Digestion Process Research Articles

New insights into EGCG retards the digestion of wheat starch by α-amylase in ternary system: Comparison with binary systems.

This study was to investigate the mechanism of the action of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on α-amylase in the ternary simulated system and explore the changes in enzyme structure during the digestion process. Enzymatic kinetics, fluorescence spectroscopy, surface hydrophobicity, fluorescence microscopy, and molecular docking were used to compare (in the presence and absence of EGCG) the structural changes of α-amylase and α-amylase-starch complex, as well as the binding characteristics among EGCG and the α-amylase and starch. The results showed that EGCG had a significant inhibitory effect on α-amylase, and it exhibited a coexistence of competitive and anti-competition inhibition type, and predominantly competitive inhibition. In the ternary and binary systems, the inhibitory mechanisms of EGCG on α-amylase were distinct. In the ternary system, EGCG preferably bound to α-amylase to form α-amylase-EGCG binary complexes rather than α-amylase-starch-EGCG ternary complexes, and altered the structure of α-amylase, leading to unfolding of the enzyme's secondary structure and exposing more non-catalytic site aromatic amino acids.

Study of a theoretical approach to bioprocess modeling for the performance of an anaerobic digester

Anaerobic digestion represents one of the major challenges of sustainable development and circular economy in the concept "from waste to energy". Given the great diversity of organic waste, its development requires the optimization of co-digestion. Hence the need to develop simple tools to characterize substrates and to predict the performance of digesters in order to optimize their operation. In this work, an approach based on a simple mathematical model to be able to calculate the biogas yield was studied. The models studied (AM2 and ADM1), serve as a basis for the development of monitoring and regulation strategies, offering more or less detailed levels of description of the digestion process. We have identified a difference in complexity between these two models explained by the different objectives for which they were developed. Thus, our study aims to propose a theoretical approach to the modeling of bioprocesses by choosing between the two aforementioned models. The objective being to provide a certain ease to the biogas producer and designer of digesters in the rural world, the simple model chosen is justified by intermediate stages of lesser importance than the final stage of methanogenesis. Thus, the information collected and estimated can subsequently be used for control strategies to optimize the operation of the digester, or they can be used by monitoring and diagnostic systems. This model will give a synthetic vision of anaerobic digestion, which limits its use to the modeling of the treatment of simple effluents. On the other hand, its formulation will allow a thorough mathematical analysis, and its simple structure would be well suited to the development of control strategies or monitoring procedures.

Variations in Bovine Milk Proteins and Processing Conditions and Their Effect on Protein Digestibility in Humans: A Review of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies

Bovine milk proteins account for 10% of the global protein supply, which justifies the importance of thoroughly understanding their digestive processes. Extensive research on digestion is being conducted both in vivo and in vitro. However, interpretations and comparisons across different studies require a thorough understanding of the methodologies used. Both the rate and extent of milk protein digestion can be affected by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors with potential implications for overall digestibility and physiological responses. Among intrinsic factors, the impact of genetic variants in native milk proteins has emerged as a growing research area. To these, further complexity is added by the processing conditions frequently applied to milk prior to consumption. The main aim of this work is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the impact of variations in milk protein profiles (particularly whey: casein ratio and protein polymorphisms), the treatments applied during processing (pasteurisation, homogenisation) and consumption (temperature changes) on protein digestion. To support the interpretation of the current literature, this manuscript also presents a historical perspective into research in this field and summarizes the protocols that are most frequently used, presently, on in vitro digestion studies.

