Digestive Troubles Research Articles

Genetic and environmental determinants of Immunoglobulin G in kid serum and adult colostrum of dairy goats

Immune competence is a key factor in the health and resilience of dairy ruminants. The aim of this study was to study immunoglobulin G concentration in serum shortly after birth and in colostrum of lactating animals as proxy of passive immune transfer and colostrum quality, respectively, and thus provide new health and resilience indicators for selection. Data from 424 female kids and 203 primiparous goats, reared on an INRAE experimental farm, were analyzed. IgG concentration was measured in kid serum and goat colostrum, respectively, using the radial immunodiffusion technique. Linear models were used to identify factors of variation in serum and colostrum IgG concentration, and health events were monitored for 5 weeks after birth to measure the impact of passive immune transfer on kids' health. We found a significant effect of serum IgG level on hindquarters cleanliness score (as a proxy of digestive troubles) and nasal and ocular discharge. As expected, the absorption of IgG in the days following birth is essential to ensure the passive transfer of immunity from the mother to the youngster, and provide immune protection. Genetic parameters were estimated for serum IgG concentration in kids and for colostrum characteristics in primiparous goats. Heritability of serum IgG in kids was not significantly different from zero. This low value, with large SE, may be due to the limited sample size and large environmental variability likely not accounted for. Especially, we could not adjust for the amount of IgG that was ingested by the kid, which can have a significant effect on serum IgG and possibly on heritability estimates. Heritability of colostrum traits were moderate, with estimates of 0.25 (±0.16), 0.35 (±0.16), and 0.25 (±0.16) for IgG concentration, IgG mass and colostrum volume, respectively. Genetic correlations with milk production showed high standard errors due to small numbers. However, estimates suggest a negative genetic association between production and IgG concentration in colostrum (rg = -0.44 ± 0.33), probably linked to a positive association with total colostrum volume. The significant heritabilities that were estimated for the first time demonstrate the existence of genetic control of colostrum quality in goats, and open up opportunities for selection in this species.

Valorisation of grape stem as an alternative ingredient in rabbit feed.

Grape stem is a winery by-product that it is currently disposed as waste or at best as soil conditioner. However, it is rich in fibres and polyphenols which makes it interesting for animal feeding. In this regard, rabbit farming emerges as a target livestock farming since fibre content is essential in rabbit's diets for preventing digestive troubles and polyphenols are associated with improved performances in animals due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. This study aims to assess the suitability of a grape stem-based ingredient for rabbit feeding. The stem was dried using flash drying technology to prevent rapid spoilage and stabilise the ingredient. Then, its nutritional value was evaluated resulting in a high fibre (>40%) and polyphenol (>6%) content ingredient with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. A feed efficiency trial was conducted and inclusion rates of up to 10% of grape stem-based ingredient did not affect animals' mortality, average daily feed intake, daily gain or feed conversion ratio. In conclusion, grape stem-based ingredient arises as a secondary feedstuff for cuniculture reducing the dependence on other fibre sources, such as cereals or sunflower hulls. This could also contribute to reduce the environmental footprint of the wine sector by giving a second life to an existing waste, while generating a new activity based on circular economy.

The Cortisol Connection: Weight Gain and Stress Hormones

Weight gain can be good or bad for health. Benefits include increased health for overweight people, disease or surgical recovery, and more. Health concerns, joint and musculoskeletal disorders, respiratory issues, metabolic abnormalities, cardiovascular health, psychological impact, reduced mobility, digestive troubles, hormonal changes, and cancer risk are negative impacts. Weight gain outcomes depend on heredity, weight distribution, and health. Maintaining a healthy weight needs a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management. A doctor or nutritionist can offer personalized weight management advice. Stress chemicals like cortisol trigger weight gain. ACTH stimulates adrenal glands to release cortisol, which increases hunger, fat storage, insulin resistance, and muscle loss. Understanding how stress hormones like cortisol affect weight gain is vital to reducing chronic stress’s health risks. Stress reduction, a balanced diet, regular exercise, proper sleep, social support, and professional treatment can mitigate these outcomes. Ultimately, stress hormones like cortisol can cause weight gain, but a holistic strategy tackling physical and psychological stress can help people maintain a healthy weight.

