Copyright Protection Of Digital Images Research Articles

A Zero-Watermarking Algorithm Based on Vortex-like Texture Feature Descriptors

For effective copyright protection of digital images, this paper proposes a zero-watermarking algorithm based on local image feature information. The feature matrix of the algorithm is derived from the keypoint set determined by the Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) algorithm, and it calculates both the gradient feature descriptors and the vortex-like texture feature (VTF) descriptors of the keypoint set. Unlike traditional texture feature descriptors, the vortex-like texture feature descriptors proposed in this paper contain richer information and exhibit better stability. The advantage of this algorithm lies in its ability to calculate the keypoints of the digital image and provide a stable vector description of the local features of these keypoints, thereby reducing the amount of erroneous information introduced during attacks. Analysis of experimental data shows that the algorithm has good effectiveness, distinguishability, security, and robustness.

DRPChain: A new blockchain-based trusted DRM scheme for image content protection

The unauthorized replication and distribution of digital images pose significant challenges to copyright protection. While existing solutions incorporate blockchain-based techniques such as perceptual hashing and digital watermarking, they lack large-scale experimental validation and a dedicated blockchain consensus protocol for image copyright management. This paper introduces DRPChain, a novel digital image copyright management system that addresses these issues. DRPChain employs an efficient cropping-resistant robust image hashing algorithm to defend against 14 common image attacks, demonstrating an 85% success rate in watermark extraction, 10% higher than the original scheme. Moreover, the paper designs the K-Raft consensus algorithm tailored for image copyright protection. Comparative experiments with Raft and benchmarking against PoW and PBFT algorithms show that K-Raft reduces block error rates by 2%, improves efficiency by 300ms compared to Raft, and exhibits superior efficiency,decentralization, and throughput compared to PoW and PBFT. These advantages make K-Raft more suitable for digital image copyright protection. This research contributes valuable insights into using blockchain technology for digital copyright protection, providing a solid foundation for future exploration.

Watermarking technique for copyright protection of digital images using coupled differential equations

Watermarking technique for copyright protection of digital images using coupled differential equations

Robust Zero-Watermarking by Circular Features and 1-D NRDPWT Transformation

<p>This paper introduces a secure and robust zero-watermarking framework that leverages the advantages of zero-watermarking, ensuring non-destructive modification of original images and unlimited capacity. The proposed method enables robust watermark embedding while preserving the original image. It employs a novel feature extraction approach using circular areas based on image radius, enhancing feature resilience. Additionally, applying one-dimensional non-recursive discrete periodized wavelet transform (1-D NRDPWT) converts feature values into phi, contributing to enhanced stability and robustness. Enhanced security is achieved through the use of Shuffle and Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG). Experimental results, evaluated using metrics such as Bit Error Rate (BER) and Normalized Correlation (NC), validate the exceptional performance of this watermarking technique. These findings underscore the framework’s robustness, security, reliability, and integrity against both general and geometric noise attacks, making it a secure and robust solution for modern digital image copyright protection. In summary, our method offers an effective defense against various noise attacks while ensuring the highest watermark quality without compromising the original image. It is a significant advancement in copyright protection applications.</p> <p> </p>

Robust multifunctional watermarking system based zero-watermarking and polar harmonic Fourier moments

The pseudo-randomness exhibited by chaotic systems has proven valuable not only in plaintext information encryption of images with varying dimensions but also as a key signal for protecting image copyright information. Image copyright protection is a crucial part of image information protection. Currently, digital watermarking technology is predominantly employed for copyright protection of digital images. However, most of the existing watermarking technologies primarily focus on the improvement of watermarking performance, neglecting the security of the watermarking system itself. Drawing inspiration from the Latin square rule, this paper proposes a novel hyperchaotic mapping modulation framework, which is employed to construct a new 3D hyperchaotic mapping and enhance the security of the fragile watermark and the zero-watermark generation process. Additionally, it is integrated into the classical image encryption framework of scrambling-diffusion to safeguard meaningful copyright information. Moreover, a functional watermarking system is designed based on the RSA asymmetric encryption algorithm, least significant bit (LSB), and polar harmonic Fourier moments (PHFMs). The proposed system enables identity verification, tampering location, and copyright authentication simultaneously. During the generation of zero watermarks, the binarization threshold of the PHFMs information matrix is determined by the method of maximum variance. The experimental results demonstrate that this scheme achieves a high level of security, better robustness to both conventional and geometric attacks, and precise localization for different types of tampering attacks.