Food Waste as Feedstock for Anaerobic Mono-Digestion Process

There is a growing recognition that food waste (FW) comprises a significant amount of unused energy. Indeed, FW shows great potential to produce methane (CH4)-rich biogas via an anaerobic digestion (AD) process. Nevertheless, to ensure high AD process performance, deepening the knowledge of FW characteristics is required. Furthermore, the biogas yield is strongly influenced by several operational parameters. Taking into account the above, in the current study, based on the data in the literature, the physicochemical parameters of FW generated throughout the world are presented and discussed. In addition, the performance profile of the single-stage anaerobic mono-digestion process with the use of FW as a feedstock was investigated. The performed analysis clearly demonstrated that FW is characterized by significant variations in several parameters, such as pH, the total solid (TS) and volatile solid (VS) contents, the volatile solids to total solids ratio (VS/TS), soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), the concentrations of VFAs and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N). Moreover, it was shown that the selected operational parameters, such as temperature, pH, the ratio of food waste to inoculum (I) (FW/I), and the organic loading rate (OLR), may have the most significant impact on the performance of the single-stage anaerobic mono-digestion process. In addition, it was found that most of the experimental investigations presented in the literature were conducted on a laboratory scale. Hence, in future research, more effort should be made to determine the biogas yield with the use of full-scale systems. To summarize, it should be clearly highlighted that the analysis presented in this study may have important implications for the management and application of FW as feedstock for an anaerobic mono-digestion process on an industrial scale.

Bioplastic’s Valorisation by Anaerobic Co-Digestion with WWTP Mixed Sludge

Bioplastics are designed to degrade at the end of their lifecycle, but effective management of their end-of-life phase and integration into existing organic waste management systems remain significant challenges. Some bioplastics decompose under anaerobic conditions, with the anaerobic digestion (AD) process being a potential solution for their disposal. AD is a promising technology for valorising organic wastes, enabling biomethane production, reducing carbon footprints, and promoting product circularity. This study focuses on evaluating the continuous co-digestion of bioplastics with mixed sludge from an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) was the selected bioplastic, as various studies have reported its high and rapid degradation under anaerobic mesophilic conditions. PHB’s biodegradability under typical WWTP anaerobic digestion conditions (35 °C, 20-day retention time) was assessed in batch tests and the results indicate that PHB degradation ranged from 68 to 75%, depending on particle size. To further explore the potential of AD for PHB valorisation, the feasibility of anaerobic co-digestion of PHB with WWTP sludge was tested on a continuous laboratory scale using two digesters: a conventional digester (CSTR) and an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). The results indicated complete degradation of PHB, which led to higher biomethanisation percentages in both digesters, rising from 58% to 70% in the AnMBR and from 44% to 72% in the CSTR. The notable increase observed in the CSTR was attributed to changes in microbial populations that improved sludge biodegradability.

Microbial community evolution in a lab-scale reactor operated to obtain biomass for biochemical methane potential assays.

Biochemical methane potential (BMP) test is an important tool to evaluate the methane production biodegradability and toxicity of different wastes or wastewaters. This is a key parameter for assessing design and feasibility issues in the full-scale implementation of anaerobic digestion processes. A standardized and storable inoculum is the key to obtain reproducible results. In Uruguay, a local enterprise dedicated to design and install anaerobic digesters operated a lab-scale bioreactor as a source of biomass for BMP tests, using a protocol previously described. This reactor was controlled and fed with a mixture of varied organic compounds (lipids, cellulolytic wastes, proteins). Biomass was reintroduced into the reactor after BMP assays to maintain a constant volume and biomass concentration. The aim of this work was to evaluate how the microbial community evolved during this operation and the effect of storing biomass in the refrigerator. The composition of the microbial communities was analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing using primers for Bacteria and Archaea. The methanogenic activity was determined, and the methanogens were quantified by mcrA qPCR. One sample was stored for a 5-month period in the refrigerator (4°C); the activity and the microbial community composition were analyzed before and after storage. Results showed that applying the reported methodology, a reliable methanogenic sludge with an acceptable SMA was obtained even though the reactor suffered biomass alterations along the evaluated period. Refrigerating the acclimatized biomass for 5months did not affect its activity nor its microbial composition according to the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, even though changes in the mcrA abundance were observed. KEY POINTS: • The applied methodology was successful to obtain biomass suitable to perform BMP assays. • The microbial community was resilient to external biomass addition. • Biomass storage at 4°C for 5months did not alter the methanogenic activity.

