Digital Data Transfer Research Articles

Experimental Outdoor Vehicle Acoustic Testing Based on ISO-362 Pass-by-Noise and Tyre Noise Contribution for Electric Vehicles

This paper focuses on the novel and unique training provision of acoustics relevant for noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH), focused on the ISO-362 standard highlighting important design aspects for electric vehicles. A case study of the practical implementation of off-site vehicle testing supporting an acoustics module is described, detailing a time-constrained test for automotive pass-by-noise and tyre-radiated noise with speed. Industrial test standards are discussed, with education as a primary motivation. The connections between low-cost, accessible equipment and future electric vehicle acoustics are made. The paper contains a full equipment breakdown to demonstrate the ability to link digital data transfer, analogue-to-digital communication, telemetry, and acquisition skills. The benchmark results of novel pass-by-noise and tyre testing are framed around discussion points for assessments. Inexpensive Arduino Uno boards provide data acquisition with class 1 sound pressure meters, XBee radios provide telemetry to a vehicle, and a vehicle datalogger provides GPS position with CANBUS data. Data acquisition is triggered through the implementation of light gate sensors on the test track, with the whole test lasting 90 minutes.

Implementing AI on low-power embedded devices for digital water meter identification and data transfer via lora network

This study introduces an artificial intelligence system implemented on the ESP32-CAM platform, aimed at conducting optical character recognition (OCR) on water meters. Leveraging LoRa technology for data transmission ensures efficient energy utilization and convenient long-range communication capabilities. The system achieves an impressive accuracy rate of 98.2% in identifying water meter readings, showcasing its reliability. Proposed as a feasible solution, it offers the advantages of low energy consumption, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility in widespread deployment, particularly leveraging existing water meter infrastructure. Thus, this research presents a promising choice for various applications beyond merely reading water meter readings. Its efficient and accurate OCR functionality makes it suitable for diverse scenarios, ranging from smart city initiatives to industrial automation processes. With its ability to integrate seamlessly into existing infrastructure and deliver reliable results, this system stands poised to revolutionize OCR applications in various domains, contributing to enhanced efficiency and productivity.

A Wearable Real-Time System for Simultaneous Wireless Power and Data Transmission to Cortical Visual Prosthesis.

Wireless, miniaturised and distributed neural interfaces are emerging neurotechnologies. Although extensive research efforts contribute to their technological advancement, the need for real-time systems enabling simultaneous wireless information and power transfer toward distributed neural implants remains crucial. Here we present a complete wearable system including a software for real-time image capturing, processing and digital data transfer; an hardware for high radiofrequency generation and modulation via amplitude shift keying; and a 3-coil inductive link adapt to operate with multiple miniaturised receivers. The system operates in real-time with a maximum frame rate of 20 Hz, reconstructing each frame with a matrix of 32 × 32 pixels. The device generates a carrier frequency of 433.92 MHz. It transmits the highest power of 32 dBm with a data rate of 6 Mbps and a variable modulation index as low as 8 %, thus potentially enabling wireless communication with 1024 miniaturised and distributed intracortical microstimulators. The system is primarily conceived as an external wearable device for distributed cortical visual prosthesis covering a visual field of 20 °. At the same time, it is modular and versatile, being suitable for multiple applications requiring simultaneous wireless information and power transfer to large-scale neural interfaces.

