Digital Identification System Research Articles

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ СВІТОВОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА

The current state and features of global digitalization are examined in this study. Author focuses on key characteristics of the digitization process, including artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, big data, cloud technologies, wireless technologies, and robotics. Our analysis extends to the impact of digitalization on economic development and competitiveness across countries, regions, and individual companies. The study emphasises the importance of the Digital Competitiveness Index (specifically, the IMD World Digital Competitiveness) as a crucial metric for assessing a country’s digital readiness. The methodology for calculating this index is established. A country’s position in the global competitiveness ranking significantly hinges on the quality and regulation of its digital infrastructure. This includes mechanisms for digital governance and the availability of robust digital identification systems. It is explored how a population’s perception of digital advancements influences a nation’s competitive standing. North America, Western Europe, and East Asia emerge as frontrunners in digitalization. These regions exhibit robust adoption rates and sustained growth. While leading regions maintain their positions, other areas face challenges due to global imbalances. Nevertheless, some regions show incremental improvements. The study shows the digitization process is not without negative consequences. Cybercrime is a growing concern, impacting economies worldwide. Author analyzes governmental measures to counter cyber threats and safeguard digital ecosystems. Quantifying the economic toll of cybercrime, the paper identifies existing losses in the global economy. Forecast data suggests that these losses will persist and potentially escalate. The study highlights international organisations and regulatory frameworks dedicated to combating cybercrime. Collaborative efforts at various levels are essential for effective cybercrime prevention.

Vessels Disturb Bottlenose Dolphin Behavior and Movement in an Active Ship Channel.

Although the Port of Corpus Christi, Texas, has become a top oil exporter, it is unknown if local dolphins are disturbed by high year-round vessel traffic. A shore-based digital theodolite and automatic identification system receiver were used to record data to assess common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behavioral states and movement patterns in the Corpus Christi Ship Channel (CCSC) in relation to vessel traffic. Multinomial logistic regression and generalized additive models were applied to analyze the data. Vessels were present within 300 m of dolphins during 80% of dolphin observations. Dolphins frequently foraged (40%), traveled (24%), socialized (15%), and milled (14%), but rarely oriented against the current (7%) or rested (1% of observations). Season, time of day, group size, vessel type, vessel size, and number of vessels were significant predictors of dolphin behavioral state. Significant predictors of dolphin movement patterns included season, time of day, group size, calf presence, vessel type, and vessel numbers. The CCSC is an important foraging area for dolphins, yet the high level of industrial activity puts the dolphins at risk of human-related disturbance and injury. There is a crucial need to monitor the impact of increased anthropogenic influences on federally protected dolphins in the active CCSC, with broad application to dolphins in other ports.

DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION AND FINANCIAL MONITORING: NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CRIME

The purpose of the research is to explore the role of emerging technologies in combating criminal activities, particularly in digital identification and financial monitoring. The article aims to highlight how these new technologies can enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies and financial institutions in detecting and preventing crime. Methods. The methodological basis of the research was a set of methods of scientific knowledge. In particular, the phenomenological method allowed the author to analyse national, international, and foreign law legal sources. The analytical method was used during the analysis of the conceptual and categorical apparatus, the definitions of “artificial intelligence”, “digital identification”, “blockchain”, etc. The author also used the method of analysis and generalisation, which made it possible to clarify and generalise views on the essence and types of digital identification for further use in financial monitoring. Results. The article discusses various technological advancements, such as biometric identification systems, blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, and data analytics, and their application in the fight against crime. It explores how digital identification systems can help verify individuals’ identities more securely and efficiently, reducing the risk of identity theft and fraud. Additionally, it examines how financial monitoring tools can enable authorities to track suspicious transactions, detect money laundering activities, and disrupt the financing of criminal organisations. The article also addresses potential concerns and challenges associated with using these technologies, such as privacy issues, data security, and ethical considerations. Conclusions. New technologies such as biometrics (e.g., fingerprints, facial recognition, iris scans) and blockchain-based systems can improve digital identification processes. These technologies offer increased security, reduced fraud, and streamlined identity verification procedures, preventing theft and other related crimes. Advanced data analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence algorithms can be utilised to enhance financial monitoring systems. These technologies enable faster and more accurate identification of suspicious transactions, money laundering activities, and financial crimes. Automated systems can analyse vast amounts of data and detect patterns that would be difficult for humans to identify, thereby assisting law enforcement agencies in combatting financial crimes.

