Digital Image Libraries Research Articles

Multiple biliary microhamartomas diagnosed in an unsuspecting elderly patient

Multiple biliary hamartomas are a benign incidental finding in the liver. They are not easily detected if one has never seen them, and if appropriate imaging tests are unavailable, and also can be challenging to differentiate from other liver lesions based on imaging alone. Thus, this study aimed to expand the radiologist’s digital image library, enabling a quick and precise differential diagnosis. This paper also highlights the importance of thorough radiological assessment and need for a multidisciplinary approach, involving radiologists, hepatologists, and pathologists, to ensure a precise diagnosis. The patient presented at the hospital for a computed tomography scan and an abdominal magnetic resonance imaging recommended by his general practitioner to assess the biliary tree (magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography), owing to persistent abdominal pain. The patient had never undergone an abdominal magnetic resonance imaging previously; hence, the discovery of hepatic lesions was incidental and unexpected. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple benign lesions in both the hepatic lobes comparable to the Von Meyenburg complex. These lesions are multiple hamartomas and behave differently in all magnetic resonance imaging sequences. Images acquired with different magnetic resonance imaging sequences were carefully examined. Multiple lesions were found scattered throughout the liver; however, the lesions were benign and consistent with the diagnosis of multiple biliary hamartomas. Medical practitioners should examine the presence of multiple biliary hamartomas and consider them in the differential diagnosis when patients present with hepatic abnormalities. This can prevent unnecessary interventions and guide appropriate patient management.

Facilitating difficult conversations through art: creating an anti-racism digital image library for health professions education

Racism has been recognised as a threat to patient outcomes, public health, and the healthcare workforce, and health professions (HP) educators and learners alike are seeking effective ways to teach anti-racism in HP education. However, facilitating conversations on race and racism in healthcare contexts can be challenging. Integrative arts and humanities approaches can engage learners in the critical dialogue necessary to educational interventions focused on anti-racism. Discussions of works of visual art, for instance, can leverage visual art as an avenue for indirection to balance introspection and revelation with psychological safety. Structured pedagogical frameworks that emphasise the perspectives and experiences of participants, such as the Visual Thinking Strategies approach, can lead to open-ended and collaborative discussions where participants can safely explore their assumptions in a space that encourages productive discomfort. Visual arts-based programs on anti-racism in HP are limited, though, in part because no collection of images exists to support HP educators in this endeavour. This paper describes the process of developing a digital image library to support HP educators seeking to generate discussions on race and racism as part of anti-racism curricula. We also highlight common themes, best practices, and potential pitfalls associated with use of the image library.

BT13 MySkinDoctor: lessons learnt from assessing 120 000 teledermatology patients

Abstract MySkinDoctor is a novel teledermatology platform that enables dermatologists to review images submitted directly by the patient via their smartphone, in addition to any metadata and the standard general practitioner referral. The three sets of data are used to triage or provide advice and guidance to National Health Service patients throughout the south east of England. Since its inception in 2019, the service has completed the assessment of > 120 000 cases. Analysis of the data shows that an unnecessary first appointment has been avoided in 48% of cases. This has led to a sharp reduction in waiting times in the areas in which it is being used (an average of 6 weeks) vs. neighbouring areas where waiting times remain between 27 and 50 weeks. Another benefit of the service is that, on average, each patient using it submits three digital images that are subsequently tagged inter alia with their age, sex, body location and the consultant’s diagnosis. This has resulted in a large, and growing, digital image library with associated dataset of patients that has been used to develop an artificial intelligence platform called ‘dermXai’. Using convolutional neural networks for image identification has produced an accuracy of determination of > 90% for the top 20 conditions seen. We will discuss the implementation schedule and regulatory challenges that need to be met in order for dermXai to support clinical decision-making. There are also environmental and economic benefits associated with using MySkinDoctor. Since its inception, it has saved > 40 000 road miles—over twice Earth’s circumference. This is a CO2 saving of 16 488 kg. The benefit to patients and their carers in terms of saving travel and regaining otherwise lost productivity time is difficult to quantify but could be studied prospectively. Patient-led digital dermatology is the obvious evolution of traditional teledermatology and our successful experience with MySkinDoctor and dermXai in southern England provides a template for a national service that will eliminate backlogs and significantly reduce patient waiting times. Conflicts of interest: Dr Bav Shergill is the Chief Medical Officer of MySkinDoctor Ltd and a Director of dermXai.