Pharmaceutical sector: Packaging requirement in serialization

Access to healthcare is a fundamental right for every individual, and it is the responsibility of governments to ensure the provision of quality healthcare services and infrastructure to their citizens. Over the past few decades, both governments and the healthcare industry have been grappling with the challenge of minimizing the adverse effects on public health caused by counterfeit medicines. According to the World Health Organization, approximately four out of ten medicines in developing and impoverished countries are either fake or potentially adulterated, leading to significant economic losses and reducing funds allocated for research and development (R&D) by organizations. Preventing counterfeit medicines from entering the supply chain poses a significant challenge for governments and regulatory authorities. Consequently, there is a concerted effort to establish stringent guidelines aimed at thwarting criminals and counterfeiters from infiltrating markets with fake medications. The healthcare industry recognizes the necessity for strict regulations and secure technologies to ensure the provision of safe and authentic drugs to patients. In the United States, the FDA has outlined a ten-year roadmap to implement drug traceability measures. Additionally, the Healthcare Distribution Alliance (HDA) has mandated the inclusion of multiple barcodes and human-readable data in product packaging hierarchy. Furthermore, the FDA is actively engaged in a pilot project with leading pharmaceutical manufacturers and wholesalers to explore the utilization of blockchain technology within an interoperable digital network for securing the transfer of digital traceability data among authorized trading partners.

Telemetry System to Monitor Elastic Torque on Rolling Stand Spindles

This article outlines the relevance of building online telemetry systems for online monitoring of the technical conditions of rolling mill equipment. Electromechanical systems of the horizontal stand of the plate Mill 5000 are described, when operating in harsh conditions caused by the shock loading when workpieces enter the stand. It is noted that dynamic torque overloads, exceeding the rated motor torque by many-fold, cause the fatigue failure of spindle joints and breakage of rolls. In this regard, the development and implementation of systems for monitoring the elastic torque on spindles are extremely urgent. This issue has long been studied, but the references provide no information on the building principles and hardware composition of such systems. The use of strain gauges connected according to a balanced bridge circuit to measure the elastic torque is justified. This paper’s contribution is the proposed modular principle for building a telemetry monitoring system based on the analysis of known techniques for measuring and transmitting diagnostic data. The developed system structure is provided and the concept of data transfer and processing are explained. This article suggests the inductive power supply of a measuring unit mounted on a shaft without the use of batteries. A hardware structure was developed to be applied in a system for measuring, transmitting, and visualizing signals proportional to the elastic torque, manufactured on the basis of data measuring instruments by leading companies. The specifics of placement and connection of strain gauges are considered. The hardware providing a wireless power supply to the signal encoder and digital data transfer between the transmitter and receiver is described. The results of implementing the system on Mill 5000 are provided. The installation of a telemetry ring and a receiving head for the inductive power supply and data reception is shown. An experimental assessment of the elastic torques occurring when workpieces enter the cage was obtained by implementing a drive control algorithm which provided biting in the drive acceleration mode. The reliability of measuring the elastic torque with an error not exceeding ±5% and the reduction of dynamic loads on the spindle by 1.3–1.5 times due to the elimination of impacts from closing angular gaps in spindle joints was confirmed. This increases the service life of mechanical equipment and reduces the cost of eliminating the accident aftermath. The prospect of modifying the developed system into a cyber-physical system for monitoring the rolling mill’s mechatronic equipment conditions is shown.

Secure Pixel-Level Data Concealment: A Novel Approach for Securing Black and White Images within Color Images

In the era of rampant digital data transfer, concerns regarding the secure and reliable transmission of information persist, with numerous attempts at concealing and transporting data globally. Despite the plethora of existing techniques, issues persist, ranging from misinterpretation to malicious misuse of data during the transfer process. To address some of these challenges, this research introduces an innovative method centered on the modification of pixel data to embed concealed information. The primary objective is to alter pixel values in a manner that accommodates the storage of data pertaining specifically to black and white image pixel data. The proposed technique is designed to exclusively encode information related to two-pixel values, with careful adjustments made to ensure the masked image remains non-deceptive. Pixel values undergo subtle alterations to mitigate susceptibility issues associated with corner values, particularly at the border values of 254 and 255 for RGB values. The developed method presents a simplified yet robust data hiding technique, allowing the storage of black and white images within color images while achieving a high Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) compared to standard ".png" images. Crucially, the developed approach addresses the challenge of minimizing drastic changes in pixel color, enhancing the overall fidelity of the stego image. Furthermore, the versatility of the proposed method is showcased by its potential to accommodate more than three images when the stego image size is appropriately large and segmented. A practical and efficient solution has been contributed to the persistent issues associated with secure data transfer, presenting a novel methodology for concealing black and white images within color images.