An incisive review on Buckwheat—A potential underutilized millet

Buckwheat is a short-season, multi-nutrient crop commonly known as “Kuttu” in India and used to make flour “Kuttu ka Atta” and utilized to prepare a variety of dishes. Buckwheat has small, triangular seeds, frequently used as substitutes for cereals like wheat and rice and commonly cultivated at high altitudes, particularly >1000 masl, where other cereal crops are not as readily available. It is relatively easy to grow, adapts well to various soil types, requires little water, and thrives in moderately fertile soil, which makes it an ideal crop for farmers where water sis scarece and soil is not fertile. Buckwheat is a gluten-free grain that contains carbohydrates, phenolics, protein, dietary fiber, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, and vitamins. Furthermore, it is also said to be beneficial in a number of diseases such as Zn, Cu, Fe, P, Mn, and Mg. Buckwheat has also been used to treat a number of diseases like high blood pressure, digestive troubles, skin problems, and so on. Coordinated efforts are required to improve production and encourage consumption of buckwheat.

A Case Report of an Appendicitis and Parasitosis

Appendicitis is a common clinical problem but is not specific to a parasite. A 43-year-old patient consulted for digestive troubles, mostly acute abdominal pain, in the right part. Taenia saginata was found in appendectomy. Different parasites were found in the histopathological evaluation of the appendix, mostly Enterobius vermicularis, but also Ascaris, Taenia, amoeba, and Schistosoma. Acute appendicitis was proven by submucosal fibrosis, active suppurative inflammation, and active granulomas surrounding eggs or larvae of parasites. However, parasites were detected by chance in uninflamed and histologically normal appendices or appendices with chronic inflammation removed during other surgical procedures. The role of parasites in the pathogenesis of acute appendicitis is unclear. An adapted antiparasitic treatment is always necessary after appendectomy following finding parasites.

자리공 중독 사망 사례

Phytolacca has been used as food and folk medicines for rheumatism and arthritis in America and East Asia. All parts of it can be considered toxic unless it is properly prepared. Some acute intoxication cases occurred by taking Phytolacca without proper treatment, or accidently misusing it as edible roots. Poisoning by Phytolacca can cause minor digestive trouble such as vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. But in some cases, it can result serious symptoms like seizures, acute kidney failure and even death. The roots of Phytolacca are similar to other edible roots, so they can be mistakenly ingested. In this study, we presented a fatal post-mortem intoxication case of Phytolacca poisoning. The heart and peripheral blood, gastric contents were collected from autopsy, and the ingested plant roots from the scene submitted for toxicological analysis. The detection of triterpenoid saponins in biological samples and plant materials were performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The concentrations of esculentoside A in the heart and peripheral blood were 37 ng/mL and 27 ng/mL, respectively, while those of esculentoside H were 3 ng/mL and 1 ng/mL, respectively.

Prevalence and associated risk factors for Lawsonia intracellularis infection in farmed rabbits: A serological and molecular cross-sectional study in South Korea.

Lawsonia intracellularis is the etiological agent of proliferative enteropathy, which is globally considered an important enteric disease in pigs and horses. Experimental studies suggest that the organism spreads by subclinical infection of many animals, including rabbits. Despite the importance of rabbits in the epidemiology of L. intracellularis, the extent of exposure to L. intracellularis in the rabbit population is poorly defined and remains unclear. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the seroprevalence and shedding of L. intracellularis in farmed rabbits. Furthermore, we aimed to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity. Sera from the rabbits were used to measure L. intracellularis-specific antibodies by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay, and rectal swabs were used to detect L. intracellularis DNA using a real-time PCR assay. Antibodies against L. intracellularis were detected in 12.3% of farms (20/163) and 6.3% of rabbits (49/774). Lawsonia intracellularis DNA in rectal swabs was detected in 3.8% of farms (6/156) and 1.2% of rabbits (8/667). The risk factor analysis showed that the presence of pigs or horses on the farm or the neighboring farm was associated with an increase in the risk of seropositivity (p < 0.05). We observed significantly increased odds of positivity for L. intracellularis in rabbits with a history of digestive trouble (diarrhea) on the farm during the 3 months before the samples were obtained (p < 0.05). Collectively, these findings demonstrated that L. intracellularis infection was evident among farmed rabbits and that rabbits might serve as an important reservoir for L. intracellularis epidemiology.

The different clinical facets of SYN1-related neurodevelopmental disorders.

