Digital Measurement Research Articles

Research on Measurement of Manufacturing Industry Chain Resilience Based on Index Contribution Model Driven by Digital Economy

Abstract In the world of modern industry, which is constantly evolving, the manufacturing sector is intricately connected to the revolutionary currents of the digital economy. Considering the on-going digital revolutions, this study aims to evaluate the robustness of supply chains in the industrial sector. This result was reached by conducting in-depth interviews and analyzing the resilience performance of business systems in the manufacturing industry. The findings indicated that redundancy is the most significant component of resilience. The major purpose is to ascertain how these chains can hold up amid constantly shifting digital dynamics. Utilizing an innovative index contribution technique, our approach uniquely measures the manufacturing sector’s resilience in the ever-changing digital economy. An index contribution model driven by digital economy measurements is included in this case study, focusing primarily on a particular manufacturing company. This research aims to build a comprehensive framework for measuring the resilience of industrial chains. Identifying important indications of resilience, particularly for the case study company, is the first phase of the technique. These indicators include the robustness of the digital infrastructure, the supply chain’s flexibility, and the technology’s adaptation. During the research, the strengths and weaknesses of the manufacturing industry chains are investigated, which leads to the discovery of nuanced insights. Stakeholders can utilize the one-of-a-kind model’s actionable insights to navigate and enhance their resilience in the constantly shifting industrial sector. Considering the dynamic nature of the manufacturing industry, it is of the utmost importance to adopt preventative measures to guarantee the firm’s ongoing development and adaptability. By providing a fresh analytical framework, this study contributes to a better understanding of the complexities of contemporary industrial resilience.

Passive self-ligating metal brackets: evaluation of torque and slot measurements

New orthodontic bracket designs have been regularly developed. Their clinical performance depends on reliability of measures, among other factors. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate slot measures and torque angle of different passive self-ligating metal brackets, while comparing them with measures provided by manufacturers. Material and methods: Five different passive self-ligating metal bracket brands were selected (n = 10 each): Tellus EX, Tellus EX New, Damon Q, Easy Clip and ID-Logical. Bracket slots images were obtained with the aid of Starrett, MV300 Galileo Vision System. For slot digital measurement, Software M3 Metrology Reabout IV was used. Slot measures were evaluated in cervico-occlusal direction (slot height), buccolingual depth (in-out), and bottom-slot inclination (torque angle). Difference between obtained and provided measures was estimated and expressed as a percentage. Data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. Results: Most brackets evaluated by the present study revealed variation in both torque angle and slot measures which were confirmed to be greater than those provided by the manufacturer (Easy Clip, Damon Q and Tellus EX), except for two brackets (Tellus EX New and ID-Logical). The latter presented variation within normality with values accepted by ISO standards (± 1 degree and ± 1 mm variation). Conclusion: Most brackets assessed herein (Easy Clip, Damon Q and Tellus EX) presented variation in torque angle and slot measures. Tellus EX New and ID-Logical brackets remained within standards. Better standardization and control should be assumed by manufacturers in order to promote more reliability and predictability of the orthodontic treatment results.

The intersection of digital safety and financial literacy: Mitigating financial risks in the digital economy

As the digital economy continues to expand, individuals and businesses alike face an increasing range of financial risks, from cybercrime to online fraud. The intersection of digital safety and financial literacy is essential in addressing these risks and ensuring individuals can navigate the complexities of modern financial systems securely. This paper examines the growing need for financial literacy in the context of digital safety, focusing on how individuals can protect themselves from financial threats in the digital economy. It explores the role of digital security measures, such as encryption, secure payment systems, and multi-factor authentication, in safeguarding financial transactions and personal data. Simultaneously, it emphasizes the importance of financial education in equipping individuals with the knowledge and skills to recognize and mitigate online financial risks, such as phishing scams, identity theft, and fraudulent investment schemes. By analysing the current state of digital financial literacy, this paper highlights the gaps in knowledge that leave individuals vulnerable to financial exploitation in the digital space. It also discusses best practices for integrating digital safety education into financial literacy programs, both at the individual and policy levels. Furthermore, the paper outlines the responsibilities of financial institutions, tech companies, and governments in promoting digital safety and financial literacy. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the paper argues that fostering a comprehensive understanding of both digital security and financial management is crucial for mitigating financial risks and enhancing economic resilience in the digital economy.