A Robust Algorithm for Digital Image Copyright Protection and Tampering Detection: Employing DWT, DCT, and Blowfish Techniques

A Robust Algorithm for Digital Image Copyright Protection and Tampering Detection: Employing DWT, DCT, and Blowfish Techniques

Robust Watermarking Techniques for the Authentication and Copyright Protection of Digital Images: A Survey

Digital image authentication and security are crucial concerns for the digital revolution since any image may be readily tampered with. Digital watermarking schemes were since been utilized to tackle a range of problems over time and involving the verification of digital images and copyright protection. In a real-world setting, watermarked contents are frequently subject to a succession of assaults which makes it necessary to strike a balance between resilience and imperceptibility in the face of attacks. There are numerous hazards to this, and numerous watermarking techniques have been created to counter them. Data with less perceptual distortion should be able to be included in a real watermarking technique in addition to restoring the original cover content. As a result, robustness, imperceptibility, and security are three crucial criteria for digital content'sauthentication and copyrightpreservation. This study therefore presents a careful review of some cutting-edge watermarking technologies used for copyright protection and authentication so as to identify their strengths and limitations. For clarity, this study shall explain some basic concepts of digital watermarking as well as the various forms of attacks on watermarks. The contributions from this work will be useful to researchers aim at developing efficient watermarking techniques

CADW: CGAN-Based Attack on Deep Robust Image Watermarking

Robust watermarking plays an essential role in copyright protection for digital images. Meanwhile, the studies of robust image watermarking and corresponding attack methods promote and complement each other. Because the traditional attack methods are weak to attack the deep watermarking, in this work, we thus design an effective watermarking attack method based on the conditional generative adversarial nets (CGAN). Also, according to the network structure of CGAN, a targeted and combined loss function is constructed, which can guarantee acceptable visual quality of attacked image and make the watermark extraction fail simultaneously. Experimental results demonstrate that our method is effective for some state-of-the-art deep robust image watermarking methods with the transferability. In addition, as an attack method, it can be regarded as an evaluation standard to measure the robustness of watermarking.

Robust and secured watermarking using Ja-Fi optimization for digital image transmission in social media

Widespread transmission of digital image in social media has come up with security, confidentiality and authentication issues. Ensuring copyright protection of digital images shared through social media has become inevitable. To address these issues, a robust and secure digital image watermarking scheme using Redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) - Singular value decomposition (SVD) hybrid transform is proposed in this paper. In the proposed scheme, digital image is divided into 4 × 4 non-overlapping blocks, and low information blocks are selected for embedding to ensure higher imperceptibility. For watermark embedding 1-level RDWT is applied on the selected blocks followed by SVD decomposition to make the proposed scheme highly robust against common attacks. One watermark bit is embedded in each left and right singular SVD matrices by adjusting the coefficients. This makes the proposed scheme free from false positive error and achieve high embedding capacity. Before embedding, watermark encryption is done by using a pseudo random key. The pseudo random key is generated adaptively from the cover image by using discrete wavelet transform saliency map, block mean approach and cosine functions. High imperceptibility and robustness is indispensable for the digital images shared through social media. But, these watermarking characteristics are in trade-off. In the proposed scheme, the trade-off is balanced by using optimized scaling factor (embedding strength). Scaling factor is optimized by using the proposed JAYA-Firefly (Ja-Fi) optimization. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides high imperceptibility, robustness, embedding capacity and security. Furthermore, performance comparison with the recent state-of-the-art schemes affirms that the proposed scheme has superior performance.

Digital Watermarking-Based Cryptosystem for Cloud Resource Provisioning

Cloud computing resource privacy is important and it becomes stronger when image-based security is applied. Most cloud service providers provision resources for images to the end users. Numerous encryption strategies are applied to safeguard information of the image while empowering visual component extractions. The work uses wavelet domain technique, visual cryptography, and Arnold transformation. This scheme provides additional security features to the secret share image at the trusted authority side for copyright protection of digital images. The proposed technique is robust against some selected attacks like scaling, blurring, etc. This technique protects the copyright of digital data over the cloud. It is a need and necessary to protect and prevent the illegal copying, redistribution, and copyright infringement of multimedia. This research work aims at increasing robustness and security of the digital image copyright scheme. The proposed scheme is a hybrid authentication framework that will perform better in the watermarking system of security using simulation over MATLAB.

Systematic Literature Review: Rancang Bangun Image Digital Watermarking

Digital Image Watermarking is a technology used in information security applications such as protection of digital image content and copyright protection. Digital image watermarking is an interesting area of research because it protects multimedia data from unauthorized access. To design an efficient and robust digital image watermarking system, a balance must be maintained. In this Systematic Literature Review (SLR), we conduct a brief review of the literature on digital image watermarking on journal papers published from 2018. Watermarking algorithms can be classified based on different criteria. Depending on the particular application, the watermarking algorithm must meet certain requirements. The expected result of this research is to know what digital image watermarking is, what it is for and is it useful to do digital image watermarking.