Synapsin-I (SYN1) is a presynaptic phosphoprotein crucial for synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Pathogenic SYN1 variants are associated with variable X-linked neurodevelopmental disorders mainly affecting males. In this study, we expand on the clinical and molecular spectrum of the SYN1-related neurodevelopmental disorders by describing 31 novel individuals harboring 22 different SYN1 variants. We analyzed newly identified as well as previously reported individuals in order to define the frequency of key features associated with these disorders. Specifically, behavioral disturbances such as autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are observed in 91% of the individuals, epilepsy in 82%, intellectual disability in 77%, and developmental delay in 70%. Seizure types mainly include tonic-clonic or focal seizures with impaired awareness. The presence of reflex seizures is one of the most representative clinical manifestations related to SYN1. In more than half of the cases, seizures are triggered by contact with water, but other triggers are also frequently reported, including rubbing with a towel, fever, toothbrushing, fingernail clipping, falling asleep, and watching others showering or bathing. We additionally describe hyperpnea, emotion, lighting, using a stroboscope, digestive troubles, and defecation as possible triggers in individuals with SYN1 variants. The molecular spectrum of SYN1 variants is broad and encompasses truncating variants (frameshift, nonsense, splicing and start-loss variants) as well as non-truncating variants (missense substitutions and in-frame duplications). Genotype-phenotype correlation revealed that epileptic phenotypes are enriched in individuals with truncating variants. Furthermore, we could show for the first time that individuals with early seizures onset tend to present with severe-to-profound intellectual disability, hence highlighting the existence of an association between early seizure onset and more severe impairment of cognitive functions. Altogether, we present a detailed clinical description of the largest series of individuals with SYN1 variants reported so far and provide the first genotype-phenotype correlations for this gene. A timely molecular diagnosis and genetic counseling are cardinal for appropriate patient management and treatment.

Clinical, haematobiochemical, ultrasonographical, and ruminal alterations in camels diagnosed with various digestive troubles

Clinical, haematobiochemical, ultrasonographical, and ruminal alterations in camels diagnosed with various digestive troubles

The health benefits of santol fruits and bioactive products isolated from Sandoricum koetjape Merr.: A scoping review.

The santol tree (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) is largely distributed in Southeast Asia. It produces useful timber and edible fruits, consumed fresh, and transformed. It has a wide range of traditional medicinal uses for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and digestive troubles. Numerous bioactive natural products have been isolated from the roots, leaves, stems, and fruits of S. koetjape, including flavonoids, limonoids, and terpenoids. The seeds are considered toxic and contain insecticidal limonoids. The present review provides a survey of the natural products isolated from different parts of the plant and discusses their pharmacological properties. Information on S. koetjape was collected through databases and analyzed, leading to the identification of about 30 natural products of interest. Bioactive compounds include limonoids, such as sandoripins A-B, sanjecumins A-B, and sandrapins A-E, and flavonoids with antioxidant, antibacterial, and insecticidal properties such as sandoricin and sandoripin derivatives. The santol plant contains various anti-inflammatory triterpenes, such as sentulic acid and koetjapic acid (KA). KA is the main product found in santol and a few other plants. This tetracyclic triterpenoid is endowed with anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, with marked antimetastatic and antiangiogenic effects. Its potential molecular targets are discussed, notably the kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and other proteins (cyclooxygenase 2, DNA polymerase-β). The water-soluble derivative potassium koetjapate (KK) affords an orally bioavailable derivative, with superior antiangiogenic properties compared to KA. The health benefits associated with the consumption of santol fruits shall be further considered, and the design of hemi-synthetic analogs of KA encouraged. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The fruits of the santol tree are largely consumed in Asia and different parts of the plant (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) are used in traditional medicine. Diverse bioactive terpenoids have been isolated from the plant. Their pharmacological properties are reviewed here, with a focus on the triterpene koetjapic acid which displays marked anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Several other bioactive natural products, including limonoids and flavonoids, are evoked as well, to shed light on the many active compounds found in the fruits and the whole plant. For a healthy life, the use of the plant in phytomedicine and the consumption of the santol fruit should be encouraged.