Разработка программного комплекса для испытания цифровых измерительных трансформаторов на вибростенде

The presented work examines a software package for monitoring the condition of a hydraulic servo drive with hydrostatic guides as part of a diagnostic vibration stand for digital transformers. The service life of digital instrument transformers is 25 years, and the calibration interval is 8 years. To achieve such high performance characteristics, it is necessary to conduct a large number of tests for such products. One such test is the vibration test. The uniqueness of the hydraulic drive used in the diagnostic vibration stand lies in its long service life under operational loads (up to 100 million cycles). This reliability is achieved with special hydrostatic guides in the hydraulic drive design and requires special software. The architecture of the software complex for the vibration stand has been created. To test the functionality of the package, simulation modeling of the operation of the components of the software package was performed. Aim. Based on the analysis of the functioning of technological equipment and options for implementing control software, develop the architecture of a software package for implementing a system for condition monitoring of a servo hydraulic drive with hydrostatic guides as part of a diagnostic vibration stand for digital transformers. Materials and methods. The stated scientific problems were solved using methods of system analysis, computer, mathematical and simulation modeling of the interaction of the software complex with the components of the servo hydraulic drive with hydrostatic guides. Results. The main practical result of the research is the development of the architecture of a software package for testing digital instrument transformers on a vibration stand. It is proposed to use cross-platform solutions when implementing the complex software and rely on modern experience in using freely distributed software. Conclusion. The developed architecture of the software package is focused on ensuring the automated operation of servo hydraulic drives, allows you to configure all the necessary equipment parameters, monitor the condition of the equipment using digital data transfer protocols, centrally save and replicate hydraulic drive settings for specific operating conditions on the enterprises. Analysis of implementation options showed that the use of a SCADA system simplifies the process of developing standard projects for dispatch control and data collection and condition monitoring, but at the same time, it has increased complexity at the stage of deployment and operation. The functionality of none of the widespread and reliable SCADA systems covers all the requirements for this project. This particularly applies to USB connectivity and high frequency signal processing required by design requirements. In addition, when using universal SCADA systems, the end user must purchase a license for the RunTime SCADA component.

A Hybrid Approaches for Medical Image Compression: Survey

Data compression is necessary for the storing, transfer, and manipulation of digital data in today's rapidly changing world due to the widespread use of medical technology and the vast data creation by various medical modalities. Many scientists and engineers have proposed new compression processes, methods, and algorithms in recent years. There is a discussion of the current state of these compression strategies, including their recent advances in the form of hybrid techniques, performance requirements, legal challenges, and the potential to advance medical technology.

Pharmaceutical medicine traceability: An overview of global compliance

Every human being has a fundamental right to access to healthcare. It is the duty of the government to provide its citizens with high-quality infrastructure and healthcare services. Government agencies and the healthcare sector have been working to reduce the negative effects that bogus drugs have on people's health for the past few decades. According to the World Health Organization, 4 out of 10 medicines in emerging and underdeveloped nations are either fraudulent or may be contaminated. The international economy suffers from counterfeit drug costs in the billions of dollars, and organizations are forced to spend less on research and development (R&D). The biggest difficulty facing the government and regulatory agencies is preventing the entry of fake medications into the supply chain. The government and regulatory bodies are currently creating strict regulations to forbid criminals and medicine counterfeiters from selling phony drugs in markets. To offer patients with safe and effective medications, the healthcare business needs strict laws and secure systems. The FDA has released a 10-year implementation roadmap for drug traceability in the US. The Healthcare Distribution Alliance (HDA) has additionally specified that the product packaging hierarchy print multiple barcodes and human readable data. The FDA is taking part in a pilot initiative with major prescription medicine producers and wholesalers to deploy blockchain technology in an open-source, interoperable digital network for ensuring the transfer of digital traceability data between licensed business partners.