All-round improvement in DCT-based blind image watermarking with visual enhancement via denoising autoencoder

Discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based watermarking has received great success in the copyright protection of digital images. This study exploited the orthonormal expansion properties of DCT to achieve superior performance in computational efficiency and watermarking efficacy. In particular, we reformulated the relative modulation to allow the modification of paired DCT coefficients as if operable in the spatial domain. To account for human visual characteristics, we also adjusted the embedding strength adaptively according to image entropy. The use of a range regulation mechanism enabled perfect watermark retrieval. The pursuit of an ideal balance between robustness and imperceptibility could be benefited from the grey wolf optimizer. Using the above-discussed techniques, the proposed watermarking scheme demonstrates superior robustness in terms of bit error rate and normalized correlation coefficient with the peak signal-to-noise ratio tuned at around 38 dB. Compared to the regular DCT approach, the computational acceleration is on the scale of N2/(log2N)2, where N signifies the side length of the image block under processing. Furthermore, for the type of character-style watermark, we explored the feasibility of using a denoising autoencoder (DAE) to enhance the retrieved watermark comprehensibility. The proposed DAE was found to be capable of contributing a 60% reduction of the bit error rate, thus making the recovered watermark visually more recognizable.

Digital Image Copyright Protection with Spatial Domain Public Image Watermarking Scheme

The resulting digital image certainly has the copyright attached to the image. There needs to be protection of digital image works because the form of storage of digital imagery works that are vulnerable to piracy, claims of unauthorized authorities, illegal duplication, or unauthorized modification. The Spatial Domain Public Image Watermarking method is used to protect digital imagery using applications designed to facilitate the watermarking process on several different digital images as well as with different image formats. The reason for using this method is because it has low complexity. In this study, it consisted of three processes carried out, namely the process of making watermarking, the process of checking watermarking and comparison of input imagery and image results. In the process of making watermarking do image input as a watermarking media, input inserted imagery in the form of binary images / text, key inputs and watermark results. In process of checking watermarking performs image input that becomes watermark media, watermark results input, key input, and checking results. The process of creating watermarking takes a relatively short time while the process of extracting watermarking processing time depends on the size of the image file. From some image testing conducted using imagery with three formats, namely: JPG with an average time accuracy of 9:5,310(42.15%), .GIFs with an average time of 8:27.207(21.63%), and. BMP has an average time accuracy of 5:2.989(36.22%). Thus, the determination of the image format used is adjusted to the original image, so that it can perform time efficiency.

Robust image encryption and zero-watermarking scheme using SCA and modified logistic map

In this work, we first present a modified version of the traditional logistic chaotic map. The proposed version contains an additional parameter that is used to increase the security level of the proposed digital image copyright protection scheme. The latter merges two methods of image copyright protection, namely the image zero-watermarking and image encryption, which provides a high level of security when communicating images via the Internet. Next, we discuss the influence of geometric attacks on the efficiency of the proposed scheme, and then we introduce an efficient solution that can resist such attacks. The proposed solution involves the use of Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) with an appropriate algorithm suitable for the correction of geometric attacks (image translation, orientation and its combination) applied to the encrypted image. On the one hand, the simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides a high level of security and can resist various attacks (differential, common image processing, geometric, etc.). On the other hand, the conducted comparison in terms of robustness against geometric attacks clearly demonstrates the superiority of our scheme over recent image encryption ones.

New robust method for image copyright protection using histogram features and Sine Cosine Algorithm

Zero-watermarking methods are widely used for efficient copyright protection of digital images. These methods have the ability to withstand both common image processing attacks and some geometric attacks. However, they cannot effectively resist the complex image attacks such as translation, cropping, combined geometric attacks, UnZign, etc. For this purpose, we propose in this work a novel robust zero-watermarking method that can effectively resist several complex image attacks. The proposed method involves the use of the histogram descriptor to generate a secret sequence of binary values from a user-selected Region of Interest (ROI). In order to check the intellectual property rights, the Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) is used for detecting the ROI in the attacked image. Then, the computed histogram of this ROI is binarized with a secret method. Next, the resulting sequence of binary values is compared to the original one generated from the original ROI. If there is a high similarity between these binary sequences, the grayscale image copyrights are validated. The simulation results show that the proposed method is not only resistant to geometric attacks (rotation, scaling) and to common image attacks (JPEG compression, filtering, etc.), but it is also robust against the most complex image attacks (cropping, translation, combined geometric attacks, etc.). Furthermore, the results of the comparisons carried out in terms of robustness against different types of attacks prove the superiority of our method over other similar recent zero-watermarking methods.

