Digital CCD Camera Research Articles

Opto-Video Encryption Based on Logistic Adjusted Sine map in FrFT

In the last few years, videos became the most common form of information transmitted over the internet, and a lot of the traffic is confidential and must be protected and delivered safely to its intended users. This introduces the challenges of presenting encryption systems that can encode videos securely and efficiently at the same time. This paper presents an efficient opto-video encryption system using Logistic Adjusted Sine map (LASM) in the Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT). In the presented opto-video LASM-based FrFT scheme, the encoded video is split into distinct frames and transformed into optical signals utilizing an optical supply. Each of the developed optical video frames is ciphered by utilizing the LASM in optical FrFT system using two-phase modulation forms on the video frame, the first in the time-domain and the second in the FrFT domain. In the end, the ciphervideo frame is spotted utilizing a CCD digital camera and transformed into a digital structure that can be managed using a computer. We test the proposed opto-video LASM-based FrFT scheme using various security tools. The outcomes demonstrate that the presented scheme can effectively encrypt and decrypt video signals. In addition, it encrypts videos with a high level of encryption quality without sacrificing its resistance to noise immunity. Finally, the test outcomes demonstrate that the presented scheme is immune to known attacks.

Luminance Calibration and Linearity Correction Method of Imaging Luminance Measurement Devices

This paper presents that the opto-electrical characteristic of a typical CCD based digital camera is nonlinear. It means that digital electric signal of the camera's CCD detector - is not a linear function of the luminance value on camera's lens. The opto-electrical characteristic feature of a digital camera needs to be transformed into a linear function if this camera is to be used as a luminance distribution measurement device known as Imaging Luminance Measurement Device (ILMD). The article presents the methodology for obtaining the opto-electrical characteristic feature of a typical CCD digital camera and focuses on the non- linearity correction method. Full Text: PDF ReferencesD. Wüller and H. Gabele, "The usage of digital cameras as luminance meters," in Digital Photography III, 2007, p. 65020U CrossRef P. Fiorentin and A. 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Kruisselbrink, R. Dangol, and A. Rosemann, "Photometric measurements of lighting quality: An overview," Building and Environment, vol. 138, pp. 42-52, 2018. CrossRef A. Borisuit, M. Münch, L. Deschamps, J. Kämpf, and J.-L. Scartezzini, "A new device for dynamic luminance mapping and glare risk assessment in buildings," in Proc. SPIE 8485. Nonimaging Optics: Efficient Design for Illumination and Solar Concentration IX, 2012, vol. 8485, p. 84850M, CrossRef I. Lewin and J. O'Farrell, "Luminaire photometry using video camera techniques," Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 57-63, 1999, CrossRef D. Czyżewski, "Research on luminance distributions of chip-on-board light-emitting diodes," Crystals, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1-14, 2019, CrossRef K. Tohsing, M. Schrempf, S. Riechelmann, H. Schilke, and G. Seckmeyer, "Measuring high-resolution sky luminance distributions with a CCD camera," Applied optics, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 1564-1573, 2013. CrossRef D. Czyzewski, "Investigation of COB LED luminance distribution," in Proceedings of 2016 IEEE Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries, Lumen V4 2016, 2016, pp. 1-4, CrossRef A. de Vries, J. L. Souman, B. de Ruyter, I. Heynderickx, and Y. A. W. de Kort, "Lighting up the office: The effect of wall luminance on room appraisal, office workers' performance, and subjective alertness," Building and Environment, 2018 CrossRef D. Silvestre, J. Guy, J. Hanck, K. Cornish, and A. Bertone, "Different luminance- and texture-defined contrast sensitivity profiles for school-aged children," Nature. Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 13039, 2020, CrossRef H. Wachta, K. Baran, and M. Leśko, "The meaning of qualitative reflective features of the facade in the design of illumination of architectural objects," in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2019, vol. 2078, no. 1, p. 20102. CrossRef CIE, "Technical raport CIE 231:2019. CIE Classification System of Illuminance and Luminance Meters.," Vienna, Austria, 2019. 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A novel solder joint diagnosis algorithm using differential geometry approach in high-density flexible integrated circuit substrates