Age in Impacting the Occurrence of Chronic Diseases: Case of Recurrently Diagnosed Diseases at Korhogo Regional Hospital in Northern of Cote d’Ivoire

<i>Background:</i> Our previous study suggested Korhogo district as strongly influenced by parasitical and infectious diseases and as well high blood pressure (HBP) troubles. In the same study, we shown that recurrently diagnosed diseases at Korhogo Regional Hospital (KRH) clustered in two group, depending on the regular and/or irregular dynamism of their increasing. Diseases with regular increasing dynamism (i.e. hypertension) claiming to be chronic diseases were controlled by patients’ anthropomorphic parameters such as age and weight as opposite to diseases with irregular increasing frequency dynamism dominated by malaria and influenza (infectious and tropical diseases). Basing on these results, we embarked here in assessing the relationship between age anthropomorphic parameter and the occurrence of recurrently diagnosed diseases at KRH. <i>Methods: </i>Patients clinical and anthropomorphic parameters data (i.e. age and weight), collected from 2014 to 2018 at the general medicine division of KRH, were subsequently structured and submitted to a multivariate computational statistical analysis in R programming environment. <i>Results:</i> Our findings showed the strong influence of aging on the occurrence of all recurrent listed and analyzed pathologies recorded at KRH from 2014 to 2018 and in particular, on chronic diseases such as cardiovascular troubles dominated by high blood pressure (HBP), osteo-articular/muscular, metabolic diseases (diabetes) and digestive troubles. <i>Conclusion: </i>Considering as a whole, even if our study supported a high concordance between aging and occurrence of diseases recurrently recorded at KRH, it is noteworthy to underline the significant correlation between aging (age increasing) and chronic diseases occurrence. This trend results accentuated for chronic diseases, i.e. high blood pressure, osteo-articular and muscular diseases for age over 50 years.

La ciguatera, à propos de quatre cas

AbstractThe authors report four clinical cases of ciguatera diagnosed at Rennes Teaching Hospital. Ciguatera is a foodborne illness caused by eating reef fish and shellfish, raw or cooked. The flesh of these phytophagous, corallivore or carnivorous fish is contaminated by toxins contained by the dinoflagellate algae Gambierdiscus spp and Fukuyoa spp. In humans, this disease is characterized by a polymorphic syndrome with digestive troubles, neurological disorders and even cardiovascular disease, associated with generalized pruritus. To date, no biological test is available to prove the diagnosis of ciguatera. Furthermore, no specific treatment exists, the management mainly relies on asymptomatic approach. Ciguatera is frequent in Caribbean Islands, in the Pacific Ocean as well as in Indian Ocean. If ciguatera is acquired in Coral seas, the disease may circulate worldwide due to international fishing and trade.

Taxonomic revision of the Japanese Tricholoma ustale and closely related species based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological data.

"Kakishimeji" identified as Tricholoma ustale and belonging to Tricholoma sect. Genuina is a common poisonous mushroom in Japan. Kakishimeji contains the toxic compound ustalic acid and causes digestive trouble. However, this fungus is consumed in some regions of Japan without any digestive issues. We clarified the probable species complex of Kakishimeji based on a phylogenetic analysis. We collected 89 basidioma specimens of Kakishimeji and related species from various forest sites in Japan and conducted phylogenetic analyses using 7 nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Kakishimeji was found to consist of four distinct phylogenetic clades based on all DNA regions tested. Of these, two clades included European T. stans and T. albobrunneum type specimens. Another two clades consisted of sister clades to T. pessundatum and T. ustaloides. In addition, all four phylogenetic clades of Kakishimeji had different spore and basidium sizes. Therefore, we regarded the latter two clades as two new Tricholoma species: T. kakishimeji and T. kakishimejioides.

Diagnostic of the Cooking and Storage Systems of a Cassava-Derived Food Locally Called “fufu” in the City of Yaoundé, Cameroon

