Digital Sculpting Research Articles

Higher Computed Tomography (CT) Scan Resolution Improves Accuracy of Patient-specific Mandibular Models When Compared to Cadaveric Gold Standard

3D-printed patient-specific anatomical models are becoming an increasingly popular tool for planning reconstructive surgeries to treat oral cancer. Currently there is a lack of information regarding model accuracy, and how the resolution of the computed tomography (CT) scan affects the accuracy of the final model. The primary objective of this study was to determine the CT z-axis resolution necessary in creating a patient specific mandibular model with clinically acceptable accuracy for global bony reconstruction. This study also sought to evaluate the effect of the digital sculpting and 3D printing process on model accuracy. This was a cross-sectional study using cadaveric heads obtained from the Ohio State University Body Donation Program. The first independent variable is CT scan slice thickness of either 0.675, 1.25, 3.00, or 5.00mm. The second independent variable is the three produced models for analysis (unsculpted, digitally sculpted, 3D printed). The degree of accuracy of a model as defined by the root mean square (RMS) value, a measure of a model's discrepancy from its respective cadaveric anatomy. All models were digitally compared to their cadaveric bony anatomy using a metrology surface scan of the dissected mandible. The RMS value of each comparison evaluates the level of discrepancy. One-way ANOVA tests (P<.05) were used to determine statistically significant differences between CT scan resolutions. Two-way ANOVA tests (P<.05) were used to determine statistically significant differences between groups. CT scans acquired for 8 formalin-fixed cadaver heads were processed and analyzed. The RMS for digitally sculpted models decreased as slice thickness decreased, confirming that higher resolution CT scans resulted in statistically more accurate model production when compared to the cadaveric gold standard. Furthermore, digitally sculpted models were significantly more accurate than unsculpted models (P<.05) at each slice thickness. Our study demonstrated that CT scans with slice thicknesses of 3.00mm or smaller created statistically significantly more accurate models than models created from slice thicknesses of 5.00mm. The digital sculpting process statistically significantly increased the accuracy of models and no loss of accuracy through the 3D printing process was observed.

835 Rapid Prototyping, Digital Sculpting, and Computer Aided Design for Point of Care 3D Printed Stereo EEG Models

INTRODUCTION: Part of the workup for surgical management of epilepsy is stereotactic placement of intracranial depth electrodes to better understand the origin and network pattern of spread of seizures. To facilitate surgical decision making, epilepsy team discussion, and patient/family communication, a workflow was developed to create 3D printed models of sEEG patient brains and electrode locations which could be invaluable in explaining EEG results and surgical options. METHODS: Pre-op MRI and post-implantation CT scans of a sEEG case were imported and merged using 3D Slicer, a free and open-source software package for advanced medical imaging research.The CT was segmented to include only the high-density metallic electrodes. These 3D models were exported into Autodesk Fusion 360, a computer-aided design (CAD) program, where electrode models were designed based on their location on the CT scan. These models were exported to Maxon Zbrush to be cleaned and re-meshed to make the model easier to sculpt and manipulate.The electrode objects were used as cutting tools to create holes in the brain model. Finally, the relevant portion of the brain (right temporal lobe and surrounding regions) and electrodes were exported for 3D printing. The final models were 3D printed on a FormLabs Form 3 stereolithography (SLA) printer using clear resin for the brain and flexible grey resin for the electrodes. RESULTS: CONCLUSIONS: A workflow was devised to print anatomic models of brains implanted with electrodes for seizure monitoring in 2-3 days utilizing software from multiple disciplines including medical imaging, CAD/engineering, and 3D sculpting used in the film and video game industries. Future models will include further anatomical definition with more advanced 3D sculpting and printing techniques.

Analysis of the impact of various finish line designs and occlusal morphologies on the accuracy of digital impressions

Background/purposeRecent advancements in dental technology has led clinicians to convert from traditional methods to digital workflows. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of various finish line designs and occlusal morphologies on the accuracy of digital impressions. Materials and methodsSix maxillary molar crown preparations were designed by using a digital sculpting software program. The samples differed in finish line design and occlusal surface morphology. Three different finish line designs (shoulder, chamfer, and shoulder with internal round angle) and two different occlusal morphologies (sharp and rounded) were used, giving six groups. Using three different intraoral scanners, each group was scanned and compared with a reference scan obtained from an industrial scanner. The accuracy of each scan was studied, and the data were statistically analyzed. ResultsA total of 180 scans were acquired by utilizing three different intraoral scanners. The reference scan was compared with the scans from each group and overall differences (marginal, axial, and occlusal) were assessed. A crown preparation with a chamfer finish line showed the lowest marginal discrepancy of 13.2 ± 4.18 μm while preparation with a shoulder finish line reported the highest discrepancy of 34.8 ± 7.9 μm (P < 0.05). Also, the occlusal discrepancies of the samples with rounded and sharp occlusal morphologies were 12.55 ± 3.09 μm and 19.13 ± 2.3 μm, respectively (P < 0.05). ConclusionIt has been suggested that chamfer finish line design and rounded occlusal anatomy may produce more accurate digital impression for single crown restorations.