To provide a system with high-density solder joint 3D information acquisition and improve the comprehensive performance of automatic optical inspection systems, a novel diagnosis system for solder joints of high-density flexible integrated circuit substrates is proposed in this paper. The differential geometry principle is introduced to analyze the appearance identity of solder joints, and the diagnosis is handled as a pattern-recognition problem with the Frenet frame-matching approach. First, a high-precision 3D information-acquisition system constituted of two CCD digital cameras, each with a microscope and a three-color LED illumination, is developed. Second, a discrete estimation scheme based on the differential geometry theory is proposed to achieve curvature measurement, and then the shape of the solder joints is characterized by the crest line representation method. Finally, the classification strategy is to establish different models of solder joint types and make a decision based on a set of the predefined diagnosis rules. By inspecting various types of solder joints and comparing with other typical algorithms, the performance of the proposed system is evaluated. The experiment results indicate that the proposed algorithm has advantages of fast inspection speed, low misjudgment rate, which is reduced to 2.2%, and detailed classification.

Heat transfer and thermoregulation within single cells revealed by transient plasmonic imaging

Summary Cells, as the basic unit of life, undergo continuous heat transfer and dissipation during their metabolism, which is related not only to fundamental cellular functions but also massive applications. Unfortunately, thus far, we still know little about the heat transfer properties at the cellular or subcellular levels. Here, we demonstrated a transient microscopic method to measure the heat transfer in single cells. The thermal conductivity of different regions within a single cell shows a wide heterogeneity, and heat transfer in the region near the cell membrane is more active than the central region. However, the median values of thermal conductivity between different individual cells are quite close. A cellular-level heat regulation that responds to environmental temperature is observed in warm-blooded humans and chickens rather than in cold-blooded bullfrogs. According to the temperature-dependent cell metabolism, we proposed a hypothesis for cellular control of heat dissipation, which might be the cellular-level foundation of body thermoregulation.

Digital video-electrochemistry (DVEC) to assess electrochromic materials in the frequency domain: RGB colorimetry impedance spectroscopy

This work is the first one allowing the characterization of electrochromic devices simultaneously at various parts on their surface and different rates of color change. We describe a new proficient and affordable methodology for reporting electrochromic parameters such as coloration efficiency, optical contrast, and switching time based on the use of digital video-electrochemistry (DVEC) in the ac regime, namely RGB colorimetry impedance spectroscopy. Simultaneously with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the RGB color changes of an electrochromic electrode were recorded by a CCD digital camera at 120 digital images per second. In such conditions, RGB electrochromic changes extracted from the digital images can be easily analyzed until 10 Hz using a potential perturbation amplitude of 50 mV rms. Electrochromic devices based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films deposited on ITO electrodes were tested as examples. This new methodology does not require expensive instrumentation and it proves easy to be implemented in most of the specialized laboratories around the world.

Experimental research on natural gas leakage underwater and burning flame on the water surface

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the flow rate of natural gas released underwater from a pipe orifice and the associated combustion behavior on the water surface in an aerodynamic channel. A stainless-steel pipeline with a diameter of 25 mm was placed in a water tank of 1 m (height) ×0.5 m (width) ×0.5 m (length). Methane gas was released from a cylinder controlled by a flow meter and pressure gauge. Ten k-type thermocouples, fixed in two directions, were used to measure the temperature profile. The variation parameters of orifice diameter (1 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm), pressure range (0.02 to 0.55 MPa) and gas release depth (0.4 m, 0.6 m, and 0.8 m) were varied to study the flame geometry and temperature profile. A digital CCD camera and an infrared camera are employed to record the visible and temperature distribution, respectively. Results show that flame temperature decreases vertically; an initially high temperature region in the core flame quickly decreases in the plume region. Flame oscillation behavior is due to gas diffusion and flame turbulence. The stability of a burning flame is dependent on an increase in leakage pressure and large orifice diameter; shallow water depths provide greater flame stability. A new correlation is proposed to characterize the flame height to diameter ratio and the dimensionless heat release rate Q*.