Recovery of Titanium from Red Mud Using Carbothermic Reduction and High Pressure Leaching of the Slag in an Autoclave

Red mud is a by-product of alumina production, which is largely stored in landfills that can endanger the environment. Red mud, or bauxite residue, is a mixture of inorganic compounds of iron, aluminum, sodium, titanium, calcium and silicon mostly, as well as a large number of rare earth elements in small quantities. Although certain methods of using red mud already exist, none of them have been widely implemented on a large scale. This paper proposes a combination of two methods for the utilization of red mud, first by carbothermic reduction and then, by leaching under high pressure in an autoclave in order to extract useful components from it with a focus on titanium. In the first part of the work, the red mud was reduced with carbon at 1600 °C in an electric arc furnace, with the aim of removing as much iron as possible using magnetic separation. After separation, the slag is leached in an autoclave at different parameters in order to obtain the highest possible yield of titanium, aiming for the formation of titanium oxysulfate and avoiding silica gel formation. A maximal leaching efficiency of titanium of 95% was reached at 150 °C using 5 mol/L sulfuric acid with 9 bar oxygen in 2 h. We found that high-pressure conditions enabled avoiding the formation of silica gel during leaching of the slag using 5 mol/L sulfuric acid, which is a big problem at atmospheric pressure. Previously silica gel formation was prevented using the dry digestion process with 12 mol/L sulfuric acid under atmospheric pressure.

Unravelling the Role of Chitin and Chitosan in Prebiotic Activity and Correlation With Cancer: A Narrative Review.

This review describes the state of the art regarding the prebiotic role of chitin and the interactions of chitin and chitosan with cancer cells. Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature and a constitutive component of crustacean shells and the exoskeleton of insects. Chitosan is the deacetylated form of chitin, which is obtained by chemical processing or the enzymatic activity of deacetylases found in microorganisms and insects. Edible insects have recently been introduced in Western countries, thus raising concerns regarding food safety and due to their chitin content and the release of chitosan during the digestive process. The roles of insect chitin and chitosan in the gastrointestinal tract, microbiome modulation, and cancer have been widely investigated. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the possible microbiota modulation of chitin and its relevant communication with the immune system, thus confirming its prebiotic activity. No evidence has been provided on the cancerogenic activity of chitin; however, studies have suggested that chitin has a cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines. Chitosan has been confirmed to exhibit apoptotic and cytotoxic activities on cancer cells in several in vitro studies on cancer cell lines and in vivo models. In conclusion, the literature does not show a direct connection between the presence of chitin or chitosan and the onset of cancer. However, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities in relation to cancerous lines have been demonstrated.

Role of enzyme replacement therapy for exocrine and nutritional insufficiency in patients with malignancies: A review

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a condition in which the amount of secreted pancreatic enzymes is insufficient to maintain normal digestion. EPI is a frequent complication of pancreatic or other malignancies. The presence of EPI in a cancer patient may be suggested by symptoms of maldigestion, malabsorption, and alteration of nutritional markers; however, it is important to note that the EPI symptoms may be subtle. In the early stages, EPI may be latent and manifested by malnutrition. However, even in the later stages, the symptoms of EPI may be similar to those of cancer or be masked by the condition after chemoradiation therapy. Antitumor therapy itself may also cause EPI. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the standard of care for EPI, but it is rarely prescribed to cancer patients. However, supportive therapy plays an essential role in treating cancer patients because the quality of life and life expectancy of patients largely depend on the adequacy of the complex treatment. The review discusses the possible causes of EPI and its diagnosis and treatment in cancer patients. Special attention is paid to ERT regimens, including those for improving digestion and the drug's dosage form. It is shown that pancreatin in minimicrospheres is the drug of choice for ERT, since the minimum particle size facilitates the most physiological digestion process.

Humic Substances from Waste-Based Fertilizers for Improved Soil Fertility

This research explores how different organic waste transformation methods influence the production of humic substances (HSs) and their impact on soil quality. Using olive and orange wastes as substrates, the study compares vermicomposting, composting, and anaerobic digestion processes to determine which method produces the most humic-substance-rich products. The characterization of HSs in each product included analyses of total organic carbon (TOC), humic and fulvic acid content, humification rate, humification degree, and E4/E6 ratio, with HSs extracted using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and analyzed via Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier-Transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy to assess structural complexity. The results revealed that the chemical composition of the input materials significantly influenced the transformation dynamics, with orange by-products exhibiting a higher humification rate and degree. Vermicomposting emerged as the most efficient process, producing fertilizers with superior humic content, greater microbial biodiversity, and enhanced cation exchange capacity, thus markedly improving soil quality. Composting also contributed to the stabilization of organic matter, albeit less effectively than vermicomposting. Anaerobic digestion, by contrast, resulted in products with lower levels of HSs and reduced nutrient content. Aerobic processes, particularly vermicomposting, demonstrated the most rapid and effective transformation, producing structurally complex, stable humus-like substances with pronounced benefits for soil health. These findings underscore vermicomposting as the most sustainable and efficacious approach for generating HS-rich organic fertilizers, presenting a powerful alternative to synthetic fertilizers. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of organic waste valorization to mitigate environmental pollution and foster circular economy practices in sustainable agriculture.

