Optical Digital Disk Research Articles

Preferred Strategies for Delivering Health Information to Patients With Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Qualitative Study.

Patients' information needs may differ from what their care providers may perceive to be the patients' needs. This discordance needs to be recognized and addressed. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the perceptions of patients with selected musculoskeletal disorders and those of rheumatologists, on their preferred strategies for delivery of disease management information. Fifty-two patients diagnosed with either rheumatoid arthritis, knee osteoarthritis, or osteoporosis took part in 6 focus groups and 18 individual semistructured interviews. In addition, 11 rheumatologists participated in 2 focus groups and 4 semistructured individual interviews. Data were explored by thematic content analysis. Perceived preferences were identified and compared between patients and rheumatologists regarding (a) media, (b) setting, (c) messengers, and (d) key message content. Patients' preferred media for disease management information were electronic (television and videos delivered as digital optical discs or the Internet), group instruction, and printed material. Patients preferred the information to be delivered in the setting of their homes, doctor's offices, or clinic waiting areas by the rheumatologists and patients with disease experience, addressing healthy lifestyle changes, medication adherence, and consequences of noncompliance. For rheumatologists, the perceived preference for information delivery was through printed material (brochures, booklets, and pamphlets) delivered in waiting areas by nurses and physicians, addressing nature of the disease, complications, and treatment adverse effects. Provider perspectives on strategies for education may differ from those of patients. Our findings highlight the need for considering different stakeholder perspectives in designing educational tools and decision support materials for patients with chronic diseases. Rheumatologists' preferences on strategies for education (mode of delivery, delivery setting, messengers, and topics) differ from those of patients. For example, patients want to learn about lifestyle changes and consequences of compliance versus noncompliance, whereas rheumatologists considered more important for patients to understand their disease, treatment adverse effects, and consequences of noncompliance.

Synchronous Detection to Reduce Offsets in Focus Error of an Optical Pickup Unit

The optical pickup unit (OPU) is an optical assembly, which is used for reading and writing digital optical disks. It consists of a laser diode, quadrant photodetector, and other optical components to maintain focus. This arrangement of the laser and photodetector is very similar to those in expensive equipment, such as atomic force microscopes, used for nanoscale metrology. Many researchers have hence investigated the use of an OPU to design low-cost alternatives. However, these nonstandard uses of an OPU are challenging since the OPU has originally been optimized to sense reflections from the highly reflecting surface of an optical disk. In this work, we present a new synchronous detection-based method that improves the performance of the OPU in measuring the reflection from poorly reflecting substrates. This method utilizes the high bandwidth of both the laser and photodetector of the OPU. We excite the laser with a pulsed input and look for a signal at the pulsing frequency in the output from the OPU. This signal is further processed through a phase-sensitive detector. We show that this method reduces the offsets in the measurement and allows us to make effective use of a higher gain to measure the reflection from substrates with poor reflectivity.

The New Era Of Different Types Of Digital Marketing For Economy Growth In India

In India digital marketing team is connect with umbrella team for marketing of the product or service utilizing digital technology, primarily on the net, show advertising, and the other digital medium, however additionally as well as mobile phones. Digital marketing activities square measure search engine optimisation, computer programme marketing, content marketing, and content automation, campaign marketing, and social media marketing, social media optimisation, e-commerce marketing, show advertising, and the other of digital media, e-mail marketing , optical disks and games ,callback and on-hold mobile ring tones. Latest digital marketing trends India they are: Search and e-commerce can transcend Google to Face book and twitter, Snap chat, Link to very engaged audience with live video streaming. During this study reference to getting into numerous kinds of digital marketing era for economy growth in India.

Performance of Fe3O4@SiO2 as the recyclable heterogeneous catalyst in the bisphenol A recovery from polycarbonate wastes

Received polycarbonate wastes from the used optical and digital optical disk (CDs and DVDs) were chemically recycled into bisphenol A (BPA) in 100% recovery yield using diethylene glycol/water as a binary solvent system and Fe3O4@SiO2 as the heterogeneous catalyst at the convenient, green and eco-friendly conditions using conventional heating method. The recovered BPA was analyzed by spectroscopic methods and data compared by an authentic sample.