Enhancing the Hardware Pipelining Optimization Technique of the SHA-3 via FPGA

Information is transmitted between multiple insecure routing hops in text, image, video, and audio. Thus, this multi-hop digital data transfer makes secure transmission with confidentiality and integrity imperative. This protection of the transmitted data can be achieved via hashing algorithms. Furthermore, data integrity must be ensured, which is feasible using hashing algorithms. The advanced cryptographic Secure Hashing Algorithm 3 (SHA-3) is not sensitive to a cryptanalysis attack and is widely preferred due to its long-term security in various applications. However, due to the ever-increasing size of the data to be transmitted, an effective improvement is required to fulfill real-time computations with multiple types of optimization. The use of FPGAs is the ideal mechanism to improve algorithm performance and other metrics, such as throughput (Gbps), frequency (MHz), efficiency (Mbps/slices), reduction of area (slices), and power consumption. Providing upgraded computer architectures for SHA-3 is an active area of research, with continuous performance improvements. In this article, we have focused on enhancing the hardware performance metrics of throughput and efficiency by reducing the area cost of the SHA-3 for all output size lengths (224, 256, 384, and 512 bits). Our approach introduces a novel architectural design based on pipelining, which is combined with a simplified format for the round constant (RC) generator in the Iota (ι) step only consisting of 7 bits rather than the standard 64 bits. By reducing hardware resource utilization in the area and minimizing the amount of computation required at the Iota (ι) step, our design achieves the highest levels of throughput and efficiency. Through extensive experimentation, we have demonstrated the remarkable performance of our approach. Our results showcase an impressive throughput rate of 22.94 Gbps and an efficiency rate of 19.95 Mbps/slices. Our work contributes to advancing computer architectures tailored for SHA-3, therefore unlocking new possibilities for secure and high-performance data transmission.

Optimizing Telematics Network Performance through Resource Virtualization in a Disruptive Environment: The Case of the IP/MPLS Core Network

We offer a security solution to considerably reduce latency in an IP network by virtualizing the IP/MPLS core network. It consists of adapting a virtualization method to a complex IP network, presenting the simulation of the implementation of this virtualization and the modifications to be made to certain aspects of the code of the solution. These modifications would take into account the key performance indicators of the network in order to guarantee its security and the transmission through very wide bands of data. To do this, we use Software Defined Network (SDN) technology. It allows us to have an emergent, scalable, dynamic, secure, laudable and adaptable network architecture, making it suitable for today's high bandwidth applications and IT services. This architecture decouples network control and digital data transfer functions, making network control directly programmable and the underlying infrastructure abstracted to network applications and services. After describing the soft failover to a virtualized network, we present the new architecture that describes the separation of the control and data planes of the core of the IP/MPLS network of the Autonomous Port of Kribi (PAK) in Cameroon, as part of our research work. We will then present the aspects in which modifying the code would contribute to improving one of the key qualities of service, namely latency in the heart of the network. We go from latencies above 100 ms to latencies below 1 ms; finally we recommend the approach for a continuous modification of the code with a view to optimizing the performance of the network in a continuous process for the reduction of its latency.

Polarization response of spin-lasers under amplitude modulation

Lasers with injected spin-polarized carriers show an outstanding performance in both static and dynamic operation. In addition to the intensity response of conventional lasers, without spin-polarized carriers, both intensity and polarization of light can be exploited for optical communication in spin-lasers. However, the polarization dynamics of spin-lasers under amplitude modulation has been largely overlooked. Here, we reveal, analytically and numerically, a nontrivial polarization response that accompanies the well-known intensity dynamics of a spin-laser under amplitude modulation. We evaluate the polarization and intensity response under the same amplitude modulation and further assess the capability of such a polarization response in digital data transfer with eye diagram simulations. Our results provide a more complete understanding of the modulation response in spin-lasers and open up unexplored opportunities in optical communication and spintronics.