WITHDRAWN: Practical methods for characterizing the optical performance of digital camera-based imaging systems: image processing application using ImageJ

Abstract In this paper, practical and simple methods for characterizing the optical performance of a digital CCD camera equipped with a zoom lens using test targets projected by a Newtonian collimator coupled to an integrating sphere and a halogen light source are presented. The presented methods include the evaluation of the CCD camera system modulation transfer function (MTF), uniformity, dynamic range, linearity and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) properties in the visible region of the spectrum. Through out this work image processing for the recorded target images is performed using ImageJ. In addition, the paper presents a comparison between MTF measurements collected with a 1951-USAF resolution test target and a slanted edge test target. Finally, simple mathematical expressions for the measured optical system performance properties are provided. The presented optical system characterization methods can provide researchers with the needed data when a CCD or CMOS digital camera is integrated with a lens system.

Shelter colour preference in the purple mud crab Scylla tranquebarica (Fabricius)

Cannibalism a serious problem in the grow-out of mud crabs in ponds. Studies have proven that presence of shelters decreases aggressive behaviour of Scylla spp. in ponds and tanks. In this study, the shelter colour preference was determined in the wild captured purple mud crab Scylla tranquebarica (Fabricius) in an outdoor round black tank. Eight out of 48 PVC pipes were painted either blue, green, red, black or white. Other eight were not painted and were provided as grey shelters. The shelters were presented in different two-colour pairs to a group of 35 crabs; eight shelters of one colour and eight of other colour were arranged alternately on the tank bottom, and the number of occupants was recorded. After emptying the shelters, the shelters rearranged for the next observation. Each colour combination was repeated five times, and total of 15 combinations were tested. The number of occupants against each colour of the different pairs were analyzed by the χ2-test and Thurstone’s law of comparative judgment. The data were converted into mean z-scores and significant biases from zero were noted. Underwater visibility of each colour shelter was visually measured through a waterproof digital CCD camera. The crabs showed a strong bias for blue shelter and white shelter chosen the least under the holding condition. The underwater visibility was highest in blue and white colour shelters among the six colour shelters. The observed colour preference was probably due to colour per se and may be an innate ability, rather than due to relative underwater visibility. During the observations, the shelter occupants were tolerant of intruders; there was no aggressive competition for shelter and two to four crabs shared one shelter. It was hypothesized that the touch stimulus of shelter suppresses the aggressiveness and results in low cannibalism of S. tranquebarica.

Phytoplankton diversity and Stoichiometric nutrient limitation in the Lagos Harbour and adjacent sea, Southwestern Nigeria

Harbours and their adjacent seas are increasingly stressed by maritime activities and development of coastal cities worldwide. This is especially true for the Lagos Harbour. The aim of this study was to investigate the trophic status, nutrient stoichiometry and phytoplankton assemblage of Lagos Harbour and the adjacent sea. Water and plankton samples were collected for a period of eighteen months from January 2015 to June 2016 between 06.00 and 11.00 hrs each time. Phytoplankton samples were investigated using a Leica DMLB microscope with 100x full oil immersion optics and 1.35 numerical aperture equipped with a Nikon Coolpix 995 CCD digital camera of 3.3 megapixel resolution. Relevant statistical tests such as Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were employed to determine major controlling water quality indices and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) for determination of the water quality indices that influenced the monthly and spatial phytoplankton occurrences. A total of 108 phytoplankton taxa belonging to five classes were recorded in this study. Bacillariophyceae comprised eighty-four (84) taxa (78%), Chlorophyceae had two (2) taxa (2%), Cyanophyceae were represented by 11 taxa (10%), Dictyochophyceae had one (1) taxon (1%) and Dinophyceae had 10 taxa (9%). CCA revealed a clear seasonal pattern; it also showed that phosphate was the major controlling factor in the Lower Lagos Harbour and the creeks in the months of July, August and September 2015. Trophic state index (TSI) using Carlson's indices revealed eutrophic to hypereutrophic conditions. The comparison of ambient nutrient ratios with Redfield ratio (N:P = 16:1) revealed clear spatial and temporal variations in the Lagos Harbour and adjacent sea. The significant difference shown by phosphate in the wet season could be linked to allochthonous and autochthonous inputs from rainfall.Keywords: Harbour, Microscopy, Nutrient stoichiometry, Phytoplankton