Digital image-based measurement of degree of saturation on moving soil

This paper presents a novel methodology that combines Particle Image Velocimetry - Numerical Particles (PIV-NP) and Short-Wave Infrared Spectral Imaging for the non-invasive measurement of displacements and degree of saturation on moving soils. This allows for continuous monitoring and visualization of soil behavior and provides valuable insight into the deformation patterns and moisture evolution. The method was applied to a small-scale dam failure experiment. The methodology offers an integrated, comprehensive, and non-invasive approach to investigating soil physical models by simultaneously measuring displacements, strains, velocities, and degree of saturation in soils in motion.

Three-dimensional digital imaging analysis of the palatal bone thickness for orthodontic mini-implant insertion – determination of the safe zone and angulation

BackgroundIn order to successfully perform orthodontic mini-implant procedures successfully for the subsequent anchoring of orthodontic appliances, it is crucial to know the palatal bone thickness. This is usually assessed using two-dimensional radiographs. The purpose of this study was to use a three-dimensional digital imaging measurement method to provide information on palatal bone volume and bone thickness and to make recommendations on the optimal and safe insertion site and angle for palatal mini-implants.MethodsFor this observational, cross-section study, pre-existing cone beam computed tomography scans of 184 patients were converted into 3D Standard Tessellation Language (STL) models of the maxilla. The area between the canine and the first molar was divided into 6 regions of interest (ROIs), three on the left side of the palate and three on the right side. The bone thickness of the palate was analyzed volumetrically and linearly while simulating different mini-implant insertion angles of 0°, 10°, 20° and 30° degrees relative to the palatal surface.ResultsAmong the ROIs, the greatest mean bone thickness was observed in the region of the first premolars with a mean distance (MD) of 10.44 ± 2.53 mm and decreased from anterior to posterior (MD: 3.44 ± 1.16 mm). The highest volume (Vol) values were also measured in the anterior palatal region (Vol: 1127.26 ± 483.91 mm3), while there was also a decrease in the posterior region (Vol: 394.36 ± 180.22 mm3). Regarding the simulated palatal mini-implant insertion sites, the greatest bone thickness was found in the anterior region, at the level of the canines with an angle of 0° (MD: 12.25 ± 3.75 mm). In the more posterior region, at the level between the first and second premolars, the greatest bone thickness was observed at an angle of 30° (MD: 7.93 ± 3.81 mm). Gender differences were found.ConclusionThis clinical study showed that the paramedian region at the level of the first premolar is the safest site for orthodontic mini-implant placement as evaluated by three-dimensional measurements. The results showed that implant insertion angle, gender and age are important aspects to consider when planning and inserting orthodontic palatal mini-implants.Trial registrationN.a.

Local stress/strain field analysis of die-casting Al alloys via 3D model simulation with realistic defect distribution and RVE modelling

The deformation and fracture behavior of die-casting aluminium (Al) alloys is very complex. Due to local variations in properties, the microstructure and mechanical behavior of materials are highly anisotropic. In this paper, an attempt has been made to quantitatively study the defect characteristics of high pressure cast Al alloy parts using experimental and finite element calculation methods, and to analysis the effect of local porosity and pore size on plasticity. Three-dimensional solids with real defect distribution are obtained by using 3D X-ray computed tomography, and used as an input for building a finite element model. The damage initiation of cast Al alloys under complex stress states is analyzed from micro to macro scales. Crack propagation occurs through two modes of microporous agglomeration: aggregated pores produce cracks from internal necking and stress concentration. Then, they expand in the same direction, agglomerate in a specific direction and eventually fracture. Subsequently, the effect of porosity on non-homogeneity was elucidated by obtaining local stress/strain behavior through digital image correlation measurements. Additionally, a theoretical framework of elasto-plastic deformation of microstructures and a 3D representative volume element model are developed to simulate the deformation and damage processes under cyclic boundary conditions of materials. The simulation results show that the local stress/strain around the pores evolves gradually with deformation. During the die casting process, the method demonstrates the ability to predict the mechanical behavior of Al alloys.