Fufu is among the most consumed traditional dishes derived from cassava in Cameroon. However, the processing of cassava into flour used in the preparation of fufu, the home storage of that flour and the cooking practices might lead to microbial contamination and hence constitute a potential health risk for consumers. The aim of this study was to diagnose the cooking systems of fufu in the city of Yaoundé taking into consideration the processing of granules, its storage systems and the cooking practices. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Yaoundé. A total of 74 participants were submitted to a survey by the means of a structured questionnaire. Information on the socio-demographic characteristics of the population, the nature and quality of raw material used to cook fufu, the cooking processes, the storage of cooked fufu and complaints associated with the consumption of fufu were collected and statistically analyzed. Results showed that the majority of participants were women (82.4%) with university education level (73%). Most of the participants preferred granules of fermented cassava as raw material. The odor was the main purchasing criteria of raw materials which were generally stored at room temperature (25±2°C) in the household for 1 to 2 weeks. 76.05% of participants were aware of the impact of microorganisms on the color and odor of the raw material. Two cooking processes of fufu were identified, the heating duration being the main difference. The majority of participants used a heating duration of less than 15 min as it leads to slightly rigid, less elastic and not sticky fufu highly appreciated in the Centre and Sud regions of Cameroon. Leftovers fufu eaten by participants without any heating process and leftovers fufu reheated for a short duration before being consumed might be the causes of digestive troubles associated with its consumption. Prospective studies should be conducted to optimize the cooking process of fufu taking into consideration its microbiological (sporulated microflora) and sensorial quality.

Impact of feed restriction and fragmented feed distribution on performance, intake behaviour and digestion of the growing rabbit

Postweaning feed restriction preserves rabbit digestive health after weaning, but the underlying physiological mechanisms are not yet understood. To elucidate whether the feeding intake pattern modification related to feed restriction might be involved, we studied the effects of both feed intake quantity and intake frequency. Animals were allotted at weaning (28 d old) in a 2 × 2 factorial design: feed intake quantity (AL = ad libitum vs R = 75% of AL) and fragmented feed distribution (FFD) (1 vs 13 distributions), thus forming four groups (AL1, AL13, R1 and R13). New Zealand White growing rabbits were used from weaning to slaughter (70 d old), to analyse mortality, morbidity, performance, intake behaviour, digestion and microbial activity. Seven days after starting feed restriction (35 d old, group R1), rabbits consumed 44% of the feed within 2 h, 65% in 4 h and in 7 h over 95%. Over the 28–70 d period, mortality was low (5.3%) while morbidity averaged 18.5% and neither was affected by treatment. However, FFD tended to decrease the morbidity rate during the first 14 days after weaning (P = 0.06). Feed conversion (28–70 d) was improved by restriction (+15%, P < 0.001) and by FFD (+5%, P < 0.001). Nutrient digestibility was improved by restriction (+10% for energy, P < 0.01), but not by FFD. Fragmented feed distribution led to a lower stomachal pH, in the antrum (1.48 vs 2.13, P < 0.001) and in the fundus (1.52 vs 2.63, P < 0.001), while a higher pH was found in the caecum (6.07 vs 5.86, P < 0.001). Butyrate proportion in the caecum was reduced by four units for restricted groups. Fragmented feed distribution reduced the caecal VFA concentration by 23% within restricted rabbit groups only. A similar interaction between intake level and FFD was observed for fibrolytic activity (cellulase and xylanase). The diversity of caecal bacterial community was not modified by either of the two factors studied. Globally, fragmented meals have no major impacts on the caecal microbial activity, diversity, and thus would not be implicated in the better resistance of restricted rabbit to digestive troubles.

Medical outcome and post-natal growth approach of premature infant in ambulatory follow-up in N’Djamena (Chad)

The survival of preterm infants depends on the health development level of each country and those who survive need a closer follow-up after the discharge. The objective of this study was to evaluate morbidity, mortality and post-natal growth of preterm infants in the first six-month of life in a low income country. This was a longitudinal study from May 2015 to June 2016 in the pediatrics department of the Mother and Child Teaching Hospital of N’Djamena. It involved all preterm infants hospitalized during six months of inclusion period and followed in this structure. The morbidity rate was 26.9% in the first month of follow-up. The more frequent pathologies were acute respiratory infections (37%), functional digestive troubles (33%) followed by anemia and malaria (15%). Eight infants (11.9%) had been hospitalized again with 3 deaths recorded (4.5%). The growth was regular but the measures were mostly less than -2 Z score. Average weight was 6165.6 g at 6 months; average height: 60.72 cm and average head circumference: 41.62 cm. Adjustment of cranial circumference was earliest with 53 and 87% of normal value at 3 and 6 months respectively. The improvement of care of preterm infants would need the development of perinatalogy and follow-up network.