Hierarchical Document Approval System

Abstract: The goal of a Hierarchical Document Management System (HDAS) is to accept, store, coordinate, and regulate Edocuments. With the incorporation of E-documents, there is a move toward digital office operations and data transfer via approved systems. By implementing HDMS as a critical tool to handle the growing flow of data, a company may achieve an efficient, time-saving, and straightforward method of reporting, examining, and managing a document. The main advantage of the HDAS is document flow automation, which allows for the automatic transfer of files for approval. The purpose of this review is to look into and implement an E-document circulation system, while also considering the importance of HDAS in an organization. The stages of a document's lifespan are formation, storage, access, reassignment, distribution, preservation, and disposal.

Rapid and On-Scene Chemical Identification of Intact Explosives with Portable Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis.

There is an ongoing forensic and security need for rapid, on-scene, easy-to-use, non-invasive chemical identification of intact energetic materials at pre-explosion crime scenes. Recent technological advances in instrument miniaturization, wireless transfer and cloud storage of digital data, and multivariate data analysis have created new and very promising options for the use of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in forensic science. This study shows that in addition to drugs of abuse, portable NIR spectroscopy with multivariate data analysis also offers excellent opportunities to identify intact energetic materials and mixtures. NIR is able to characterize a broad range of chemicals of interest in forensic explosive investigations, covering both organic and inorganic compounds. NIR characterization of actual forensic casework samples convincingly shows that this technique can handle the chemical diversity encountered in forensic explosive investigations. The detailed chemical information contained in the 1350-2550 nm NIR reflectance spectrum allows for correct compound identification within a given class of energetic materials, including nitro-aromatics, nitro-amines, nitrate esters, and peroxides. In addition, the detailed characterization of mixtures of energetic materials, such as plastic formulations containing PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate) and RDX (trinitro triazinane), is feasible. The results presented illustrate that the NIR spectra of energetic compounds and mixtures are sufficiently selective to prevent false-positive results for a broad range of food-related products, household chemicals, raw materials used for the production of home-made explosives, drugs of abuse, and products that are sometimes used to create hoax improvised explosive devices. However, for frequently encountered pyrotechnic mixtures, such as black powder, flash powder, and smokeless powder, and some basic inorganic raw materials, the application of NIR spectroscopy remains challenging. Another challenge is presented by casework samples of contaminated, aged, and degraded energetic materials or poor-quality HMEs (home-made explosives), for which the spectral signature deviates significantly from the reference spectra, potentially leading to false-negative outcomes.

Remote digital smart device follow-up in prospective clinical trials: early insights from ORBITA-2, ORBITA-COSMIC, and ORBITA-STAR.

Smart devices are a fundamental media for acquisition, processing, storage, and transfer of digital health data. The global penetration and high frequency usage of smart devices such as smartphones and fitness monitors provide us an opportunity for incorporation into clinical trials to generate more clinically meaningful data. Reporting of angina can significantly vary between patients and also within patients at different timepoints. Furthermore, the nature of angina can lead to variation in ways patients adapt their activities of daily living and hence reporting of symptoms and quality of life. Current clinical trials investigating the effects of intervention on angina do not accurately incorporate these patient centred outcomes and considerations. Hence, methods to contemporaneously assess daily angina burden in a convenient, patient focused, and cost-effective manner are priorities for contemporary clinical trials to address. In this article, we provide our insights into the use of remote digital smart devices in clinical trials of stable coronary artery disease conducted by our research group. We discuss how our experiences from previous trials necessitated its incorporation and will provide us with important data that will inform clinical practice. We discuss the benefits and current challenges and limitations of smart device incorporation while providing our procedural workflow for how we incorporated smart devices into our clinical trials for others to consider. We hope that this approach will allow us to understand the perceptions and implications of angina on patient lives with greater granularity than previously explored.