Rapid character scoring and tabulation of large leaf-image libraries using Adobe Bridge.

Digital image libraries are an integral part of specimen-based research. However, coding and extracting metadata for hundreds of specimens on a personal computer can be complex. In addition, most existing workflows require downsampling or platform switching and do not link character data directly to the images. We demonstrate a method to code and embed into images the standard leaf architecture and insect-damage characters that are widely used in paleobotany. Using the visual file browser Adobe Bridge, customizable and searchable keywords can be applied directly and reversibly to individual full-resolution images, and the data can be extracted and formatted into a matrix using scripts. Our approach is intuitive and acts as a digital mimic and complement to the experience of sorting and analyzing specimens in-person. Keywords can be easily customized for other data types that require visual sorting using image libraries.

Feature Extraction and Image Retrieval of Landscape Images Based on Image Processing

Facing the existing digital image libraries on landscape, researchers need to urgently solve a challenging problem: how to realize rational management and accurate retrieval of landscape images that contain feature information like hierarchy, layout, color system, and color matching. For accurate organization and labeling of landscape Images, this paper presents a novel method for feature extraction and image retrieval of landscape images based on image processing. Firstly, a color quantization process was designed for landscape images, and used to analyze the color composition and color space pattern (CSP) of such images. Next, the existing methods, which are suitable for the extraction of color features from landscape Images, were briefly reviewed, and the basic flows of our improved algorithm and division method of landscape color blocks (LCBs) were explained. Finally, the retrieval performance of landscape images was improved by matching of weighted color blocks of regional landscape, based on the multi-dimensional color eigenvectors of landscape image. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm. The research results shed light on the feature extraction from other types of color images.

Categorizing Color Appearances of Image Scenes Based on Human Color Perception for Image Retrieval

Institutions that possess certain collections of digital image libraries, such as museums, are progressively interested in making such collections accessible anytime and anywhere for any Image Retrieval (IR) activities namely browsing and searching. Many researchers have shown that IR methods, in filtering images based on their features such as colors, would provide better indexing and can be able to deliver/provide more accurate results. The color composition of an image, e.g. color histogram has proven to be a powerful feature that can be analyzed and used for image indexing because of its robust standardization of image transformation such as scaling and orientation. In this research, the efforts in narrowing the gap between low relevancy human text descriptions for Malaysian users and image scene color appearances have been brought into attention. The methods are first, to investigate the color concepts and color appearance descriptions of a scene and secondly, to identify a set of ground-truth images for each color appearance category. Psychophysical experiments are conducted to determine a collection of ground-truth images that effectively match five color appearance descriptions for image scenes in accordance with human judgement and perception. The results of the experiments are presented together with the inter-rater agreement analysis. These descriptions that are commonly queried by humans are the following keywords, Bright, Pastel, Dull, Pale, and Dark. The agreement analysis indicates that the Bright category is the most comprehensible by humans and subsequently followed by the Pastel and Dark categories. Dull and Pale categories, on the other hand are fairly understood by humans. All the images involved in this research are landscape painting collections from the internet and they are used for academic purposes only. The results show the top ten ground-truth images for each category that encapsulates a high level of agreeability between humans.

Digital morphology analyzers in hematology: ICSH review and recommendations.

Morphological assessment of the blood smear has been performed by conventional manual microscopy for many decades. Recently, rapid progress in digital imaging and information technology has led to the development of automated methods of digital morphological analysis of blood smears. A panel of experts in laboratory hematology reviewed the literature on the use of digital imaging and other strategies for the morphological analysis of blood smears. The strengths and weaknesses of digital imaging were determined, and recommendations on improvement were proposed. By preclassifying cells using artificial intelligence algorithms, digital image analysis automates the blood smear review process and enables faster slide reviews. Digital image analyzers also allow remote networked laboratories to transfer images rapidly to a central laboratory for review, and facilitate a variety of essential work functions in laboratory hematology such as consultations, digital image archival, libraries, quality assurance, competency assessment, education, and training. Different instruments from several manufacturers are available, but there is a lack of standardization of staining methods, optical magnifications, color and display characteristics, hardware, software, and file formats. In order to realize the full potential of Digital Morphology Hematology Analyzers, pre-analytic, analytic, and postanalytic parameters should be standardized. Manufacturers of new instruments should focus on improving the accuracy of cell preclassifications, and the automated recognition and classification of pathological cell types. Cutoffs for grading morphological abnormalities should depend on clinical significance. With all current devices, a skilled morphologist remains essential for cell reclassification and diagnostic interpretation of the blood smear.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DIGITAL IMAGE LIBRARY CASES IN HUMAN ANATOMY STUDIES