Green Power Consumption Digital Identification System Based on Blockchain Technology

In China, the promulgation of a green power identification system has gradually shifted from electricity power generation to consumption. However, there is no mature digital identification system for green power consumption enterprises. Exploiting the open, transparent, and immutable characteristics of blockchains, this study establishes a digital identification system for green power consumption based on blockchain technology. This system uses expert scoring and the entropy weight method as the evaluation algorithm for the green power consumption chain, issues non-fungible tokens as digital identification for consumption enterprises, and realizes the automatic generation of identification through smart contracts. These functions guarantee the credibility of the certification process and the uniqueness of the generated identification. The results of the experiments show that, in the case of multi-user concurrent requests, the number of concurrent users that the system could handle at optimal processing efficiency was 500, and block generation was stable. The proposed system has high practicability and stability.

Digital identification system’s risk classification (based on foreign experience)

This article is devoted to the development of a classification of the risks of projects for the introduction and development of digital identification systems for citizens, based on foreign experience. When forming the sample, the following similar conditions to those in Russia were taken into account: the level of digital development; the level of digital literacy and income of the population; the presence of close cooperation in the economic sphere.Studies on the topic are limited and fragmentary, devoted mainly to describing the risks of specific national systems, the risks are not systematized, and there is no list of the most significant risks to the digital identification system of citizens of the Russian Federation.Research methodology and description of the sample: critical analysis.The faceted classification method was used to develop the classification; the assessment of the most likely risks on the way of the system formation in Russia is based on the data of the metaanalysis of studies of the level of digital development and literacy of citizens.It was found that the risks are of a complex composite nature; the degree of citizens’ resistance to digital identification systems does not depend on the general level of digital literacy of the population, but the most negatively inclined citizens are among people with high digital literacy or IT specialists; for the project being implemented in Russia, it is most important to ensure the security of citizens’ personal data and the possibility for citizens to control their digital doubles, training in using Internet technologies, legal, ethical and technological aspects.

Complex automation of processes at the enterprise

Illegal production and circulation of wine and alcoholic beverages has a negative impact on the health of the population and leads to a decrease in tax revenues to the budget. The SCANDARD system is a digital identification system built on blockchain technology and artificial intelligence algorithms that provides electronic traceability of wine and alcoholic beverages. The system tracks the life cycle of product from manufacturer to consumer, controlling its quality, managing production and supply processes, and controlling product disposal. This article describes the development and implementation of the SCANDARD system, its legal and organizational principles, its integration and support at enterprise level. The article also discusses the possibilities and economic benefits of the system, such as increased sales, reduced packaging costs, inventory control and sales rates. The SCANDARD system provides a new channel of interaction with end consumers and creates personalized marketing strategies and target information for consumer.

COMMENT: On Ethiopia’s Digital ID Bill, Data Privacy, Warts and All

Ethiopia has been considering a Digital Identification legislation in the past few years. This comment offers a critical analysis of the legislative proposal with a focus on three aspects of the Bill. First, it analyzes the extent to which the Draft Digital Identification Proclamation attends to data privacy concerns associated with digital identification systems. Second, it considers the Bill’s approach to the risks of digital exclusion or discrimination that are common in systems of digital identification. Finally, the comment discusses major areas of normative ambiguities that would undermine the effective implementation of the Bill upon its enactment. The submission is that the Bill requires substantial revision before adoption by the legislature.