Influence of polycarbonate waste on gypsum composites: Mechanical and environmental study

This work analyzes the influence of added plastic polycarbonate waste from recycled compact discs (CDs) and digital optical disc (DVDs) on the mechanical and environmental properties of composites with a gypsum matrix. Fifteen mixtures were produced including different percentages by weight of plastic aggregate with two different granulometries. In each case, the strength properties (flexural and compressive) and density of the new composites were tested. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray computed tomography (XCT) were performed in order to know the internal structure and porosity of the new composites. Finally, a simplified environmental study was conducted using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. The results show that lighter and more eco-efficient materials can be obtained that have, in some cases, better mechanical properties than the reference material (gypsum). A density reduction of a 9.89% was achieved for mixtures with 60% of plastic waste, having also an environmental improvement of 35% compared to the reference sample. In all the cases, the minimum values for mechanical properties required by the standard were obtained. These properties make the composites suitable for use in new products and in construction works.

Environmentally benign chemical recycling of polycarbonate wastes: comparison of micro- and nano-TiO2 solid support efficiencies

Abstract Polycarbonate (PC) wastes, including optical discs (CDs) and digital optical discs (DVDs), were chemically recycled into valuable materials such as 4,4′-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol (BPA) and etherified derivatives of BPA using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the alkali metal catalyst and nanostructured titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) and microstructured titanium dioxide (micro-TiO2) as the solid supports in the binary green system consisting of water and 2,2′-oxydi(ethan-1-ol) (DEG) under conventional heating method, and data were compared. In this study, the effects of various parameters, such as solvent composition, concentration of NaOH, and solid support, were studied on the reaction progress. In these reactions, the importance of water as the green solvent was investigated in achieving pure BPA as the valuable material. When used with 20% aqueous DEG (pbw), a pure BPA can be obtained at 70% yield in the presence of nano-TiO2 and micro-TiO2 as the solid supports. According to the results, the use of nano-TiO2 in comparison with micro-TiO2 accelerates the chemical recycling of PC wastes. The nano-TiO2 catalyst recovery shows that the recovered solid support is applicable for four cycles. The obtained products were characterized using spectroscopic methods, namely, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Progress on the Use of Commercial Digital Optical Disc Units for Low-Power Laser Micromachining in Biomedical Applications.

The development of organ-on-chip and biological scaffolds is currently requiring simpler methods for microstructure biocompatible materials in three dimensions, to fabricate structural and functional elements in biomaterials, or modify the physicochemical properties of desired substrates. Aiming at addressing this need, a low-power CD-DVD-Blu-ray laser pickup head was mounted on a programmable three-axis micro-displacement system in order to modify the surface of polymeric materials in a local fashion. Thanks to a specially-designed method using a strongly absorbing additive coating the materials of interest, it has been possible to establish and precisely control processes useful in microtechnology for biomedical applications. The system was upgraded with Blu-ray laser for additive manufacturing and ablation on a single platform. In this work, we present the application of these fabrication techniques to the development of biomimetic cellular culture platforms thanks to the simple integration of several features typically achieved with traditional, less cost-effective microtechnology methods in one step or through replica-molding. Our straightforward approach indeed enables great control of local laser microablation or polymerization for true on-demand biomimetic micropatterned designs in transparent polymers and hydrogels and is allowing integration of microfluidics, microelectronics, surface microstructuring, and transfer of superficial protein micropatterns on a variety of biocompatible materials.

Benign and ecofriendly depolymerization of polycarbonate wastes into valuable diols using micro- and nano-TiO2 as the solid supports

Hydroglycolysis of polycarbonate (PC) wastes received from optical (CDs) and digital optical discs (DVDs) to the diols derivatives of bisphenol-A (BPA), namely, bis(4-hydroxybutyl hydrogen carbonate) of BPA (DHB–BPA), mono(4-hydroxybutyl hydrogen carbonate) of BPA (MHB–BPA), and BPA itself as the major and oligomeric minor products were developed under mild and convenient conditions. Experiments were performed with the mixture of green solvents, including 1,4-butanediol and water in the presence of nanoparticles TiO2 (NPs-TiO2) and microparticles TiO2 (MPs-TiO2) as the solid supports, and sodium hydroxide as the catalyst under simple heating method and the obtained results were compared with together. In the developed procedure, DHB–BPA achieved and selectively converted into the MHB–BPA and BPA, respectively, when left in the moisturized environment. In these reactions, the effects of various parameters such as concentration of sodium hydroxide, the role of water as co-solvent, and nano-solid support on reaction progress are considered. The obtained results showed that by increasing the amount of water (0 up to 30 pbw based on total solvent weights) and catalyst as well (0 up to 2 pbw based on total solvents and PC wastes weights), the depolymerizing reaction was performed in high yields. In the meantime, DHB–BPA was recovered in 80% yield, using NPs-TiO2 as the solid support in the 30 pbw aqueous 1,4-butanediol. The depolymerization reaction time shortened in using NPs-TiO2 as the solid support when the data compared with the experiments performed by MPs-TiO2. Finally, the recyclability and efficiency of the NPs-TiO2 were studied and the data showed the usability of this solid support for four cycles. The recovered products were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) methods.