In several education technologies and options for teaching and studies one of the alternatives is the Anatomage 3D virtual dissection table with included Digital Image Library. The aim of this study was to observe the effectiveness of the Digital Image Library cases in Human Anatomy studies at Rīga Stradiņš University (RSU). In 2017 it was used every second week during the autumn`s practical classes on several occasions to show variety of interesting and many unique human anatomy cases, abnormalities, diseases and detailed sectional scans. As methods for collecting data were used discussions between students groups and survays. The sample included 100 students and 1 Human Anatomy tutor. The findings suggest that the Digital Image Library cases are very interactive and effective tools of the teaching and studies in Human Anatomy at RSU. This is a new form of the communication between students, tutor, virtual reality of the body systems and it provides a lot of digital materials that develop relationships between basic and clinical study subjects.

Missing Bodies: Disappearances in the Aesthetic

Missing BodiesDisappearances in the Aesthetic Michael Davidson (bio) The name of the one who disappeared must have gotten inscribed someplace else. —Jacques Derrida, Specters of Marx In 2007 the British artist and designer Simon Starling began creating a large installation for the Massachusetts Museum of Art based on a haunting photograph. The image was a stereoscopic picture of Chinese workers who had been brought to a shoe factory in North Adams, Massachusetts, in 1870 as strikebreakers.1 The photograph shows the imported Chinese workers, ranging in age from fourteen to their midtwenties, standing in their work aprons in front of the factory. They were the first of many waves of Chinese immigrants who came to the East Coast, often brought by companies to crush unions or, as in the case of the recently completed Transcontinental Railroad, conduct labor at wages no white worker would touch. To inaugurate his installation, Starling extracted silver particles from a photograph of the stereoview and placed them under an electron microscope where they were magnified twenty-five thousand times in order to produce models for large clay and plaster sculptures that are a million times larger than their original trace particles. In order to create his large biomorphic shapes, Starling hired Chinese workers in Nanjing to cast them and then polish the stainless steel skin to a brilliant sheen on which visitors to the installation may see their severely distorted reflections. Installed at MASS MoCA in North Adams, Massachusetts (site of the former shoe factory), Starling’s project works across several scales: the transformation of photography into sculpture, the enlargement of the very small to the very large, the traversal of vast geopolitical landscapes, the exchange of labor across varying stages of capital. In the process he raises questions of racialized labor, the emergence of [End Page 1] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Henry Ward, View of C. T. Sampson’s Shoe Manufactory, with the Chinese Shoemakers in Working Costume, North Adams and vicinity, Circa 1875, Stereograph, 7.46 cm x 15.88 cm. globalization, and the transformative role of photography in modernity. He does so by re-creating bodies missing from history by the means through which those bodies were first spectacularized through stereoscopic viewing. Although the original photo did not contain names of the Chinese workers in North Adams, Starling in his installation provides the identities of the Nanjing workers who cast his sculptures, thereby completing a circuit begun when bodies began to replace bodies in a global economy. It is no small aspect of his project that Starling installed his sculptures in a museum that once housed the shoe factory, thereby linking two forms of production, material and aesthetic, in a common site. Starling’s installation is one of many examples of a re-visibilization that restores the body to the aesthetic while representing the biopolitical regimes that erase it. His emphasis is less on the finished sculptures as objects than the processes he undergoes [End Page 2] in tracing the larger economies of labor and production. In his work, the missing laboring body is returned to history through an aesthetic that links corporeality with the materiality of cultural production.2 Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 2. Simon Starling, The Nanjing Particles, (After Henry Ward, View of C. T. Sampson’s Shoe Manufactory, with the Chinese Shoemakers in Working Costume, North Adams and Vicinity, Circa 1875) 2008. Installation image at MASS MoCA, Photograph by Arthur Evans, courtesy of the artist and Casey Kaplan, New York. Production image and photograph by Kasper Akhoej and Simon Starling, courtesy of the artist. His procedure complicates a revived ocularcentrism when the body seems to be increasingly visible, whether through digital imaging, video endoscopy, MRI and CAT scans, or the post-9/11 security state. Several specific examples of the visible body come to mind. In 1994, the Visible Human Project created a vast “digital image library of volumetric data representing a complete, normal male and female” that, according to the Center for Human Simulation at the University of Colorado, provided “a universally accessible, national resource for anatomical information for researchers, educators, medical professionals, as well as the general...