Nigeria’s Digital Identification (ID) Management Program: Ethical, Legal and Socio-Cultural concerns

National digital identity management systems have gained traction as a critical tool for inclusion of citizens in the increasingly digitised public services. With the help of the World Bank, countries around the world are committing to building and promoting digital identification systems to improve development outcomes as part of the Identity for development initiative (ID4D). One of those countries is Nigeria, which is building a national ID management database for its over 100 million residents. However, there are privacy, security, human rights, ethics and socio-cultural implications associated with the design and scaling of such a system at a national level. Through a mixed method approach, this paper identifies some of these concerns and categorises which ones Nigerians are most worried about. It provides an empirically sound perspective around centralised national electronic identity (eID) management system, public trust and responsible data governance, and offers recommendations on enhancing privacy, security and trustworthiness of the digital infrastructure for identity management in Nigeria.

IMPROVEMENT OF METHODS FOR MONITORING PASSENGER TRAFFIC ON PUBLIC LAND TRANSPORT

Data on passenger trips per shift on public land transport is important information for planning and analyzing its work in general, evaluating the effectiveness of the existing route network, as well as the need to update it. The previously existing periodic field observations currently do not meet the modern requirements of passenger transportation management due to the low reliability of the results, the duration of their receipt and the high cost. In recent years, digital passenger identification systems have been used on public passenger transport, which make it possible to obtain data with high accuracy almost immediately after observations. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in identifying the optimal method for determining passenger traffic on passenger transport using modern passenger identification systems. (Materials and methods) During the study there were used methods of data generalization from various services that control the operation of public passenger transport, analysis of the practical application of the passenger identification system by the operator of ground urban passenger transport in Moscow. (Results and discussion) The incompleteness of the data, the high error in the identification of passengers on public transport significantly complicates the assessment of its activities. The existing digital passenger identification systems discussed in this article allow us to evaluate the optimal way to identify passenger flows. The article presents a comparative characterization of existing models and methods of passenger traffic monitoring. (Conclusions) Based on the results, the article proposes the most suitable methods for determining passenger flows that meet the modern requirements of their assessment, contributing to solving the tasks of monitoring the entire transport system of the city in real time, and proposes method of calculating passenger traffic based on the information received.

Cybersecurity through the lens of Digital Identity and Data Protection: Issues and Trends

The use of a secure and robust digital identification system that is capable of protecting privacy is an essential, reliable and user-friendly element for a strong cyber resilience strategy and is a source of new business opportunities and applications for banks, private sector with a return on their investment.The march towards Digital Identity is well underway therefore, focus should be on both adoption and adaption of the new structures and regulations. These are needed to govern the associated services and transactions as well as establishing laws that enforce penalties for violations.There is no doubt then that more and more entities and institutions would move to the cloud. Security challenges affecting the cloud may not be new but the mode of addressing them would be different. The authors develop a Data Colouring technique for securing data processed or stored on both cloud and non-cloud platforms. The technique combines Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), concatenated fingerprints and digital watermarking. Using this technique, data can be secured at creation or during storage and remains secure during processing.

Privacy and Reproductive Health: Curtailing Rights and Choices

Digital identification (ID) and data-driven systems have become central to the delivery of welfare and health services in the global South. These policies are designed to monitor and control developmental indicators, with some negative repercussions for women. They also impact the exercise of reproductive rights and access to health and welfare, in addition to informational privacy. This paper aims to understand the various axes along which digitalisation and data collection systems impact the exercise of the right to privacy, including reproductive rights. It focuses on two specific services that have been a target of digital and analog monitoring over the past decade – conditional cash transfers tied to maternal health, and abortion services. Through interviews with women patients, their families, and health providers in New Delhi, it found that monitoring systems can restrict women’s access to critical services. Extensive procedural requirements introduced for better targeting of welfare schemes, such as Aadhaar linked bank accounts and income and caste certifications acted as significant barriers to access. These requirements particularly impacted women who carry stigma when accessing abortion services, including poor and unmarried women, and adolescents. Health providers were forced to prioritise data collection over inclusive delivery of services. Data collection for Aadhaar-linked databases without informed consent was rampant, with repercussions for women’s informational privacy. Reproductive rights and various dimensions of privacy, including informational privacy and decisional autonomy are thus intrinsically linked. Future research on digital health needs to further probe these interlinkages and broaden the definition of the right to privacy.