Dynamics of Pharmaceutical Drugs Serialization

The healthcare access is fundamental rights for every human being. It is Governments responsibility to provide good healthcare services and infrastructure to its citizen. Since last few decades, Government and healthcare industries are struggling to minimize the adverse events impacting people health due to fake medicine. The world health organization also predicted that 4 out of 10 medicines in developing and poor countries are either fake or potentially adulterated. Counterfeit drugs cost billions of dollars deficit to world economy and reduce research and development (R&D) funds allocation from organizations. Stopping counterfeit medicine into supply chain is main challenge for Government and regulatory authorities. The Government and regulatory authorities are now making stringent guidelines to prohibit criminals and counterfeiters to supply fake medicine in markets. Healthcare industry need stringent regulations and secure technologies provide sage and authentic drugs to patients. The FDA has published the 10 years roadmap to implement the drug traceability in United States. The Healthcare Distribution Alliance (HDA) has also mandated to print several barcodes and human readable data in product packaging hierarchy. The FDA is participating in pilot project with leading pharmaceutical drug manufacturer and wholesales to use blockchain technology in interoperable digital network for securing digital traceability data transfer between authorized trading partners.

Saving of Time Using a Software-Based versus a Manual Workflow for Toric Intraocular Lens Calculation and Implantation.

Background: To determine whether there is a significant saving of time when using a digital cataract workflow for digital data transfer compared to a manual approach of biometry assessment, data export, intraocular lens calculation, and surgery time. Methods: In total, 48 eyes of 24 patients were divided into two groups: 24 eyes were evaluated using a manual approach, whereas another 24 eyes underwent a full digital lens surgery workflow. The primary variables for comparison between both groups were the overall time as well as several time steps starting at optical biometry acquisition until the end of the surgical lens implantation. Other outcomes, such as toric intraocular lens misalignment, reduction of cylinder, surgically induced astigmatism, prediction error, and distance visual acuity were measured. Results: Overall, the total diagnostic and surgical time was reduced from 1364.1 ± 202.6 s in the manual group to 1125.8 ± 183.2 s in the digital group (p < 0.001). The complete time of surgery declined from 756.5 ± 82.3 s to 667.3 ± 56.3 (p < 0.0005). Compared to the manual approach of biometric data export and intraocular lens calculation (76.7 ± 12.3 s) as well as the manual export of the reference image to a portable external storage device (26.8 ± 5.5 s), a highly significant saving of time was achieved (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Using a software-based digital approach to toric intraocular lens implantation is convenient, more efficient, and thus more economical than a manual workflow in surgery practice.

Shift Register With Coupled Bidirectional Bifurcation Amplifiers

Bifurcation amplifiers are two-state systems that behave as flip-flops. We propose a two-bit shift register with coupled bidirectional bifurcation amplifiers. We consider a model of the amplifier that is based on a driven nonlinear vibrational system with Duffing nonlinearity. A discussed physical implementation is a nano-mechanical system. The analysis of bifurcation points provides a design framework for driving forces. We use a modulated two-level pulse at the first amplifier and a periodic three-level pulse at the second. We numerically demonstrate that these driving forces allow for the transfer of digital data between each amplifier. Our investigation provides an alternative approach for developing digital shift registers using nonlinear dynamics at the nanoscale.

Hybrid Successive CFA Image Encryption-Watermarking Algorithm Based on the Quaternionic Wavelet Transform (QWT)

In this paper, we present a new robust hybrid algorithm combining successively chaotic encryption and blind watermarking of images based on the quaternionic wavelet transform (QWT) to ensure the secure transfer of digital data. The calculations of the different evaluation parameters have been performed in order to determine the robustness of our algorithm to certain attacks. The application of this hybrid algorithm on CFA (Color Filter Array) images, allowed us to guarantee the integrity of the digital data and to propose an autonomous transmission system. The results obtained after simulation of this successive hybrid algorithm of chaotic encryption and then blind watermarking are appreciated through the values of the evaluation parameters which are the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the correlation coefficient (CC), and by the visual observation of the extracted watermarks before and after attacks. The values of these parameters show that this successive hybrid algorithm is robust against some conventional attacks.

S2k-Guideline for Teledermatology.

S2k-Guideline for Teledermatology.