Implementation of Cone Beam Computed Tomography, Digital Sculpting and Three-Dimensional Printing in Facial Epithesis—A Technical Note

Prosthetic rehabilitation has hardly changed since the 1970s, and it is a time-consuming process that requires great skill and precision. This article presents the workflow related to the prosthetic reconstruction of patients with extensive maxillofacial defects using digital technologies such as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), Zbrush software and three-dimensional (3D) printing. The use of CBCT captures a 3D image of a patient’s face in a few seconds, thus shortening the time to prepare an impression and increasing the patient’s comfort. Zbrush digital sculpting software enables one to quickly and efficiently design a prosthetic restoration. Printing a trial version for a try-on, as well as designing and printing pre-cast forms, improves workflow and eliminates the chances of an error. As shown in the example of a patient after a nasal resection, CBCT, digital sculpting, and 3D printing accelerate and improve the workflow of an anaplastologist when designing the epithesis. New technologies reduce costs and save time, while helping to overcome the technical obstacles that limit access to a facial prosthesis.

The Effectiveness of Integrating Digital Sculpting Technology with Upholstery Fabrics and Its Impact on the Development of the Furniture Industry

The Effectiveness of Integrating Digital Sculpting Technology with Upholstery Fabrics and Its Impact on the Development of the Furniture Industry

Robust quasi-uniform surface meshing of neuronal morphology using line skeleton-based progressive convolution approximation.

Creating high-quality polygonal meshes which represent the membrane surface of neurons for both visualization and numerical simulation purposes is an important yet nontrivial task, due to their irregular and complicated structures. In this paper, we develop a novel approach of constructing a watertight 3D mesh from the abstract point-and-diameter representation of the given neuronal morphology. The membrane shape of the neuron is reconstructed by progressively deforming an initial sphere with the guidance of the neuronal skeleton, which can be regarded as a digital sculpting process. To efficiently deform the surface, a local mapping is adopted to simulate the animation skinning. As a result, only the vertices within the region of influence (ROI) of the current skeletal position need to be updated. The ROI is determined based on the finite-support convolution kernel, which is convolved along the line skeleton of the neuron to generate a potential field that further smooths the overall surface at both unidirectional and bifurcating regions. Meanwhile, the mesh quality during the entire evolution is always guaranteed by a set of quasi-uniform rules, which split excessively long edges, collapse undersized ones, and adjust vertices within the tangent plane to produce regular triangles. Additionally, the local vertices density on the result mesh is decided by the radius and curvature of neurites to achieve adaptiveness.