Magnetic Fe3O4/SiO2/NH2 As the Recyclable Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst on Bisphenol-A Recovery from Polycarbonate Wastes

Polycarbonate (PC) wastes received from optical (CDs) and digital optical discs (DVDs) were chemical recycled by using diethylene glycol (DEG) and water as an alternative green solvents and magnetite nanomaterials coated with amine modified silica nanoshell (Fe3O4/SiO2/NH2) as the recyclable heterogeneous catalyst to recover bisphenol-A (BPA) as a valuable material in 100% yield and without using harmful reagent and environmental problems. The nano-magnetic heterogeneous catalyst can be recycled for four cycles and used next reaction. The recovered BPA and nanomaterials were examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and spectroscopic methods (1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR).

디지털 비디오 광 디스크의 복제방지를 위한 후처리 암호화 기록 장치의 설계

본 논문은 디지털 비디오 타이틀 제작 업체가 디스크 제작을 완료한 후 디스크 복제방지를 위한 목적으로 디스크의 일부영역에 타이틀 업체의 고유ID를 기록하는 후처리 암호화 기록장치에 대한 시스템을 제시한다. 그 방법으로서 FPGA를 이용하여 광디스크의 메모리블럭 동기화 신호인 SYNC.를 검출하고, 기록(Write)을 위한 다중펄스(Multi Pulse)를 발생시키는 기록 패턴을 설계한다. 그리고 사용자가 광 디스크의 데이터영역을 어느 곳이라도 자유자재로 기록이 가능하도록 FPGA로서 기록하는 방법을 제시하고 설계한다. 이러한 디지털 비디오 광 디스크의 비기록 데이터영역을 사용자 임의대로 기록하는 시스템을 개발함으로서 소프트웨어 복제 방지에 효과적으로 대응이 가능하며, 향후 고밀도 광 디스크의 암호화 기록에도 응용이 가능하다. This paper presents encrypted secret code recording system which can insert an unique manufacture ID code after complete disc process. First, we detect a memory block synchronizing signal which is SYNC. by using FPGA, then, design a recording pattern to write Multi Pulse. Finally, a method that any data is recorded in any place in any data area of optical disc by using a FPGA was proposed. Newly proposed method in this paper that any user records user data in protected data areas on digital video optical discs, can be very useful for effective software copy protection, and can be applicable to encrypted record on high density DVD in near future.

Microstructure and recording mechanism of Bi–Fe–(N) layer for high-density write-once optical disk

Bi–Fe–(N) thin film as the recording layer of high density digital versatile disk recordable optical disk was developed. For the disk sample with optimized layer structure, maximum partial response signal to noise ratio of 21.1 and minimum simulated bit error rate of 5×10−7 were achieved at the write power=5.7mW. Transmission electron microscopy characterization illustrated that the separation of Bi and Fe elements to form the coarse granular structure in the mark regime during laser irradiation comprised of the recording mechanism.

