reuse-1) is proposed, where the same RF channel is used by different stations covering the adjacent service areas. However, it demands a very low carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N) threshold below 0dB at the DTTB physical layer. In this paper, a robust broadcasting technique is proposed based on DTMB-A with newly designed low-rate low density parity check (LDPC) codes. By adopting quasi-cyclic (QC) Raptor-like structure and progressive lifting method, the high performance low-rate LDPC codes are designed supporting multiple code lengths. Both density-evolution analyses and laboratory measurements demonstrate that DTMB-A with low-rate coding can complete the demodulation reliably with the C/N threshold below 0dB, which is one important necessary condition to support frequency reuse-1 scheme.

Spectrum Sensing for DTMB-A System Using Accumulated Autocorrelation

The digital terrestrial television multimedia broadcasting - advanced (DTMB-A) system demands an accurate and reliable spectrum sensing method for its implementation. In this paper, an effective method based on weighted autocorrelation of the frame headers is proposed for single-node spectrum sensing in DTMB-A. The decision threshold, lower bounds and miss detection rate of the proposed method are researched in detail. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method shows better sensing accuracy and robustness compared with the existing methods under various channels, while the cost of its higher complexity is acceptable. Furthermore, by using piecewise-weighted information fusion, the proposed method is extended into cooperative spectrum sensing to overcome the problems of shading and hidden terminals in networking. Our work ensures the efficiency of spectrum sensing and contributes to the better use of DTMB-A system in future applications.

船上における地上デジタルテレビ放送の受信手法に関する研究

At the time of large-scale disasters, we are restricted of using mobile phones and the Internet. On the other hand, many broadcast stations were quick to begin broadcasting from affected areas. We have previously reported that they evaluated receivable areas of the terrestrial digital broadcast onboard. However, it was focused on reception levels, it remains to be elucidated methodological improvements for ISDB-T reception onboard. This paper describes investigations of measuring reception levels and evaluated some systems for ISDB-T onboard. This study revealed, even a marine antenna was not high gain, improvements of MER and BER were confirmed when using a 700MHz band filter, diversity reception methods were effective. Moreover, one segment increased viewing areas onboard by approximately 20%. The author concluded, 700MHz band waves were affected even at sea hence countermeasures using 700MHz mobile phone band filters were necessary, selective diversity was effective because it was possible to switch to antennas on the land side, the one segment broadcasting system was effective onboard because it was enables viewing in areas where they were not been possible before during coastal voyages.

Selection and Justification of a Digital System Broadcasting for the Republic of Angola

In this work we seek to approach the choice of the Republic of Angola for the ISDB-T telebroadcasting system. The experimental results of the ISDB-T digital transmission system in the Republic of Angola are Execelente. Currently, the Japanese terrestrial digital broadcasting system (ISDB-T) is used in 14 countries around the world (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Japan, Peru, Paraguay, El Salvador, Uruguay, Honduras, Venezuela, Philippines, Botswana) and 6 more countries (Angola, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Guatemala, Ecuador, Nicaragua) have adopted this system. The study shows that ISDB-T is a system applicable in our country, as even with the transmitter operating at 50% of its maximum power, the signal is received in a large part of the city of Luanda, with failures only in regions far from the center urban. The implementation of a fully digital transmitter that is foreseen, the increase of the transmitter's power, among other changes, may provide better advantages in implementing the ISDBT in the Republic of Angola. The commitment comes at a time when Angola plans to cover the entire national territory, starting in 2023.

Field Trials of UHDTV Broadcasting over DTMB-A System

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB), the most fundamental infrastructure for audio/video transmission networks, can support multimedia information services, targeting lots of audiences within a wide area in an efficient way. The advanced version of digital television/terrestrial multimedia broadcasting (DTMB-A), one of the second-generation DTTB standards of the International Telecommunication Union, provides higher spectrum efficiency and better transmission reliability compared with DTMB. By adopting a more flexible frame structure, advanced forward error correction coding, and improved constellation mapping, it is confirmed that the transmission capacity of DTMB-A is around 30% higher than that of DTMB under the same conditions carried out in laboratory tests and field trials on DTMB-A. In this paper, the trial network and the measurement results focusing on ultrahigh-definition television (UHDTV, both UHD-1/4K and UHD-2/8K) and the single-frequency network (SFN) are presented in detail. The preliminary work on the Integrated Communications and Broadcasting Network (ICBN) concept using both DTMB-A and fifth-generation (5G) networks for UHDTV delivery is also highlighted</i> .

BER PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 4QAM/OFDM OVER DIFFERENT SCENARIOS OF LAPLACE FADING CHANNEL.

Multicarrier transmission, also known as (OFDM) Orthogonal Frequency Division multiplexing, in wireless communications, it has been proven to be an essential technique for countering multipath fading. It has been used successfully for HF radio applications and has been selected as the interface for digital audio transmission, digital terrestrial TV broadcasting, and high-speed wireless local area networks in Europe. In this paper, we suggested a new design for modeling multipath fading channels, such as the Laplace fading channel, in order to discover new simulation results and effects. Furthermore, the variance of the Laplace fading channel has been computed and the new Bit Error Rate (BER) derivation is established, and the performance of (M-QAM), M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (with M=4 over OFDM system under Laplace fading channels in Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) is discussed and compared to the conventional M-QAM/OFDM system Rayleigh fading channel in AWGN. All the simulation results are examined using the optimum signal detection based on the Euclidean distance and evaluated using Monte-Carlo simulation.