Continuing the Legacy of Grant’s Museum: Anatomy Education in the Digital Era

IntroductionIn the 1930s, an innovative adjunct available to anatomy learners was Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy and Grant’s Museum specimens of regional anatomy. With advancements in technology, learning tools used in anatomy education now also include digital reproductions of cadaveric specimens into 3D or interactive formats. Recent pivoting to online teaching and increased reliance on digital resources makes it a natural progression to advance the legacy of Grant's work with an online library of 3D models matching the museum. Realistic digital models are typically produced by either 3D reconstruction from image data, or photogrammetry, both requiring technical skill and time. Recent advances in light technology scanning equipment like the Artec Space Spider claim to produce a high‐fidelity 3D model within a time frame of 2‐3 hours from scan to finished digital model using their bundled software. In an ongoing project creating 3D models from prosections reproducing Grant’s Museum, we aimed to determine the efficiency of digital capture and the final model fidelity using the Artec Space Spider scanner.MethodsTwenty‐seven prosections were created to replicate 38 figures in Grant’s Atlas, ranging from simple geometries such as a lung, to more complex, including the posterior abdominal wall.Scanning &amp; post‐processing: Prosections were scanned using the Artec Space Spider, which captured images at around 7.5 frames per second (0.1 mm resolution). Post‐processing was completed in Artec Studio (Artec Studio 15 Professional x64 15.1.2.60) including alignment, hole‐filling and texture overlay. Early on, it was determined that many models needed digital sculpting, so we engaged expert digital artists using software (Zbrush 2021.6.6) for refinement of the models. The amount of time it took to scan and process each model was calculated to determine efficiency of model development.Fidelity confirmation: Ongoing feedback is being collected from an expert panel of anatomists representing five post‐secondary institutions. These experts are provided finished digital models and feedback is collected on the aspects of texture, lighting, anatomical detail (resolution) and model manipulation (user tools for examining online). This feedback will be finalized in February 2022.ResultsTable 1 depicts the breakdown of scanning and post‐processing time. Forty percent of the models were completed in under 3 hours, and these included prosections with simple geometries. Sixty percent of the models took more than 3 hours to complete, and these included more intricate prosections.ConclusionsWhile the Artec Space Spider may be a great tool to quickly generate anatomical models with simple geometry or features, it may not be ideal for replicating intricate anatomical prosections. Only 40% of scans took less than 3 hours to complete with most moderately complex models and all complex models taking over 3 hours. Much of the time spent on these models was in post‐processing, which was dedicated to filling gaps or refining the details of the models. Our findings suggest that the time:cost ratio may not justify the purchase of such high‐level technology when photogrammetry may result in similar models for relatively less investment.

Опыт реконструкции облика человека раннего неолита из погребения могильника Шумилиха (Южное Приангарье)

This paper presents the results of a reconstruction of the appearance of a hunter-gatherer of the Kitoi culture from a burial at the Shumilikha cemetery in the Southern Angara region. The excavations were carried out in 1999. In the grave, the walls of which were coated with clay, the remains of a human 25–35 years old were found. Under the skeleton, which was sprinkled with “ocher” (grated hematite rock), traces of a wooden construction were recorded. The grave goods (more than a hundred items) included such interesting finds as the kernels of fishhooks, a bone spoon, beads made of bone paste, as well as two items made of white jade: a ring and a cylindrical bead. There is a reliable radiocarbon date for the human bone, which, taking into account the correction for the reservoir effect, shows an age of 7,003±106 cal BP and allows you to determine the age of this complex by the Early Neolithic. Modern software for 3D modeling and visualization opens up great opportunities, so a virtual method was chosen to reconstruct the appearance of a human from a burial. First, all the bones of the skeleton were scanned, for which two types of 3D equipment were used: a stationary scanner RangeVision Spectrum based on structured light photogrammetry (for the skull and small bones) and a hybrid handheld scanner with structured LED and infrared illumination Shining 3D Einscan H (for large bones). The scan results are processed in RangeVision's ScanCenter NG using built-in algorithms. Filling voids, smoothing surfaces, simplifying 3D models, and correcting mesh defects are done manually at the stage of model postprocessing. For further work, the resulting models were transferred to the stl format. Facial reconstruction was carried out in Blender and ZBrush in several stages: 1) importing and combining models; 2) modeling of lost teeth and reconstruction of the occlusion; 3) CAD modeling of a set of soft tissue depth markers and their positioning by craniometric points; 4) modeling of auxiliary circuits for nose reconstruction and eyeball setting; 5) modeling of masticatory muscles; 6) modeling of facial muscles and fat sacs to simplify the production of a basic head model; 7) modeling the base mesh of the head; 8) digital sculpting of the head; 9) detailing of the digital sculpture; 10) rendering of the model and preparing the model for printing. As a result, a digital model of the appearance of an Early Neolithic hunter-gatherer from a burial at the Shumilikha cemetery was obtained.

Опыт реконструкции облика человека раннего неолита из погребения могильника Шумилиха (Южное Приангарье)