Practical Methods for Characterizing the Optical Performance of Digital Camera-Based Imaging Systems

In this paper, practical and simple methods for characterizing the optical performance of a digital CCD camera equipped with a zoom lens using test targets projected by a Newtonian collimator coupled to an integrating sphere and a halogen light source are presented. The presented methods include the evaluation of the CCD camera system modulation transfer function (MTF), uniformity, dynamic range, linearity, and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) properties in the visible region of the spectrum. Through out this work image processing for the recorded target images is performed using ImageJ. In addition, the paper presents a comparison between MTF measurements collected with a 1951-USAF resolution test target and a slanted edge test target. Finally, simple mathematical expressions for the measured optical system performance properties are provided. The presented optical system characterization methods can provide researchers with the needed data when a CCD or CMOS digital camera is integrated with a lens system.

Spatial Distortion Assessments of a Low-Cost Laboratory and Field Hyperspectral Imaging System.

This article describes the adaptation of an existing aerial hyperspectral imaging system in a low-cost setup for collecting hyperspectral data in laboratory and field environment and spatial distortion assessments. The imaging spectrometer system consists of an ImSpector V9 hyperspectral pushbroom scanner, PixelFly high performance digital CCD camera, and a subsystem for navigation, position determination and orientation of the system in space, a sensor bracket and control system. The main objective of the paper is to present the system, with all its limitations, and a spatial calibration method. The results of spatial calibration and calculation of modulation transfer function (MTF) are reported along with examples of images collected and potential uses in agronomy. The distortion value rises drastically at the edges of the image in the near-infrared segment, while the results of MTF calculation showed that the image sharpness was equal for the bands from the visible part of the spectrum, and approached Nyquist’s theory of digitalization. In the near-infrared part of the spectrum, the MTF values showed a less sharp decrease in comparison with the visible part. Preliminary image acquisition indicates that this hyperspectral system has potential in agronomic applications.

The COX-2 selective blocker inhibit cytokine-induced apoptosis in isolated articular chondrocytes

Purpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative disease of the cartilage that leads to irreversible cartilage loss, joint pain and dysfunction. Chondrocyte apoptosis contributes to the disruption of cartilage integrity in osteoarthritis (OA). Recently, we reported that activation of volume-sensitive Cl- current (ICl,vol) mediates cell shrinkage triggering apoptosis in rabbit articular chondrocytes. On the other hand, COX blocker is frequently used for treatment of OA. However, it is not understood whether and how COX blocker affects metabolism of rabbit articular chondrocytes. In the present study, we examined in vitro effects of COX-2 selective blocker on TNFα-induced activation of ICl,vol in rabbit chondrocytes using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Our results show that COX-2 selective blocker effectively reverses TNFα-induced elicitation of ICl,vol and consequently inhibits apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) and elevation of caspase activity. Methods: Rabbit cartilages were collected from joints of male animals weighing 2.5 to 3.0 kg. The cartilage was dissected into slices and cultured in DMEM for 1-3 days. On the day of experiments, chondrocytes were isolated by enzymatic digestion. Whole-cell membrane current was recorded under conditions where Na+, K+ and Ca2+ currents were minimized. Caspase-3/7 activity was measured in chondrocytes treated with TNF-α without or with various test compounds. Cell size measurements and patch-clamp experiments were conducted on round-shaped chondrocytes. Live chondrocytes microscopy images were captured (at 1 min intervals) before and during a hypo-osmotic challenge at a 2560*1920 pixel resolution using a CCD digital camera. The cell cross-sectional areas were calculated using Image-J. Results: The TNF-α evoked Cl- current exhibited electrophysiological and pharmacological properties similar to those of ICl,vol, such as outward rectification, prominent inactivation at large positive potentials (>+50 mV), inhibition by hyperosmotic cell shrinkage, and sensitivity to ICl,vol blockers. Pretreatment of cells with the COX-2 selective blocker markedly inhibited the ICl,vol activation by TNF-α as well as subsequent apoptotic events such as elevation of caspase 3/7 activity. Conclusions: The COX-2 selective blocker has an inhibitory effect on TNF-α-induced apoptotic events, which suggests the efficacy of this drug for the treatment of chronic destructive joint disease. Future studies are awaited to examine whether and how the COX-2 blocker has a favorable action against OA chondrocyte in humans.