FSHD / OPMD / MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY: P.236 Spectrum and impact on quality of life of gastrointestinal disorders in myotonic dystrophy type 1

Gastro-intestinal disorders in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) are poorly understood and often overlooked by the medical community. The aim of this study is to describe gastro-intestinal manifestations of DM1 patients, to assess the impact on quality of life (GIQLI scale) and to identify factors associated. Thirty-two patients were included. Fifty percent reported digestive troubles. Abdominal pain and diarrhea were the most frequently reported ones (62% and 81% respectively). We did not find any factor linked to the presence of these disorders: (i) the duration of progression of the pathology, (ii) the level of CTG expansion, (iii) the degree of handicap or even (iv) the extra-neurological (cardiac and ophthalmological) involvement. However, this study allowed us to identify food avoidance behaviors (mainly dairy products and fibers) in 69% of cases (n = 11) and self-medication in 81% of cases (n = 13). Patients quality of life is altered with an average GIQLI scale at 63 (general population: 126) leading to depression feelings (78%) and a feeling of misunderstanding of the relatives (50%). The presence of gastro-intestinal disorders is very frequent in the DM1 population, prompting us to continue this study on a larger number of patients. Pathophysiological studies would permit to better understand their origin, e.g. damage to smooth muscles or microbiota alteration?

Nutritional and phytogenic properties of pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaf meal on blood characteristics of growing rabbits

Nutritional and phytogenic properties of pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaf meal on blood characteristics of growing rabbits

Associations rares ou trompeuses entre pathologies articulaires et pathologies hépato-gastro-entérologiques

In children, the combination of diarrhoea and arthritis can disclose rare disorders: tufting enteropathies, with excessive gut permeability; camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis, sometimes associated with digestive features secondary to intestinal lymphangiectasia induced by the chronic constrictive pericarditis; IPEX syndromes (immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked) due to FOXP3 genetic defects, sometimes include a combinaison of arthritis and digestive troubles; the same holds true for APECED syndromes (mutations of AIRE). In adults, esophagus achalasia is associated with uveitis, and less frequently with psoriatic arthritis or Sjögren's syndromes. Ascitis can herald rheumatoid arthritis, and exsudative enteropathies worsen some Sjögren's syndromes. Mesenteric panniculitis have been observed in Sjögren's syndromes, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The PPP syndrome (panniculitis-pancreatitis-polyarthritis) is consecutive to the systemic release of pancreatic enzymes. Its prognosis is poor if (false)-cysts from which enzymes are periodically discharged cannot be quickly surgically removed. In patients with undifferentiated polyarthritis, chronic cholostasis must lead to the search of anti-mitochondrial antibodies and anti-nuclear dots (indicative of primitive cholangitis). If such auto-antibodies are not found, a liver biopsy can reveal sclerosing cholangitis. Some arthritis can antedate auto-immune hepatitis (type 1, with anti-actin and/or anti-SLA antibodies, or type 2, with anti-LKM1 antibodies) which require a quick treatment by high doses of corticosteroids. Nodular regenerative liver hyperplasia can complicate lupus, polyarthritis, and Felty's syndromes.

Innate immune responses to metabolic stress can be detected in rumen fluids

Many production diseases of dairy cows are related to digestive troubles. The rumen subacute acidosis is the most relevant one, albeit not easily recognized. Recent studies suggest that forestomachs can perform regulatory actions at both regional and systemic levels, since forestomach walls express immune receptors and cytokines, and the rumen liquor is infiltrated by leukocytes. Therefore, the rumen fluid could be conveniently collected for investigating metabolic production diseases. Thus, we investigated the origin of the leukocytes of the rumen fluid and demonstrated that they partly derive from saliva. Next, we carried out a field survey of innate immunity in rumen fluids of 128 cows from 12 dairy farms, along with clinical inspections, assessment of milk yield, rumen pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and major inflammo-metabolic parameters. Significant statistical correlations were found between immune markers in rumen fluids and biochemical parameters. A significant negative correlation was found in rumen between CD45 gene expression (leukocyte infiltration) and pH level. B cells were the most frequent mononuclear leukocyte population in the rumen liquor and their infiltration was negatively affected by low ruminal pH and high concentrations of VFA. Moreover, total Ig and IgM in rumen fluids were negatively correlated with ruminal pH and positively correlated with uremia.Our data suggest that forestomach immune responses could be directed to “dangers” arising within the forestomach environment. The immune markers could integrate consolidated diagnostic parameters (e.g. rumen pH) and contribute to robust, early diagnosis of tricky digestive troubles of cattle.