Image watermarking using separable fractional moments of Charlier–Meixner

This paper proposes a new set of discrete orthogonal separable moments of fractional order, named Fractional Charlier–Meixner Moments (FrCMMs). The latter are constructed from fractional Charlier polynomials (FrCPs) and fractional Meixner polynomials (FrMPs) proposed in this paper. The proposed FrMPs are constructed algebraically using the spectral decomposition of classical Meixner polynomials and singular value decomposition (SVD). The proposed FrCMMs generalize the separable moments of Charlier–Meixner of integer order (CMMs). In addition, FrCMMs are characterized by the polynomial parameters and by the fractional orders of the two fractional kernel functions of Charlier and Meixner, which allows them to be used efficiently for different applications such as local and global image reconstruction and image watermarking. Based on the proposed FrCMMs, a new watermarking scheme for copyright protection of digital images in the transform domain is proposed where the watermark is embedded in the FrCMM coefficients leading to an efficient watermarking scheme in terms of imperceptibility, robustness and security. The performances of the proposed moments are evaluated and compared with discrete fractional moments existing in the literature and with classical separable moments of integer order.

Using Deep learning for image watermarking attack

Digital image watermarking has justified its suitability for copyright protection and copy control of digital images. In the past years, various watermarking schemes were proposed to enhance the fidelity and the robustness of watermarked images against different types of attacks such as additive noise, filtering, and geometric attacks. It is highly important to guarantee a sufficient level of robustness of watermarked images against such type of attacks. Recently, Deep learning and neural networks achieved noticeable development and improvement, especially in image processing, segmentation, and classification. Therefore, in this paper, we studied the effect of a Fully Convolutional Neural Network (FCNN), as a denoising attack, on watermarked images. This deep architecture improves the training process and denoising performance, through which the encoder–decoder remove the noise while preserving the detailed structure of the image. FCNNDA outperforms the other types of attacks because it destroys the watermarks while preserving a good quality of the attacked images. Spread Transform Dither Modulation (STDM) and Spread Spectrum (SS) are used as watermarking schemes to embed the watermarks in the images using several scenarios. This evaluation shows that such type of denoising attack preserves the image quality while breaking the robustness of all evaluated watermarked schemes. It could also be considered a deleterious attack.

An imperceptible semi-blind image watermarking scheme in DWT-SVD domain using a zigzag embedding technique

This research work presents a semi-blind image watermarking scheme based on transforms domain DWT-SVD using an efficient embedding technique. This scheme provides a high level of robustness and imperceptibility for digital image copyright protection. In the embedding process, the watermark data (logo and image in this research) is first transformed into the frequency domain using the DWT algorithm for one pass. Then, the LL-band values are also transformed by the SVD algorithm. S values (diagonal matrix) are prepared for inserting into the cover images. Differently, the cover images (SD and HD quality) are also transformed by DWT for two levels of decomposition. During the insertion process, the watermark bits are embedding into the HL2 and HH2 bands of the cover image using the zigzag technique to improve the imperceptibility. Moreover, the obtained watermarked images are subjected to different attacks (geometric, image processing, and jpeg compression) to show the robustness of the proposed scheme. Finally, the extraction process needs only the watermarked image and the U and V values of SVD transforms (semi-blind watermarking) to reconstruct the original watermark. The performance parameters for the robustness and imperceptibility involved in this work are PSNR and Normalized Correlation Coefficient NCC metrics. Computational cost is also calculated for both embedding and extracting watermark process for different cover image types. Test results indicate that the proposed scheme has a better performance when the watermark data is embedding in a zigzag way.

DCT-based color digital image blind watermarking method with variable steps

In this paper, a blind watermarking method for color digital image based on DCT domain with variable steps is proposed to solve the copyright protection of color digital image. In this method, partial DCT coefficients of the image block transformed by two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (2D-DCT) are selected in the transform domain firstly, then these selected DCT coefficients at different positions are quantized by different quantization steps, and the embedding and blind extraction of digital watermark are completed. This method used color digital image as watermark image instead of gray image or binary image, and the color host image used in this scheme is selected from two public image databases (CVG-UGR and USC-SIPI). The experimental result shows that this scheme embedded color digital image watermark into host image successfully not merely has high invisibility, but also has strong robustness, which is suitable for digital image copyright protection.

On the implementation of a copyright protection scheme using digital image watermarking

In this paper, a spatial domain based digital image watermarking scheme has been developed to serve the purpose of copyright protection for digital images. This scheme proposes how to embed copyright information, i.e. the watermark bits by adaptive LSB replacement technique. Here, to improve imperceptibility, imperfect nature of human visual system has been exploited by means of saliency map generation. Robustness and data hiding capacity are also optimized by modifying the higher bit-planes instead of only the LSB. A few signal processing attacks are applied to evaluate the robustness, and several image quality metrics are involved in this purpose. The quality metrics are also used in verifying experimental results in terms of imperceptibility; and finally the system proficiency is compared to some existing frameworks. A proper benchmarking is also employed for a quantitative justification of the visual image degradation, caused by watermark insertion.