This paper presents the results of a reconstruction of the appearance of a hunter-gatherer of the Kitoi culture from a burial at the Shumilikha cemetery in the Southern Angara region. The excavations were carried out in 1999. In the grave, the walls of which were coated with clay, the remains of a human 25–35 years old were found. Under the skeleton, which was sprinkled with “ocher” (grated hematite rock), traces of a wooden construction were recorded. The grave goods (more than a hundred items) included such interesting finds as the kernels of fishhooks, a bone spoon, beads made of bone paste, as well as two items made of white jade: a ring and a cylindrical bead. There is a reliable radiocarbon date for the human bone, which, taking into account the correction for the reservoir effect, shows an age of 7,003±106 cal BP and allows you to determine the age of this complex by the Early Neolithic. Modern software for 3D modeling and visualization opens up great opportunities, so a virtual method was chosen to reconstruct the appearance of a human from a burial. First, all the bones of the skeleton were scanned, for which two types of 3D equipment were used: a stationary scanner RangeVision Spectrum based on structured light photogrammetry (for the skull and small bones) and a hybrid handheld scanner with structured LED and infrared illumination Shining 3D Einscan H (for large bones). The scan results are processed in RangeVision's ScanCenter NG using built-in algorithms. Filling voids, smoothing surfaces, simplifying 3D models, and correcting mesh defects are done manually at the stage of model postprocessing. For further work, the resulting models were transferred to the stl format. Facial reconstruction was carried out in Blender and ZBrush in several stages: 1) importing and combining models; 2) modeling of lost teeth and reconstruction of the occlusion; 3) CAD modeling of a set of soft tissue depth markers and their positioning by craniometric points; 4) modeling of auxiliary circuits for nose reconstruction and eyeball setting; 5) modeling of masticatory muscles; 6) modeling of facial muscles and fat sacs to simplify the production of a basic head model; 7) modeling the base mesh of the head; 8) digital sculpting of the head; 9) detailing of the digital sculpture; 10) rendering of the model and preparing the model for printing. As a result, a digital model of the appearance of an Early Neolithic hunter-gatherer from a burial at the Shumilikha cemetery was obtained.

The soap carving versus the digital sculpting: Evaluation of students' preferences and performance in dental anatomy course: Pilot study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in students' preferences between soap carving (SC) and digital sculpting (DS) methods after obtaining tooth with both methods, their opinions about the methods and their performance in the dental anatomy course. The SC and DS methods were demonstrated. Students were asked to obtain a maxillary central incisor by both methods and to record time. Students' preferences were asked both before and after applying both methods. The level of significance for statistical analysis was set at p≤.05. Forty first year preclinical students (24 female, 16male) participated in this study. Their mean age was 19.38years ±1.00year. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean time of the DS method according to gender (p=.004) and the mean time of DS and SC methods for females (p=.015). There was also a statistically significant difference between preferences of students for "In the future while treating the patient in the clinic, I learned with ………… method in the preclinic will be more useful for me." statement, before and after applying both methods (p=.034). The obtaining the tooth of the students with DS method were longer than with SC method (especially in the females). After applying both methods, the students changed their minds that learning the information about the SC and DS methods would have a similar effect when treating patients in the clinic.

A Real-Time Sculpting and Terrain Generation System for Interactive Content Creation

Volumetric representation is widely used in digital sculpting and terrain generation due to its highly modifiable characteristic. However, storing the entire raw voxel map requires a lot of memory, which limits its application on general machines. In this work, we propose to use a novel data structure based on the concept of layered depth-normal images to replace the commonly used scalar field for storing the volumetric information. The proposed data structure can be quickly edited, and the isosurface can be extracted by using general methods such as Marching Cubes and Dual Contouring. The proposed sculpting system can edit models with multiple resolution levels, and the surface between models of different resolutions can be connected seamlessly. Our method can achieve similar results as the existing volumetric methods while significantly reduces the memory usage and computation time. The model created by our system can be used in common game engines to make highly interactive games. Furthermore, all of our processes are parallel-friendly. We implemented a virtual reality digital content creation tool based on the proposed method to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of our method.

The effect of social media and lecturer's direct instruction on students' digital sculpting skills

As the technology continues to advance, it becomes imperative to use technology as a tool for learning. In learning 3D animation field, digital sculpting skills are one of the important skills for students; however, each student has different learning ability, which are obstacles in doing digital sculpting. In this research, we use the social media and lecturer’s direct instructions to promote students’ digital sculpting skills. In methodology, we create a learning management plan of our learning method, then let the students practise digital sculpting by using video sharing and group discussion via Facebook group, together with lecturer’s direct instructions both inside and outside the classroom. Analysis shows that the students have improved their digital sculpting skills and are satisfied with this learning method. Social media and lecturer’s direct instructions act as a useful learning method and instrument for students’ discussion, practising and researching.