The Influence of Emotional Intelligence and Knowledge Management on Student Attitude toward Implementation of Digital Identification System

Purpose-This study aims to identify the factors influencing the students' readiness to implement DIS in UNIMAS. It investigates the relationship between emotional intelligence and knowledge management in influencing attitude toward change. Method-The study collected 396 samples using an online survey method, and the data were analyzed with SPSS statistical software. Findings-The study results reveal that emotional intelligence and knowledge management have significant relationships with attitude toward change. Knowledge management is the most significant factor influencing UNIMAS students' attitude toward change compared to emotional intelligence. Limitations-This study was conducted in UNIMAS, Sarawak. The variety and quantity of the study sample are not diverse. The respondents of this study are limited to the students of UNIMAS, Kuching, Sarawak. Implications-The information in this study could contribute to the issues of attitude to change. The finding of this research provides a base and framework of emotional intelligence (EI) and knowledge management (KM) on attitude toward change. Besides, this study contributes to educators, lecturers, and other educationrelated staff that knowledge management is the key to implementing changes around the education premises.

Analysing the impact of Digital ID frameworks on Marginalised Groups in Sub-Saharan Africa

The adoption of Digital Identification systems has been hailed as transformative for many developing countries; sub-Saharan Countries being no exception. Reference is often made to the potential increase in public service delivery efficiency and to the ability of such systems being a significant component of the Digital Economy, that has the capacity to leap-frog economies. At a national level, many Sub-Saharan African countries are adopting these programs through legislation and, as they are currently designed, do not offer adequate rights protections nor do they meet the needs of the population. It is increasingly becoming apparent that African countries face a confluence of challenges that require a more nuanced and tailor-made approach when introducing programs such as Digital IDs. Currently, 81 % of the 1 Billion people lacking legal identities and or proof of any legal identity residing in sub-Saharan Africa. Further, majority of the Digital ID systems adopted by sub-Saharan African countries require that persons registering provide various forms of formal identification in order to enable collected biometric data to be integrated with already existing identification repositories which would then be held in a central database. This would, therefore, imply that already marginalized communities, that have historically been unregistered, would remain unregistered and without formal identification. It is because of this, that the adoption of Digital IDs raises questions regarding the ability of the systems, and legislative and policy interventions, to remedy traditional inefficiencies of the lack of registration or formal identification of persons such as refugees and other marginalized communities. Further, the digital IDs bring about new challenges such as the protection of basic privacy rights of residents and citizens. In light of the above, the aim of the project will be to research and identify the implementation of Digital ID in sub-Saharan Africa through regulatory instruments, and outline any risks and challenges identified with this implementation in the relevant region with the goal to address the following questions: • How the implementation of Digital ID systems, including the legislative instruments establishing said systems, remedies the lack of registration and formal Identification of refugees and other marginalized communities, that was prevalent in the traditional Identification system. • The adequacies of legislative instruments and mechanisms used to protect the privacy of the said marginalized communities.

Planned Surveillance and Control by Global Technocrats: A Big-Picture Look at the Current Pandemic Beneficiaries

Global financial patterns and pronouncements point to a seismic overhaul of governance and financial systems that is playing out beneath the surface of the Covid-19 pandemic, reaching far beyond the health domain. Increased centralized control has the potential to create an unbridgeable chasm between a tiny handful of winners and a majority of losers. To foster an integrated analysis of the technocratic and financial forces and agendas at play, this rapid review identifies some of the pandemic’s principal beneficiaries across the interwoven financial, tech, biopharmaceutical, and military-intelligence sectors, assessing developments in the context of the accelerating global push for technocratic consolidation and control. The evidence suggests that Trojan horse coronavirus vaccines may challenge bodily integrity and informed consent in entirely new ways, transporting invasive technologies into people’s brains and bodies. Technologies such as brain-machine interfaces, digital identity tracking devices, and cryptocurrency-compatible chips would contribute to the central banking goal of replacing currencies with digital transaction and identification systems and creating a global control grid that connects the world population to the military-pharma-intelligence cloud of the global technocrats. Moreover, using vaccines as a delivery vehicle for surveillance technologies cancels any legal liability.