Evaluation of digital radiographic measurements for the diagnosis of acute laminitis.

Traditional radiographic measurements of distal phalanx (Pd) displacement based on the outer hoof wall are not useful for diagnosis of acute laminitis. We hypothesised that the distance between the inner hoof wall and Pd ('lamellar lucent zone'; LLZ) measured on lateromedial digital radiographs would be increased in horses with acute and subacute laminitis compared with healthy horses. Retrospective cohort study and in vivo experimental study. Forelimb radiographs from 32 healthy and 18 laminitic mixed-breed horses were analysed retrospectively. Laminitis was defined by at least two clinical signs (acute multi-limb lameness, increased digital pulse amplitude and/or persistently warm hooves) for ≤3 days (acute), or >3 and ≤14 days (subacute) duration, without overt palmar rotation (≥3°), remodelling, or distal displacement of the Pd. Some laminitic limbs initially classified as acute were subsequently radiographed later in hospitalisation and also included as subacute. Twelve measurements including LLZ at proximal, middle, and distal locations were performed on 126 forelimb radiographs that met the criteria for acute laminitis (n = 39), subacute laminitis (n = 23) or healthy control (n = 64). A mixed effects linear regression model was used for comparisons and a receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve was created for select measurements. Three horses were serially radiographed to study the impact of magnification and obliquity. The mean [95% confidence interval] LLZ (mm) was increased in acute and subacute laminitis compared with control in the proximal (acute = 8.8 [8.4-9.2]; subacute = 9 [8-9.9]; control = 7.3 [7-7.7]), middle (acute = 8.9 [8.5-9.3]; subacute = 9.1 [8.2-10]; control = 6.9 [6.5-7.2]), and distal (acute = 9.1 [8.5-9.7]; subacute = 10.2 [9.1-11.3]; control = 7.5 [7.2-7.8]) dorsal lamellar regions (p < 0.001). At a cut-off of >7.5 mm for middle LLZ, sensitivity was 87% [73%-94%] and specificity 91% [81%-96%] for diagnosis of acute laminitis. Using the ratio of middle LLZ to distal phalanx cortical length, sensitivity was 95% [81%-99%] and specificity was 95% [87%-99%] (cut-off >0.11). Magnification and obliquity affected absolute LLZ measurements but did not alter LLZ ratios. No histological confirmation of laminitis. LLZ measurements are potentially useful for radiographic diagnosis of acute and subacute laminitis.

An introduction for non-experts on using X-ray micro computed tomography as a tool for pore scale digital subsurface characterisation of siliciclastic materials

This paper presents an overview of using X-ray micro computed tomography (μCT) as a valuable tool for micro scale investigation of siliciclastic materials. When processed using digital image analysis (DIA), valuable quantitative data can be extracted from μCT 3D images. Subsurface reservoirs are of great importance to society as fluid-bearing formations, but also as storage reservoirs for carbon dioxide. μCT imaging has the capability to perform preliminary, highly detailed investigations of potential reservoirs. This approach has a range of benefits when compared to traditional 2D techniques, such as optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Key advantages include the technique being non-destructive and capable of 3D and 4D visualisation. This facilitates rapid repeated digital measurements and experiments on microstructures. Digital samples can also be readily shared within the scientific community to replicate results and quickly launch new investigations. However, limitations still exist, posing challenges to the wider application of such a methodology. Such limitations include the identification of a representative elementary volume (REV), computational cost, and suitable processing of the output image data. Here, we highlight the value of using μCT and DIA, from our first experiences, to facilitate pore scale siliciclastic reservoir characterisation, but also highlight our perceived limitations and barriers to its much wider application. This paper introduces the key processing stages, opportunities and limitations of these techniques.