Use of Digitally Annotated and Printed 3D Models for Teaching the Pterygopalatine Fossa

Anatomically deep and geometrically complex regions are difficult for students to visualize in gross dissections, overly simplified in models, and not faithfully depicted in 2D images. One such region is the pterygopalatine fossa which communicates with the infratemporal region, middle cranial fossa, cranial base, nasal and oral cavities, and face via 7 osteological foramina or fissures. Given the geometric complexity of this space, we aimed to create a 3D based educational tool for students to use in their pre‐clinical, dissection‐free head and neck anatomy course.A cranium rendered from CT imaging was imported into Medium, a digital sculpting program, using the Oculus Virtual Reality (VR) system. The right half was removed, and the left half was divided into three sections via two parasagittal slices. The lateral parasagittal cut bisected the foramen rotundum and palatine canals, and the medial parasagittal cut bisected the left half of the nasal cavity. The only alterations to the morphology was an exaggeration of the palatine canal and the anterior and posterior openings of the Vidian canal to allow for the passage of wires during the lab exercise. The three sections of the cranium were then 3D printed. In addition to 3D printing, the model was annotated in Medium by drawing in the course of the maxillary artery and nerve and their branches, and the nerve of the Vidian canal in the pterygopalatine fossa and associated regions. The model showing the neurovasculature related to the pterygopalatine fossa was imported into Sketchfab, a 3D model publishing platform, where labels could be placed to identify structures and provide additional information. The labeled model was embedded into the digital lab manual for students to reference during the lab activity where they were directed to pass a wire through the various foramina and fissures in the region to understand the passage of the neurovasculature in and out of the pterygopalatine fossa.The annotated digital model allowed students to visualize the completed course of these nerves and arteries while the printed model gave appreciation for the location, size, and orientation of the canals and foramina through which the pterygopalatine fossa communicates with other regions. This intervention was applied in the 2019 Living Anatomy: Head and Neck course, where students did not perform dissection but did have access to prosected cadavers and plastinations.Student performance on the 2019 exam was statistically identical to the performance of previous cohorts in a traditional dissection‐based anatomy course (2018: 85.9%; 2019: 88.1%). The 2019 cohort on average scored lower on questions derived from the material from the lab that included this intervention compared to the 2018 cohort (2018: 84.82%; 2019: 80.76%). However, the pterygopalatine fossa question (97.09%) outperformed the nasal cavity (80.58%) and larynx/pharynx (78.5%) questions. Additionally, students ranked digitally annotated 3D models the 3rd highest activity or resource following faculty directed case studies and the prosected cadavers. Student exam results and feedback indicate a utility of providing physical objects with digital 3D reference material during anatomy instruction.

A Biomechanical Investigation of Athletic Footwear Traction Performance: Integration of Gait Analysis with Computational Simulation

Evaluations are vital to quantify the functionalities of athletic footwear, such as the performance of slip resistance, shock absorption, and rebound. Computational technology has progressed to become a promising solution for accelerating product development time and providing customized products in order to keep up with the competitive contemporary footwear market. In this research, the effects of various tread pattern designs on traction performance in a normal gait were analyzed by employing an approach that integrated computational simulation and gait analysis. A state-of-the-art finite element (FE) model of a shoe was developed by digital sculpting technology. A dynamic plantar pressure distribution was automatically applied to interpret individualized subject conditions. The traction performance and real contact area between the shoe and the ground during the gait could be characterized and predicted. The results suggest that the real contact area and the structure of the outsole tread design influence the traction performance of the shoe in dry conditions. This computational process is more efficient than mechanical tests in terms of both cost and time, and it could bring a noticeable benefit to the footwear industry in the early design phases of product development.

Pores, Pimples and Pathologies: 3D Capture and Detailing of the Human Skin for 3D Medical Visualisation and Fabrication.

Three-dimensional (3D) scanning of the human skin for 3D medical visualisation and printing does not often produce the desired results due to a number of factors including the specularity of human skin, difficulties in scanning fine structures such as the hair and the capabilities of the scanning technologies utilised. Some additional 3D modelling may be required to make the surfaces more suitable for use in the production of anatomical and medical teaching resources, computerised facial depiction and design of bespoke prostheses. Three-dimensional scanned surfaces can be enhanced through digital sculpting and embossing of high-resolution photographs of the human skin.