Evaluation of the Prevalence and Utility of Gonad Shielding in Pediatrics Undergoing Pelvic X-Ray

Background: Gonad shielding has been recommended during pelvic x-rays since the 1950s. The popular method of gonad shielding is placement a lead shield in the midline of the pelvis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and utility of gonad shielding in pediatrics undergoing pelvic x-rays.Materials and MethodsFollowing study approval, we retrospectively retrieved data from the digital image library of ten radiology depertments of Khuzestan provience-Iran to identify pediatric patients who underwent pelvic x-ray (anteriorposterior [AP] view). All the images were reviewed for the probable evidence of gonad shield. If there was evidence of shielding, the accuracy positioning of the shield was also investigated by a single assistant radiologist.ResultsIn all 1745 pelvic x-rays (942 girls and 803 boys) were identified of which the shield was present in 51 (5.41%) radiographs of girls and 132 (16.43%) radiographs of boys. When a shield was present; the shields has adequate positioning only in 8 (15.68%) radiographs in girls and 59 radiographs in boys. Inaccurate placement and absence of gonad shields were more common in girls than the boys. Due to the shield has concealed the anatomical criteria of the pelvis, retakes of the examination was required in 11 (21.56%) radiographs of girls and 14 (10.6%) radiographs of boys.ConclusionThe current methods of gonad shielding in girls pelvic x-ray was not effective nor is justifiable. We no longer advocate of gonad shielding during girls pelvic x-ray. However in boys it is controversial and depends on the skill and effort of radiographers.

Optical music recognition and manuscript chant sources

The increasing variety of digital tools available for medieval musicology research includes the new project Single Interface for Music Score Searching and Analysis (SIMSSA) at McGill University. Currently under development, SIMSSA has begun scanning medieval chant manuscripts and applying optical music recognition (OMR) software to search for musical content. Once thought to be nearly impossible owing to the complexity and stylistic variety of handwritten chant notation (neumes), SIMSSA’s initial ventures have demonstrated that despite the hundreds of different types of medieval signs and the unique characteristics of scribes across medieval Europe, the musical, textual and liturgical content on manuscript pages can be isolated and identified. Manual entry of chant texts and melodies, which is routinely followed by a thorough review, will be supplanted by automated entry, ready for human proofreading. Hours of research time spent collecting data will be saved, and musicologists will be able to move towards analysis of the information much more quickly. With a potentially very large amount of digitized chant data extracted with reduced time and effort, the scope of computer applications for analysis and comparison is considerable. Thriving on the wealth of online digital image libraries, where high-quality photographs of thousands of pages of medieval books are freely available, SIMSSA will not only complement the digital tools currently available to medieval chant researchers, but will bring their varied interests together in a unified online research environment.

The impact of image descriptions on user tagging behavior: A study of the nature and functionality of crowdsourced tags

Crowdsourcing has emerged as a way to harvest social wisdom from thousands of volunteers to perform a series of tasks online. However, little research has been devoted to exploring the impact of various factors such as the content of a resource or crowdsourcing interface design on user tagging behavior. Although images' titles and descriptions are frequently available in image digital libraries, it is not clear whether they should be displayed to crowdworkers engaged in tagging. This paper focuses on offering insight to the curators of digital image libraries who face this dilemma by examining (i) how descriptions influence the user in his/her tagging behavior and (ii) how this relates to the (a) nature of the tags, (b) the emergent folksonomy, and (c) the findability of the images in the tagging system. We compared two different methods for collecting image tags from Amazon's Mechanical Turk's crowdworkers—with and without image descriptions. Several properties of generated tags were examined from different perspectives: diversity, specificity, reusability, quality, similarity, descriptiveness, and so on. In addition, the study was carried out to examine the impact of image description on supporting users' information seeking with a tag cloud interface. The results showed that the properties of tags are affected by the crowdsourcing approach. Tags from the “with description” condition are more diverse and more specific than tags from the “without description” condition, while the latter has a higher tag reuse rate. A user study also revealed that different tag sets provided different support for search. Tags produced “with description” shortened the path to the target results, whereas tags produced without description increased user success in the search task.