A brief report: Lessons learned using wearable technology to collect data from adults receiving medications for opioid use disorder

ABSTRACT Background Incorporating wearable technology into substance use disorder research enables continuous, objective, and remote data collection, facilitating symptom monitoring to prevent relapse. However, implementation challenges may hinder data collection. This paper aims to assess adherence patterns to a wrist-worn wearable device, and to share lessons learned from incorporating wearable technology to collect physiological data from adults with opioid use disorder. Methods Employing a prospective observational design, we used convenience sampling to recruit adults receiving medications for opioid use disorder in outpatient settings. Wearable adherence was measured by days and nights worn over eight weeks, acceptability by a visual analog scale, and anecdotal notes tracked study activities and challenges. Results Twenty-three participants completed baseline, and 16 (70.0%) completed the study. Daytime and nighttime wearable adherence averaged 60.1% and 47.7%, respectively. Wearable adherence was highest at the earlier phase of the study (67.7%) and plateaued after overtime. User-related and technical challenges included digital illiteracy, protocol nonadherence, low motivation, measurement errors, and short battery life. Unique challenges included wearable design concerns and sleep problems. Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of wearable use and highlights the potential to overcome challenges. Proactively sharing insights can facilitate wearable technology adoption for both participants and researchers.

Exploring Patient-Generated Annotations to Digital Clinical Symptom Measures for Patient-Centered Communication

Patients' self-reports are crucial for effective care management of clinical conditions involving subjective symptoms. While patients often value the ability to bring in different forms of self-report data to convey their lived experiences, they often struggle to make their data practically usable in clinical settings. To better center patient needs in communicating illness experiences in clinical contexts, we explore the idea of patient annotations to digital clinical self-report measures, specifically in the context of discontinuing antidepressants. Through interviews with 20 patients with AT Annotator, a digital aid to introduce the concept of annotations, we found that participants perceived annotations to digital clinical measures as a means to enrich self-report measures and reduce the cognitive and emotional burden of logging. However, concerns were raised regarding potential disruptions in patient-provider relationships and the sensitive and complex nature of mental health contexts. We discuss opportunities for annotations to promote patient-centered communication by balancing with clinical practicality and incorporating customization support for patients' communication needs.

Nonlinear correction method of digital fringe projection 3D measurement system based on precise precoding

Nonlinear correction method of digital fringe projection 3D measurement system based on precise precoding

Measurement of dynamic deformation during shock loading using a fiber-optic loop-sensor

Abstract Characterizing materials under shock loading has been of interest in fields such as protective material development, biomechanics to study the injury mechanics and high-speed aerodynamic structures. However, shock loading of material is a very short duration phenomenon and it is extremely challenging to develop sensors for dynamic measurements under such loading conditions. Optical fiber sensors that present the possibilities to allow high resolution measurement of force or displacement in such high strain rate loading conditions. This work studies the possibility of developing a single mode optical fiber sensor based on the principle of power losses from the curved section for dynamic measurements under shock loading conditions. The strain measurement results obtained from the optical sensors are validated with the controlled digital image correlation measurements are found to be in close correlation. The sensor was able to provide time sensitivity of better than 1 ms. The results show that the fiber sensor has the characteristics of high sensitivity and high precision, which can be used to measure fine vibration in real-time.&amp;#xD;

Imaging system high dynamic range colorimetric calibration method based on a digital chain

Research on high dynamic range (HDR) color management imposes critical requirements on calibration methods between imaging systems and standard radiation. This paper proposes a colorimetric calibration method based on digital chain measurement for imaging systems. First, a HDR colorimetric calibration process model for imaging systems is constructed based on an imaging chain. It includes a light source, target reflectance, optical system parameters, spectral sensitivities, and color matching functions. Subsequently, visual tristimulus values and three-channel response values of an imaging system are obtained using the proposed model in response to the same target, and the target characteristic parameters are adjusted to simulate different HDR imaging scenarios. Following that, various regression algorithms can be employed for HDR colorimetric calibration of imaging systems. The experimental findings demonstrate that the method proposed in this paper boasts a broader dynamic range and denser sampling, thereby enhancing the accuracy of colorimetric characterization models and achieving superior resolution in color measurement.