Detection of Exoplanets Using the Transit Method

I conducted differential photometry on a star GSC 3281-0800, a known host to exoplanet HAT-P-32b, using analysis software AstroImageJ. I plotted the measurements from a series of images taken during the transit, via ADU count given from an earth-based digital CCD camera. I was able to establish a definite light curve and learn more about the properties of this exoplanet.

In-situ fast and long observation system for friction surfaces during scuffing of steel

The objective of this study is to better understand the scuffing phenomenon using a specially designed in-situ observation system. The developed in-situ observation system comprises four sets of a digital CCD camera and a xenon flashing lamp. The independent operation of the capture devices could capture four successive images over short time intervals during a long-duration experiment. Scuffing behaviour that occurs in a friction surface between a rotating sapphire disc and a stationary martensitic steel pin in dry conditions was observed by the developed in-situ observation system. The results showed the behaviour of plastic flow that occurred in the frictional contact area. Plastic flow was observed to occur immediately after the transfer layer passed through the contact area. Each instance of plastic flow was a few milliseconds long. The speed of plastic flow was much less than the sliding speed. At the end of the fast plastic flow process, the brightness of the area of the plastic flow increased, which could be attributed to the oxidation of the steel surface.

Association of PD-L1/CD8+TIL and expression of PD-L1, PTEN as predictive biomarkers for long-term follow-up in early breast cancer.

e12072 Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of immunologic factors including the expression of PD-1/PD-L1, PTEN, and the density of TILs, macrophages in the tumor area of breast cancer, using immunohistological staining and to evaluate the association between the immunologic factors and the clinical outcome for early breast cancer (EBC). Methods: A total of 97 EBC patients (pts) who underwent surgery from February 1995 to November 2005 were investigated.The postoperative adjuvant chemotherapies were routinely performed, adjuvant Tmab were not available in Japan within this period.The immunohistological staining was performed with the monoclonal antibodies for PD-1/PD-L1, PTEN, CD3, CD8, and CD163. Pathological analysis was performed to measure the expression area of each antibody, using images scanned by a CCD digital camera (Nikon), and the digitized data of the expression area (μm2) were analyzed by ‘Win ROOF’ (version 5.7) software. The association between the immunologic factors and clinical outcome was statistically analyzed for over 10-years follow-up. Results: The density of CD3+TILs, CD8+TILs, CD163+ macrophages and non-expression of PTEN was significantly higher in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). CD8+TIL density and PD-L1+/CD8+ expression were predictive factors for DFS and OS. Her2+ pts with PTEN expression and luminal/Her2- patients without PD-L1 expression had longer OS, compared to patients without PTEN expression (p=0.049) and with PD-L1 expression (p=0.036), respectively. Furthermore, the pts with PD-L1+/CD8+ expression had worse median PFS (p = 0.022) and median OS (p = 0.037), compared with pts without PD-L1+/CD8+ expression. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that CD3+ TILs, CD8+ TILs, and CD163+ macrophages were shown to infiltrate the tumor area of EBC. In particular, TNBC had a higher rate of TIL infiltration within the tumor environment. PTEN expression and lack of PD-L1 expression were associated with favorable survival in Her2-positive and luminal/Her2-negative EBC patients, respectively. The PD-L1 expression combined with CD8+ density was significantly associated with an aggressive clinical outcome.