Efficient m-ary balanced codes which are invariant under symbol permutation

A symbol permutation invariant (SPI-balanced) code over alphabet Zopfm = {0, 1, ..., m - 1} is a block code over Zopfm such that each alphabet symbol occurs as many times as any other symbol in every codeword. For this reason, every permutation among symbols of alphabet changes an SPI-balanced code into an SPI-balanced code. This means that SPI-balanced words are the most balanced among all possible m-ary word types and this property makes them very attractive from application perspective. In particular, they can be used to achieve m-ary DC-free communication, to detect/correct asymmetric/unidirectional errors on m-ary asymmetric/unidirectional channel, to achieve delay-insensitive communication, to maintain data integrity in digital optical disks, and so on. This paper gives some efficient methods to convert (encode) m-ary information sequences into m-ary SPI-balanced codes whose redundancy is equal to roughly double minimum possible redundancy rmin. It is proven that rmin sime [(m - 1)/2]logm n - (1/2)[1 - (1/log2pi m)]m - (1/log2pi m) for any code which converts k information digits into an SPI-balanced code of length n = k + r. For example, first method given in paper encodes k information digits into an SPI-balanced code of length n = k + r, with r = (m - 1) logm k + O(m logm logm k). A second method is a recursive method, which uses first as base code and encodes k digits into an SPI-balanced code of length n = k + r, with r sime (m - 1) logm n - logm[(m - 1)!]

Theory and design of m-ary balanced codes which are invariant under symbol permutation

A symbol permutation invariant balanced (SPI-balanced) code over the alphabet ℤ m ={0,1,…, m–1} is a block code over ℤ m such that each alphabet symbol occurs as many times as any other symbol in every codeword. For this reason every permutation among the symbols of the alphabet changes a SPI-balanced code into a SPI-balanced code. This means that SPI-balanced words are “the most balanced” among all possible m-ary balanced word types, and this property makes them very attractive from the application perspective. In particular, they can be used to achieve m-ary DC-free communication, to detect/correct asymmetric/unidirectional errors on the m-ary asymmetric/unidirectional channel, to achieve delay-insensitive communication, to maintain data integrity in digital optical disks, and so on. The paper gives some efficient methods to convert (encode) m-ary information sequences into m-ary SPI-balanced codes whose redundancy is equal to roughly double the minimum possible redundancy r min≃[(m–1)/2] log m n–(1/2)[1–(1/log2π m)]m–(1/log2π m) for SPI-balanced code with k information digits and length n=k+r. For example, the first method given in the paper encodes k information digits into a SPI-balanced code of length n=k+r, with r=(m–1) logm k+O(mlog m log m k). A second method is a recursive method, which uses the first as base code, and encodes k digits into a SPI-balanced code of length n=k+r, with r≃(m–1) log m n log m [(m–1)!].

A study on 3‐level/2‐level weighted PRML to (1,7) code at the optical disk recorder

The bit error rate of a (1,7) code for a digital optical disk recorder when the code is regenerated by PRML combining partial response equalization and 3-level/2-level weighted 4-state Viterbi decoding is derived and compared by simulation with the ideal regenerated waveform (Gaussian waveform). It is found that the bit error is best when the weight w is 0.625 for 106 symbols of data. For a shortest bit length of 0.28 μm, the bit error rate (BER) is 10–4 at an SN ratio of 17.5 dB and zero error is obtained at 20 dB. Also, at the shortest bit length of 0.26 μm, the BER is 10–4 at an SN ratio of 19.5 dB and zero error is obtained at 22 dB. These results are 3 dB better than the case of 3-level 4-state Viterbi decoding (w = 1) and 7 dB better than 2-level 4-state Viterbi decoding (w = 0). Hence, practical realization of the shortest bit of 0.26 μm is found promising. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 83(1): 7–16, 2000

Write-once optical disk system measuring 300 mm using high-density, pit-edge recording

To meet the requirement for a second-generation digital optical disk with a larger capacity and a higher speed, the new 300-mm, write-once optical disk system described here uses pit-edge recording and the modified-constant-angular-velocity method [Maeda et al., Trans. IEICE E74, 951 (1991)]. New techniques that can use these methods together and are suitable for interchangeability-data composition and independent detection of the leading and trailing edges-have resulted in the most reliable data-storage system ever produced, we believe. The concept of this system, the characteristics of the new techniques, and the optimization of system performance are described.

Which media are most likely to solve the archival problem?