In vivo prospective randomised study of the wear of dental restorations using an intraoral scanner and its correlation with visual assessment.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of the True Definition®intraoral scanner in quantifying the wear of the glass ionomer restorative material (KetacTM Universal and KetacTM Molar) over 1 year. We also studied the correlation between visual and digital assessments of restoration wear. Materials and Methods: This was a clinical follow-up study of a post-marketed material with a prospective, controlled, randomised, split-mouth, and blinded assessment design. Intraoral optical impression and visual assessment were carried out over three appointments over 12 months, starting with 36 patients.Results: According to the visual indices, all restorations in this study were clinically healthy. However, in the digital measurement of wear, 94.74% and 94.44% of the restorations during the T0-T6 and T6-T12 observation periods, respectively, showed deterioration greater than 41 microns. Moreover, in the analysis of agreement between measurement techniques, no agreement was obtained in the two analysed time periods: T0-T6 yielded a kappa (k) value of 0.000, and T6-T12 yielded k=0.0030. Discordant results were obtained in the correlation analysis. In T0-T6, the results were not considered statistically significant (p=0.838); however, the results obtained during T6-T12 showed a correlation (p-value <0.001).Conclusions: The wear of dental materials as observed by the human eye did not agree with that observed by intraoral scanning. The scanner effectively measures wear, detecting details that are beyond the capability of the human eye and conventional photographs. The surface deterioration of the restorations at both observation times can be considered non-physiological, potentially leading to premature occlusal alterations and accelerated physiological ageing.Clinical Relevance: Early diagnosis is crucial for avoiding alterations in the function of the stomatognathic system due to the wear of dental restorations. Additionally, since most of the tools applied are qualitative in nature, such as visual inspection, it is essential to find a standardised and precise tool that offers diagnosis, monitoring, and records of the evolution of tooth wear. This study has been registered at https://www.ClinicalTrials.gov, under the identifier NCT06275581.

Implementing sensor-based digital health technologies in clinical trials: Key considerations from the eCOA Consortium.

The increased use of sensor-based digital health technologies (DHTs) in clinical trials brought to light concerns about implementation practices that might introduce burden on trial participants, resulting in suboptimal compliance and become an additional complicating factor in clinical trial conduct. These concerns may contribute to the lower-than-anticipated uptake of DHT deployment and data use for regulatory decision-making, despite well-articulated benefits. The Electronic Clinical Outcome Assessment (eCOA) Consortium gathered collective experience on deploying sensor-based DHTs and supplemented this with relevant literature focusing on mechanisms that may enhance participant compliance. The process for DHT implementation starts with identifying a clinical concept of interest followed by a digital measure selection, defining active or passive data capture and their sources, the number of sensors with respective body location, plus the duration and frequency of use in the context of perceived participant burden. Roundtable discussions among patient groups, physicians, and technology providers prior to protocol development can be very impactful for optimizing trial design. While diversity and inclusion are essential for any clinical trial, patient populations should be considered carefully in the context of trial-specific aims, requirements, and anticipated patient burden. Minimizing site burden includes assessment of training, research engagement, and logistical burden which needs to be triaged differently for early and late-stage clinical trials. Additional considerations include sharing trial results with study participants and leveraging publicly available data for compliance modeling. To the best of our knowledge, this report provides holistic considerations for sensor-based DHT implementation that may optimize participant compliance.

GMDIC: a digital image correlation measurement method based on global matching for large deformation displacement fields

The digital image correlation method is a non-contact optical measurement method, which has the advantages of full-field measurement, simple operation, and high measurement accuracy. The traditional DIC method can accurately measure displacement and strain fields, but there are still many limitations. (i) In the measurement of large displacement deformations, the calculation accuracy of the displacement field and strain field needs to be improved due to the unreasonable setting of parameters such as subset size and step size. (ii) It is difficult to avoid under-matching or over-matching when reconstructing smooth displacement or strain fields. (iii) When processing large-scale image data, the computational complexity will be very high, resulting in slow processing speeds. In recent years, deep-learning-based DIC has shown promising capabilities in addressing the aforementioned issues. We propose a new, to the best of our knowledge, DIC method based on deep learning, which is designed for measuring displacement fields of speckle images in complex large deformations. The network combines the multi-head attention Swin-Transformer and the high-efficient channel attention module ECA and adds positional information to the features to enhance feature representation capabilities. To train the model, we constructed a displacement field dataset that conformed to the real situation and contained various types of speckle images and complex deformations. The measurement results indicate that our model achieves consistent displacement prediction accuracy with traditional DIC methods in practical experiments. Moreover, our model outperforms traditional DIC methods in cases of large displacement scenarios.