X-ray microbeam stand-alone facility for cultured cells irradiation

The article describes an X-ray microbeam standalone facility dedicated for irradiation of living cultured cells. The article can serve as an advice for such facilities construction, as it begins from engineering details, through mathematical modeling and experimental procedures, ending up with preliminary experimental results and conclusions. The presented system consists of an open type X-ray tube with microfocusing down to about 2μm, an X-ray focusing system with optical elements arranged in the nested Kirckpatrick-Baez (or Montel) geometry, a sample stand and an optical microscope with a scientific digital CCD camera. For the beam visualisation an X-ray sensitive CCD camera and a spectral detector are used, as well as a scintillator screen combined with the microscope. A method of precise one by one irradiation of previously chosen cells is presented, as well as a fast method of uniform irradiation of a chosen sample area. Mathematical models of beam and cell with calculations of kerma and dose are presented. The experiments on dose-effect relationship, kinetics of DNA double strand breaks repair, as well as micronuclei observation were performed on PC-3 (Prostate Cancer) cultured cells. The cells were seeded and irradiated on Mylar foil, which covered a hole drilled in the Petri dish. DNA lesions were visualised with γ-H2AX marker combined with Alexa Fluor 488 fluorescent dye.

Cardiomyocyte-Specific Human Bcl2-Associated Anthanogene 3 P209L Expression Induces Mitochondrial Fragmentation, Bcl2-Associated Anthanogene 3 Haploinsufficiency, and Activates p38 Signaling

The Bcl2-associated anthanogene (BAG) 3 protein is a member of the BAG family of cochaperones, which supports multiple critical cellular processes, including critical structural roles supporting desmin and interactions with heat shock proteins and ubiquitin ligases intimately involved in protein quality control. The missense mutation P209L in exon 3 results in a primarily cardiac phenotype leading to skeletal muscle and cardiac complications. At least 10 other Bag3 mutations have been reported, nine resulting in a dilated cardiomyopathy for which no specific therapy is available. We generated αMHC-human Bag3 P209L transgenic mice and characterized the progressive cardiac phenotype invivo to investigate its utility in modeling human disease, understand the underlying molecular mechanisms, and identify potential therapeutic targets. We identified a progressive heart failure by echocardiography and Doppler analysis and the presence of pre-amyloid oligomers at 1 year. Paralleling the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (eg, Parkinson disease), pre-amyloid oligomers-associated alterations in cardiac mitochondrial dynamics, haploinsufficiency of wild-type BAG3, and activation of p38 signaling were identified. Unexpectedly, increased numbers of activated cardiac fibroblasts were identified in Bag3 P209L Tg+ hearts without increased fibrosis. Together, these findings point to a previously undescribed therapeutic target that may have application to mutation-induced myofibrillar myopathies as well as other common causes of heart failure that commonly harbor misfolded proteins.

THE OUTDOOR RAPID CALIBRATION TECHNIQUE AND REALIZATION OF NONMETRIC DIGITAL CAMERA BASED ON THE METHOD OF MULTI-IMAGE DLT AND RESECTION

For non-metric CCD digital camera features and the needs of Rapid field non-metric cameras calibration, the error sources was detailed analyzed and a mathematical calibration model has been founded. Both detailed multi-image group iterative method for solving DLT coefficient, the elements of interior orientation and distortion parameters of lens and the multi-image resection method for solving the elements of interior orientation, elements of exterior orientation and distortion parameters of lens have been discussed. A standard steel cage (e.g. Figure 1) has been made for real calibrating non-metric cameras outdoor quickly. In order to verify the accuracy, each method mentioned has been used to solve elements of interior orientation and distortion parameters with the same camera (e.g. Figure 2) and the same test images. The results of accuracy show that the maximum X error was 0.2585mm, the maximum Y error was 0.6719mm and the maximum Z error was 0.1319mm by using multi-image DLT algorithm. On the other hand, the maximum X error was 0.1914mm, the maximum Y error was 0.9808mm and the maximum Z error was 0.1453mm by using multi-image resection algorithm. The forward intersection accuracy of the two methods was quite, and the both were less than 1mm. By using multi-image DLT algorithm the planimetric accuracy was less than 0.2585mm and the height accuracy was less than 0.6719mm. On the other hand, by using multi-image resection algorithm the planimetric accuracy was less than 0.1914mm and the height accuracy was less than 0.9808mm. The planimetric accuracy of resection algorithm was the better than DLT algorithm, but the elevation accuracy of DLT algorithm was the better than resection algorithm. In summary both method can be accepted for nonmetric camera calibration. But also the solver accuracy in the inner orientation elements and distortion parameters was not very high has been noted. However for non-metric camera, the true value of inner orientation elements and lens distortion were unknown did not affect the accuracy of photogrammetry.