Use of a Novel 3D‐Printed Anatomical Model for Ultrasound‐Guided Hip Arthrocentesis in Emergency Department Training Sessions

The anatomy of the hip joint presents specific practical difficulties for arthrocentesis compared to other peripheral joints, which makes evaluation of suspected hip joint sepsis a challenge for emergency medicine physicians. Delaying treatment of sepsis in the hip joint can lead to serious sequelae, so it is valuable for emergency medicine (EM) personnel to be trained to perform this challenging, high‐risk intervention when suspected. The use of ultrasound in guiding hip arthrocentesis has been proven to be effective (Berona, et al. 2017), but a lack of adequate simulations for training EM physicians remains an obstacle. To address this deficit, we constructed a 3D printed model for use in an educational intervention module. CT imaging data was segmented to acquire a volume model of the left hip joint which was exported to the digital sculpting software Zbrush 2018. This program was used to correct small imperfections in the model's surface; to fix any non‐manifold geometry; and to export the model in a format suitable for 3D printing at true to life scale. The model was sliced in Simplify3D version 4.0.1 and printed in polylactic acid using a Lulzbot Taz 5 3D printer (Aleph Objects, Inc.) as two separate parts, a left pelvis and left femur. An Ambu bag was rigged to act as a proxy synovial joint capsule with a piece of tubing arranged to allow for filling of the “joint capsule” with colored liquid; this colored liquid would then act as a reporter for successful needle placement. The assembled model and “joint capsule” were embedded in a mixture of gelatin and psyllium husk (as per Kwon, et al. 2017). EM residents (N=26) from the UCLA system of hospitals were recruited to a training intervention consisting of an online video module viewed individually and in‐person training with the embedded 3D model. Prior to intervention, residents were assessed using a practice skills checklist and 10 question quiz to measure skill level of ultrasound methods and anatomical knowledge; the cohort was re‐assessed with this checklist and quiz post‐intervention. Pre‐intervention, fewer than 50% of residents were able to successfully complete 7 of the 9 items on the skills checklist, with performance on the remaining 2 items not exceeding 70%. Performance on the quiz ranged widely, with scores as low as 2 out of 10, and a mean of 5.13/10 points. After training with our 3D‐model, all but one of the residents was able to successfully complete each individual skill on the checklist for the ultrasound task, and the mean performance on the quiz increased to 7.9/10 points. These results provide support for the use of 3D printed anatomical models as a cost‐effective avenue for clinical departments to develop effective training tools designed to meet their individual educational needs.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Premošćavanje jaza u vezi simetrije između fizičkog i digitalnog vajanja primenom reverzibilnog inženjerskog modelovanja

Premošćavanje jaza u vezi simetrije između fizičkog i digitalnog vajanja primenom reverzibilnog inženjerskog modelovanja

Autocomplete 3D sculpting

Digital sculpting is a popular means to create 3D models but remains a challenging task. We propose a 3D sculpting system that assists users, especially novices, in freely creating models with reduced input labor and enhanced output quality. With an interactive sculpting interface, our system silently records and analyzes users' workflows including brush strokes and camera movements, and predicts what they might do in the future. Users can accept, partially accept, or ignore the suggestions and thus retain full control and individual style. They can also explicitly select and clone past workflows over output model regions. Our key idea is to consider how a model is authored via dynamic workflows in addition to what is shaped in static geometry. This allows our method for more accurate analysis of user intentions and more general synthesis of shape structures than prior workflow or geometry methods, such as large overlapping deformations. We evaluate our method via user feedbacks and authored models.

Enhanced resolution and speckle-free three-dimensional printing of macular optical coherence tomography angiography.

Enhanced resolution and speckle-free three-dimensional printing of macular optical coherence tomography angiography.

BODY AS ECHOES: CYBER ARCHIVING OF DAZU ROCK CARVINGS

Abstract. “Body As Echoes: Cyber Archiving of Dazu Rock Carvings (BAE project in short)” strives to explore the tangible/intangible aspects of digital heritage conservation. Aiming at Dazu Rock Carvings - World Heritage Site of Sichuan Province, BAE project utilizes photogrammetry and digital sculpting technique to investigate digital narrative of cultural heritage conservation. It further provides collaborative opportunities to conduct the high-resolution site survey for scholars and institutions at local authorities. For preserving and making sustainable of the tangible cultural heritage at Dazu Rock Carvings, BAE project cyber-archives the selected niches and the caves at Dazu, and transform them into high-resolution, three-dimensional models. For extending the established results and making the digital resources available to broader audiences, BAE project will further develop interactive info-motion interface and apply the knowledge of digital heritage from BAE project to STEM education. BAE project expects to bridge the platform for archeology, computer graphics, and interactive info-motion design. Digital sculpting, projection mapping, interactive info-motion and VR will be the core techniques to explore the narrative of digital heritage conservation. For further protecting, educating and consolidating “building dwelling thinking” through digital heritage preservation, BAE project helps to preserve the digital humanity, and reach out to museum staffs and academia. By the joint effort of global institutions and local authorities, BAE project will also help to foster and enhance the mutual understanding through intercultural collaborations.