Method for luminescent digital image correlation deformation measurement in non-illuminated environments

This study presents a luminescent digital image correlation (DIC) method that utilizes long afterglow materials to prepare speckle patterns, overcoming the limitations of classical DIC in achieving high-precision deformation measurements, such as the issues of specular reflections from specimens and insufficient contrast of speckle patterns. While fluorescent DIC has some advantages in overcoming these limitations, it relies on active ultraviolet light sources, making it challenging for luminescent measurements. Long afterglow materials, capable of maintaining brightness for extended periods, serve as a viable alternative. Through sphere reconstruction experiments, the accuracy of this method was validated, demonstrating a relative error of 0.04% under well-illuminated conditions and 0.025% under non-illuminated conditions. Finite element simulations and a comparison with DIC experimental results showcased excellent consistency, suggesting the potential for this method to further replace fluorescent DIC measurements. Furthermore, the study revealed that speckle patterns prepared using this approach ensure measurement validity in both well-illuminated and non-illuminated scenarios. This luminescent DIC method holds promising potential for broader applications in non-illuminated measurement environments.

Digital Body Measurements and AI: Transforming Fashion and Apparel Production and Retail in Africa

Digital Body Measurements and AI: Transforming Fashion and Apparel Production and Retail in Africa

Pengaruh Pemberian Omlet Daun Katuk Terhadap Kejadian Kurang Energi Kronis (KEK) pada Ibu Hamil di Puskesmas Bukit Kemuning

Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is a nutritional problem in pregnant women which is currently a nutritional problem in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) explains that the prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (KEK) in general in pregnancy is 35% to 75% (Abadi Putri, 2020). Lampung Province, KEK pregnant women is 13.62%, while in North Lampung Regency it is 9.92% (Riskesdas, 2018). The aim of this research is to find out whether there is an effect of giving katuk leaf omlet on the incidence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) in pregnant women at the Bukit Kemuning Community Health Center. This type of research uses a quasi-experimental method (quassy experiment) with a one group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was all pregnant women with Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED), namely 16 pregnant women. The sampling technique uses the total sampling method. Data were collected using observation sheets and body weight measurements using digital scales and LILA measurements using LILA tape. The statistical tests used were the paired test to the T-Test and the Wilcoxcon Test. The results of the study. Giving katuk leaf omlet affected the weight of KEK pregnant women at the Bukit Kemuning Community Health Center (p-value = 0.000) and giving katuk leaf omelette had an effect on the LILA of KEK pregnant women in Bukit Kemuning Community Health Center (p-value = 0.027). Giving katuk leaf omelette for 30 days had an effect on the incidence of KEK at the Bukit Kemuning Community Health Center. In this research, it is hoped that health workers can provide mothers with the ability to consume nutritious food, and can introduce other local PMT which are consumed by pregnant women. Pregnant women with CED must consume food according to their needs to meet their nutritional intake.

Monitoring the digital healthcare transition in Denmark: Challenges, achievements and future

Abstract Denmark is often mentioned as one of the countries that have introduced digital solutions early and extensively within the health care sector, including the launch of health portal sundhed.dk in 2003, the introduction of the e-record system ‘e-Journalen’ in 2007, and the establishment of a national infrastructure for telemedicine in 2012. Denmark is well advanced in digital health measurement, providing opportunities for researching the digital transition and its effects for healthcare organizations and Danish citizens. Most digital health data is collected through national population-based databases and registries. Additionally, annual surveys of health professionals and biennial surveys of citizens’ use of health IT are conducted. Recent data show that all general practitioners use electronic health records, mainly for receiving laboratory test results from hospitals, ordering prescriptions at pharmacies, exchanging records, and sending referrals to hospitals. This workshop provides an overview of developments in Denmark and a discussion of challenges, achievements, and prospects. Particular attention will be paid to the monitoring of digitalization progress and effects, and the use of digital solutions in primary and secondary care. Issues about implementation and evaluation of digital infrastructure will be discussed with examples from Danish health care. A key question is whether digital solutions can fulfill their promise of supporting integrated and home based health care in an era of changing demographics.