THE OUTDOOR RAPID CALIBRATION TECHNIQUE AND REALIZATION OF NONMETRIC DIGITAL CAMERA BASED ON THE METHOD OF MULTI-IMAGE DLT AND RESECTION

Abstract. For non-metric CCD digital camera features and the needs of Rapid field non-metric cameras calibration, the error sources was detailed analyzed and a mathematical calibration model has been founded. Both detailed multi-image group iterative method for solving DLT coefficient, the elements of interior orientation and distortion parameters of lens and the multi-image resection method for solving the elements of interior orientation, elements of exterior orientation and distortion parameters of lens have been discussed. A standard steel cage (e.g. Figure 1) has been made for real calibrating non-metric cameras outdoor quickly. In order to verify the accuracy, each method mentioned has been used to solve elements of interior orientation and distortion parameters with the same camera (e.g. Figure 2) and the same test images. The results of accuracy show that the maximum X error was 0.2585mm, the maximum Y error was 0.6719mm and the maximum Z error was 0.1319mm by using multi-image DLT algorithm. On the other hand, the maximum X error was 0.1914mm, the maximum Y error was 0.9808mm and the maximum Z error was 0.1453mm by using multi-image resection algorithm. The forward intersection accuracy of the two methods was quite, and the both were less than 1mm. By using multi-image DLT algorithm the planimetric accuracy was less than 0.2585mm and the height accuracy was less than 0.6719mm. On the other hand, by using multi-image resection algorithm the planimetric accuracy was less than 0.1914mm and the height accuracy was less than 0.9808mm. The planimetric accuracy of resection algorithm was the better than DLT algorithm, but the elevation accuracy of DLT algorithm was the better than resection algorithm. In summary both method can be accepted for nonmetric camera calibration. But also the solver accuracy in the inner orientation elements and distortion parameters was not very high has been noted. However for non-metric camera, the true value of inner orientation elements and lens distortion were unknown did not affect the accuracy of photogrammetry.

The perceptibility curve test applied to CCD and two methods of digitization of dental film-based radiographs

Objective: After introduction of digital radiography into dentistry several methods of image acquisition were accessible in the field of dentistry. In many instances it is necessary to digitize analog images. There is no overall acceptable method for image digitization so all different types of images can be comparable. The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of different methods of image digitization. Methods: This study was an accuracy diagnostic test study. In current study perceptibility curve test which first introduced by de Balder was applied. In this test a test object is used which is usually made by aluminum. Different levels of thickness are necessary and there are a number of holes in the test object to have different levels of contrast. Images from film and CCD and digitized images by means of CCD scanners and digital camera were prepared. Nine observers assessed the images. Data collected from observers delivered to SPSS software (SPSS 13.0, Chicago, IL) and for each image acquisition method interclass correlation coefficience (ICC) was computed and compared to the gold standard. Results: Mean sensitivity, specifity, positive and negative like hood ratios in dependence on material thickness (steps) and the background gray value were calculated. In regions of high optical density (dark images, low gray value in background) the sensitivity for the film images was highest (0.994) following by CCD (0.905), scanner (0.889) and camera (0.821). Difference between CCD images and scanner images was not significant. (P >0.05) In dark regions of no dark holes the sensitivity was highest for film images (0.832) following by CCD (0.798), camera (0.714) and scanner (0.615) Difference between film and CCD images was not significant. (P >0.05). Conclusion: The diagnostic quality of radiographic films was better than digital CCD sensors. And for digitizing analog images scanners are better than digital cameras.