The clinical application of quantitative methods for coronary arteriography remains limited, due in large part to the absence of a suitable replacement for cinefilm as the procedure record. The extension to the clinical environment of the validated objective methods which have found such widespread acceptance in clinical research studies is difficult to implement if the time-consuming and variable process for digitization of selected cinefilm frames is required. In addition, the complete integration of the angiographic procedure record with other patient records and procedures stored in a digital data format requires that the angiographic data eventually be converted to a digital format as well. Replacement of cinefilm requires that the media chosen for the task provide at least the same capabilities and preferably improved functions as those provided by cinefilm as a display, transport, and archival media. The demanding set of requirements imposed on the replacement options include high capacity, high acquisition rate, high transfer rate, application in a distributed environment, portability between institutions, and low expense. A true digital solution should also provide immediate access to the results of the angiographic procedure, transfer of image data over digital networks, multiple-user viewing capability, and quantitative analysis on a routine basis for all patients. In fact, a single media may not provide all the capabilities listed above but, rather, different media may need to be used for specialized tasks, i.e. the solution for archival may not be the same that will be employed as the portable patient record. Separation of the archival function from the acquisition/display and portable transfer functions increases the likelihood that cinefilm can be replaced in the imminent future by reducing the demands on a single media. Among the archival options available today are: (1) magnetic disks; (2) analog laser optical disks; (3) digital laser optical disks; (4) digital file-based magnetic tape; (5) digital video magnetic tape. In evaluating each of these alternatives, an accounting is required of how each meets the archival requirements along with an approximate breakdown of cost and readiness for implementation as a clinical solution today.

Photopolymer coatings for optical discs

The application of polymer coatings in optical disc (OD) production was first mentioned at the beginning of the 1980s [ 11, when the manufacture of laser video discs by photopolymerization (the 2P process) commenced. The method involves the conveying of information codified into the microstructure of the mould on to the covering polymer layer of a relief-forming composition followed by photopolymerization. In comparison with other methods of replication (injection molding, pressing, etc.), this method eliminates any thermal deformation of the mould and substrate, thus improving the precision of microsubstrate transference and achieving a high polymer purity. In summary, all these features contribute to make the process a successful method for short series and mould replication. The replicate, which is a thin polymer coating, is made by coating the metal mould with a thin (20-50 pm) layer of a photopolymerizable composition. This is exposed via the substrate to ultraviolet light which leads to polymerization. After polymerization is complete, the photopolymer layer and substrate are removed from the mould, the replicate is coated with a reflective material and a protective coating is finally applied. The ultraviolet-curable compositions employed must be capable of providing the final coating with high optical and mechanical properties (mainly hardness) and adhesion to the reflective material. At present, relief-carrying photopolymerizable materials (PPMs) are used for the replication of video [ 1, 21, compact discs [3] and digital ODs for

Experience of a small PACS in Tottori University Hospital

Picture archiving and communications systems (PACS) are expected to become feasible as the way of total radiologic image management. As the first step towards computerized image management, we installed an experimental small PACS with a digital optical disk archive for magnetic resonance and digitized radiographic film images. During the first 10 months of operation, problems were caused by the frequent mechanical troubles on the acquisition devices, impractical schemes for transmission, and troublesome retrieval and display of images. Although some of them have been solved by the improvements of both hardware and software, the mechanical instability of the digitizer and the inadequate operating procedure of the workstation still remain. As to the characteristics of PACS, the capability of access to every archived radiologic image is the great advantage for us because the image integration has been impossible in the form of radiographic films for the traditional image management system of our hospital. However, the complicated image display procedure with high overheads is far from ideal for radiologists. The efficiency of image display must be increased to the level of a conventional film viewing system. Furthermore, research is needed on the small PACS to get consensus for the acceptance of a more widely implemented system.

Ocean color: Availability of the global data set

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration/ Goddard Space Flight Center's Nimbus Project Office, in collaboration with the NASA/GSFC Space Data and Computing Division, the NASA/GSFC Laboratory for Oceans and the University of Miami/Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, have undertaken to process all data acquired by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) to Earth‐gridded geophysical values and to provide ready access to data products [Esaias et al., 1986].An end‐to‐end data system utilizing recent advances in data base management and both digital and analog optical disc storage technologies has been developed to handle the processing, analysis, quality control, archiving and distribution of this data set. A more complete description of this system, which has been fully operational for the past 2 years, is in preparation. The entire Level‐1 data set (see Tables 1, 2) has been copied from magnetic tape to digital optical disc, and all data from the first 32 months (50% of the total scenes acquired, and covering the period November 1978 through June 1981) have been processed to Levels 2 and 3 and are now available for distribution. The remainder of the data set should be completed and released by fall 1989.

Optics of Recording and Read-out in Optical Disk Systems

Successful read-out of digital optical disks largely depends on the system tolerances, e.g., with respect to defocusing. Different read-out schemes (integral detection and confocal detection) are treated and the corresponding tolerance range is discussed.