AFI Innovative Regulatory Approaches Toolkit

Countries and economies around the world are seeking ways to foster their digital finance and financial technology (‘FinTech’) ecosystems to better support financial inclusion and sustainable development. At the core of such efforts are supporting the development of new products and services, bringing more competition and consumer choice into their financial systems and increasing savings and investment to support both individual and community development. At the same time, the potential of innovation must also be balanced against potential risks, in particular financial stability, consumer protection and market integrity concerns. In order to support these objectives, regulators are developing new regulatory approaches, including innovation hubs and regulatory sandboxes (which we collectively term, ‘innovation facilities’) as well as new policy frameworks and the use of technology for regulatory and supervisory purposes (‘RegTech’ and ‘SupTech’). Innovation facilities are created to offer direct and indirect support to novel digital finance and fintech initiatives in a controlled environment. They are underpinned by foundational infrastructure, including mobile and other communications systems especially internet access, digital identification systems (in particular sovereign systems), frameworks to encourage simplified and widespread opening of financial and mobile money accounts, and interoperable electronic payment systems. All of the above enable a range of e-government services as well as an environment for wider commercial development, supporting financial inclusion and progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (AFI 2018). Such foundational infrastructure works best in the context of appropriate balanced and proportional regulatory approaches to innovation, digital finance and FinTech. This includes the general efficiency of the legal system, human capital development, support for research and development, access to information, and availability of financing. More narrowly, it also depends on the use of technology by regulators and supervisorsthemselves (RegTech and SupTech) in order to better achieve regulatory objectives, enhance competition and efficiency (AFI 2020a). This Toolkit provides a structured approach to the implementation considerations of innovative regulatory approaches including innovation facilities for authorities with jurisdiction over financial products and services (which we term ‘Regulators’). It aggregates a variety of resources and case studies to provide guidance for Regulators seeking to answer the following questions: 1. What are innovation facilities? 2. What are the pre-requisites for effective innovation facilities? 3. When should Regulators consider implementing an innovation facility? 4. How to implement an innovation hub? 5. How to implement a regulatory sandbox? 6. How to steer efforts towards regional cooperation in innovation facilities? This Toolkit aims to complement existing guidance on innovative facilities by the Alliance for Financial Inclusion and other stakeholders through providing additional practical evaluation tools. In using this Toolkit, regulators from the AFI network and beyond are invited to employ the attached workbook, which provides self-assessments and exercises to help guide their decision-making process.

India: Digitalization Program as the key to social problems solving

The article examines the place and role of the public institutions and the economy digitalization in the implementation of the Indian innovation policy objectives such as the inclusiveness of innovations and the social problems of the country resolution on this basis. It is shown that digitalization reduces the cost and optimizes social communications, and as a result facilitates the interaction of the country’s citizens with public authorities, access of disadvantaged segments of the population to services that improve their quality of life, and activates their involvement in economic activity that can improve their standards of living. The article also examines the prerequisites that have been formed to implement large-scale digitalization in India. These are a digital identification system that has no analogues in the world, low cost mobile telephony services, a large number of mobile phone users, and a network of public broadband Internet access centers created by the state that covers the entire country. Thus, India has created a good base to provide access to electronic services for the general population. It is concluded that a broad base of digitalization was created due to the highly developed ICT industry in India. Examples of areas of digitalization include public services, healthcare, financial services, and agriculture. These are the areas where the social aspect of digitalization is most noticeable. And the digitalization of agriculture allows numerous farmers to conduct agricultural production effectively and efficiently, increasing their incomes. Thus, a systematic and integrated approach to digitalization allows the country to make significant progress in solving social problems caused by the poverty of the population, which persists despite rapid economic growth.

Sovereignty, privacy, and ethics in blockchain-based identity management systems

Self-sovereign identity (SSI) solutions implemented on the basis of blockchain technology are seen as alternatives to existing digital identification systems, or even as a foundation of standards for the new global infrastructures for identity management systems. It is argued that ‘self-sovereignty' in this context can be understood as the concept of individual control over identity relevant private data, capacity to choose where such data is stored, and the ability to provide it to those who need to validate it. It is also argued that while it might be appealing to operationalise the concept of ‘self-sovereignty’ in a narrow technical sense, depreciation of moral semantics obscures key challenges and long-term repercussions. Closer attention to the normative substance of the ‘sovereignty’ concept helps to highlight a range of ethical issues pertaining to the changing nature of human identity in the context of ubiquitous private data collection.