Determination of Image Features for Content-based Image Retrieval using Interactive Genetic Algorithm

The development of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system has become a significant research issue nowadays, as the digital image libraries and other multimedia databases are mounting very fast in the different areas. It is important to effectively and precisely retrieve the desired images from a large image database. Most of the approaches proposed are for finding the image features and some of the approaches include the user’s subjectivity and preferences in the image retrieval process. This paper explains mainly about the determination of the image features like color, texture, and edge for the content-based image retrieval system which uses the interactive genetic algorithm. The color feature is extracted by using mean and standard deviation, the texture feature is extracted by using gray level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) and the edge features of an image are extracted by using the edge histogram descriptor (EHD). Here the term interactive genetic algorithm (IGA) helps to reach more close to the user’s need and satisfaction of image retrieval.

Alternative Access Models

AbstractMuch art historical journal research takes place in proprietary, subscription databases which do not include most open-access, small-press, and artist periodicals. This article discusses the importance of these underrepresented texts and explores two modes of making accessible previously undiscoverable journal content. A central theme of this article is that even where full-text digitization is not possible, librarians need to be committed to making these resources available to scholars and independent researchers alike. The authors present a number of independent, alternative indexing projects and then offer an analysis of social tagging projects in both digital image collections and library online catalogs, including a discussion of their potential relevance to these publications.

A User-Oriented Image Retrieval System Based on Interactive Genetic Algorithm

Digital image libraries and other multimedia databases have been dramatically expanded in recent years. In order to effectively and precisely retrieve the desired images from a large image database, the development of a content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system has become an important research issue. However, most of the proposed approaches emphasize on finding the best representation for different image features. Furthermore, very few of the representative works well consider the user's subjectivity and preferences in the retrieval process. In this paper, a user-oriented mechanism for CBIR method based on an interactive genetic algorithm (IGA) is proposed. Color attributes like the mean value, the standard deviation, and the image bitmap of a color image are used as the features for retrieval. In addition, the entropy based on the gray level co-occurrence matrix and the edge histogram of an image are also considered as the texture features. Furthermore, to reduce the gap between the retrieval results and the users' expectation, the IGA is employed to help the users identify the images that are most satisfied to the users' need. Experimental results and comparisons demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.

A Novel Strategy for Recommending Multimedia Objects and its Application in the Cultural Heritage Domain

One of the most important challenges in the information access field, especially for multimedia repositories, is information overload. To cope with this problem, in this paper, the authors present a strategy for a recommender system that computes customized recommendations for users’ accessing multimedia collections, using semantic contents and low-level features of multimedia objects, past behaviour of individual users, and social behaviour of the users’ community as a whole. The authors implement their strategy in a recommender prototype for browsing image digital libraries in the Cultural Heritage domain. They then investigate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, based on the users’ satisfaction. The preliminary experimental results show that the approach is promising and encourages further research in this direction.

Design and Development of Prototype Astronomical Digital Image Library using Greenstone Digital Library Software

This paper provides a mechanism for the development of a digital library—Greenstone Astronomical Digital Image Library (GADIL)—for astronomical images using open source software Greenstone digital library, and its use for astronomy community and educational users in India. The system is based on open source software like GSDL, Apache, PERL, GRE and Imagemagik, and can serve as an ideal access tool of research-ready scientific images so as to enhance astronomers’ productivity and increase public awareness of astronomy as a subject.