Creation of a Nigerian Voice Corpus for Indigenous Speaker Recognition

One of the goals of Word Bank’s Identification for Development (ID4D) is the realization of robust digital identification systems as a means of sustainable development priority. ID4D’s most recent report shows about 1.1 billion of the world’s population are yet to be identified for development. Africa represents about half of that number while Nigeria represents about a quarter of Africa’s share. Biometrics is the state-of-the-art approach for identification using human behavioral and/or physiological digitally calibrated traits and one such trait is the voice. The backbone of biometric research is the database employed in the design of biometric systems. Although many voice databases are publicly available such as the THCHS-30 for Chinese and Microsoft Indian language Speech Corpus for Indians, none is currently publicly available or free for Nigerians. The creation of such an indigenous database (or corpus) can open doors to Nigerian automatic speaker recognition as well as for indigenous language, ethnicity, gender, age group and emotion classification amongst others. This work is a first step in the direction of creating a Nigerian Voice Corpus (NVC) to aid indigenous voice biometric research. A voice corpus of popular Nigerians was created by curation of audio samples of 14 women and 23 men from YouTube. The corpus contains 10 different samples of 5 seconds duration for each individual resulting in a total of 370 samples. The created corpus was used to carry out speaker recognition experiment by dividing the audio samples into 25ms non-overlapping frame durations. Silent frames were excluded using short-term spectral energy threshold for Voice Activity Detection (VAD). This was followed by extraction of Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) as descriptors to discriminate different speakers using Support Vector Machine (SVM) with median Gaussian function. An overall recognition accuracy of 93.24% was achieved demonstrating the feasibility and research potential in this direction.

Large Scale Civilian Digital Identification Systems- A Technological Perspective

Human identity is a notion that takes into consideration the philosophical and physiological aspects. Philosophical aspects of identity narrates specifically the sentiments of humans that arises from the social status of an individual and identify individuals as belonging to a particular group. However, the physiological aspects takes into account the identification of the humans on the basis of some physical parameters such as height of an individual or the biometric traits. The Issues of national importance have steered the need for the setting-up of the formal identification system for the establishment of the physiological identity of the residents of a country, especially the digital identity. The issues of national importance include national security, border security and delivery of the government services to the residents of a country in an electronic mode etc. Before the advent of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT), documents such as passport, driving license and ration card etc. were used to establish the human identity in order to avail various services of the government and non- government organizations. ICT has enabled the government across the world to devise digital identification systems for providing the digital identity to the individuals as well as mechanisms for the authentication of the digital identity. Depending upon the national policy, some of the countries have made it compulsory and some others have made it voluntary to enroll the residents of the country into the digital identification system. The digital identification systems can take different technological shapes depending upon the variables such as the state of the art of the digital infrastructure in a country, population of a country, literacy rate in the country and the geographic dimensions of a country. The paper discusses the large scale civilian identification systems of the countries that are the pioneer in the setting up of the large scale civilian digital identification system and the technological issues involved therein.

Noiseless coding algorithm based on cognitive processing of biometric data in system of digital identification of passengers

The new approach to increasing the reliability and validity of the transmission of biometric information in the digital passenger identification system based on the use of noiseless coding algorithms with elements of cognitive data processing is presented in the article. Reed-Solomon non-binary codes as best suited for protecting digitized images are given to use in the proposed permutation decoding method data protection against errors. When integrating the cognitive map into the model of the permutation decoder, it is possible to implement the learning function. The training consists in that the decoder records the results of the transformations of the generating matrices of equivalent codes into the memory of a cognitive map using a ready solution under the conditions of permutations repetition. Thereby, a reduction in the volume of arithmetic calculations is achieved with use of only fast matrix transformations. The proposed method has a number of properties allowing one to reduce the e memory cognitive maps volume. The simulation results have shown that the implementation of the proposed method makes it possible to gain speeding up the calculations by reducing the number of operations.