Image Validation in End-to-End Workflows

One of the most vexing issues in digital imaging is the challenge of image validation. Images may be corrupted at any point in the handling chain, from capture through transfer, image editing, storage and migration. Our research into image validation workflow has led to a lifecycle-based set of recommendations, used in conjunction with the DNG file format. These techniques can create an end-to-end workflow that is validated at each step, once an initial visual verification has been performed. This leads to both an increase in security, as well as a reduction in the resources needed to maintain the integrity of image files.The traditional approach to data validation is to make a database of checksums of stored files, and to run a periodic validation sampling. While this approach does provide some good protection for static archived files, it is only appropriate for files that are completely static - any alteration to the file, such as image adjustment or the addition of embedded metadata produces a mismatch. Moreover, a traditional checksum approach typically relies on an external database of checksums, which creates a difficult workflow as files are transferred between different computers.This paper provides an alternate methodology for a fully validated image file workflow, from initial image creation through to archive. It makes use of two tools to accomplish this: the Adobe DNG file format, as well as Parametric Image Editing (PIE) software. In a Parametric Image Editing environment, source image data is never modified, but instead is reinterpreted. This allows preservation of the original image, even as the image may be re-rendered according to different parameters. The Adobe DNG file format includes an area to store the source image data, rendering settings, metadata, as well as one or more fixed renderings of the image. One of the metadata fields that is part of the specification is an open source MD5 Checksum that refers only to the unchanging source image data.Effective use of the DNG file, therefore, creates a portable validation key that can be assigned very early in the lifecycle, and travel with an individual file. The checksum remains viable even as a file is changed, or as the image is readjusted. Adobe has also released several free software tools that can check on the integrity of large collections of image file data automatically and reliably. These tools can, for instance, reliably identify a single changed bit in a file inside a multi-terabyte archive.While the DNG can provide the majority of data validation needs for a digital image library, other validation tools are needed to fill in the gaps. Visual validation is still required at the start of workflow, and transfer validation should also be used regularly. When images must be converted to a rendered filetype, it becomes necessary to rely on the more traditional data validation tools.

A multimedia application for watermarking digital images based on a content based image retrieval technique

The current work is focused on the implementation of a robust multimedia application for watermarking digital images, which is based on an innovative spread spectrum analysis algorithm for watermark embedding and on a content-based image retrieval technique for watermark detection. The existing highly robust watermark algorithms are applying "detectable watermarks" for which a detection mechanism checks if the watermark exists or not (a Boolean decision) based on a watermarking key. The problem is that the detection of a watermark in a digital image library containing thousands of images means that the watermark detection algorithm is necessary to apply all the keys to the digital images. This application is non-efficient for very large image databases. On the other hand "readable" watermarks may prove weaker but easier to detect as only the detection mechanism is required. The proposed watermarking algorithm combine's the advantages of both "detectable" and "readable" watermarks. The result is a fast and robust multimedia application which has the ability to cast readable multibit watermarks into digital images. The watermarking application is capable of hiding 214 different keys into digital images and casting multiple zero-bit watermarks onto the same coefficient area while maintaining a sufficient level of robustness.

Introduction to Images in Sleep Medicine

This section, IMAGES IN SLEEP MEDICINE ,i s intended to tap a relatively unique feature of sleep science: images that have great educational and conceptual content. These could be, for example, electroencephalograms, electromyograms, polysomnograms, portable devices, actigrams, scans including functional images, pathology specimens, brain slice preparations, fluorescent microscopy and other cutting edge techniques. The source may be human or nonhuman, but the clinical relevance should be clear. Illustrations must consist of clear and high-quality, blackand-white or color-digitized images. At this stage, videos can be submitted only for online publication. The message accompanying the picture may be a maximum of 500 words, with no more than 5 references. It is especially important not to try and make a case report out of these submissions, and detailed clinical (as contrasted to image) analysis should be avoided. The material should be submitted on the Sleep Medicine website (www.ees.elsevier.com/sleep). Images can be embedded within a text document such as Microsoft Word, a slide program such as Microsoft PowerPoint, or converted to Acrobat files. Authors should expect that the images will be available for use (with acknowledgement) to the general sleep community for teaching purposes, and so copyrighted/ patentable material should be avoided. In its final form, these images will be a freely available, searchable digital teaching image library. Comments regarding the images should be sent by e-mail to the section co-editors within a month of the publication date. These comments will be summarized and posted, if determined to be of educational content, with the original image on the journal’s web site, expected to be active for content soon. We hope this section will be enriched by the contributions of our colleagues who wish to offer stimulating opportunities for discussion and new insights in the field of sleep.