Multi-Omics Reveal the Improvements of Nutrient Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism and Intestinal Function via GABA Supplementation in Weanling Piglets

The nonprotein amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can enhance intestinal function in piglets; however, the mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood. To explore the effects of GABA and its underlying mechanisms, weanling piglets were randomly assigned to three groups, receiving either a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with GABA (80 mg/kg or 120 mg/kg). The results demonstrated that dietary GABA improved growth performance and reduced diarrhea incidence (p < 0.05). Additionally, GABA supplementation decreased the serum and intestinal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.05), and improved intestinal morphology. Multi-omics analyses were employed to explore the alterations caused by GABA supplementation and elucidate the related mechanisms. Microbiota profiling revealed improved beta-diversity and changes in the composition of ileal bacteria and fungi. Amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and digestive processes were primarily enriched in the GABA group according to metabolomics analysis. A transcriptome analysis showed significant enrichment in ion transmembrane transport and nutrition absorption and digestion pathways in the ileum. Furthermore, increased lipase and trypsin activity, along with the elevated expression of tight junction proteins confirmed the beneficial effects of GABA on intestinal nutrient metabolism and barrier function. In conclusion, dietary 80 mg/kg GABA supplementation improved nutrient digestion and absorption and intestinal function in weanling piglets.

Inhibition of Human Salivary and Pancreatic α-Amylase by Resveratrol Oligomers.

A key strategy to mitigate postprandial hyperglycemia involves inhibiting α-amylases, which commence the starch digestion process in the gut. This study examined the inhibitory effects of resveratrol and stilbenoid tetramers, vaticanol B, (-)-hopeaphenol, and vatalbinoside A on human salivary and pancreatic α-amylases experimentally and through molecular docking studies. Vaticanol B demonstrated the most potent inhibition with IC50 values of 5.3 ± 0.3 μM for salivary and 6.1 ± 0.5 μM for pancreatic α-amylase (compared to acarbose with IC50 values of 1.2 ± 0.1 μM and 0.5 ± 0.0 μM, respectively). Kinetic analysis suggested a competitive inhibition mode for vaticanol B. Resveratrol and vatalbinoside A were poor inhibitors of human α-amylases, while (-)-hopeaphenol exhibited moderate inhibition. Molecular docking supported the inhibition data, and several aspects of the structural configurations explained the stronger inhibition exerted by vaticanol B. Overall, vaticanol B shows promise as a natural alternative to acarbose for inhibiting α-amylase.

Continuous digester process safety improvements – Stress corrosion cracking and overpressure protection lessons learned and opportunities

Continuous digester process safety improvements – Stress corrosion cracking and overpressure protection lessons learned and opportunities

Solid-state anaerobic digestion of sweet corn waste: The effect of mixing and recirculation interval

The mixing and sludge recirculation interval is one of the key successes of the solid-state anaerobic digestion process, a promising technology for converting high-solid agro-industrial wastes to renewable energy. This study employed a pilot-scale completely stirred tank reactor to examine biogas production from sweet corn waste, including corn cobs, husks, and seeds. The reactor was operated as solid-state anaerobic digestion at an ambient temperature. The mixing and recirculating intervals were set to non-mixing and mixing for 10 minutes every 3, 6, and 12 hours. The initial total solid of the feedstock was 25%, while the hydraulic retention time was 30 days. The results showed that during the mixing and recirculation every three hours, the highest chemical oxygen demand, total solid, and volatile solid (VS) removal efficiencies were 85.42%, 62.92%, and 64.59%, respectively. The ratio between volatile fatty acid and alkalinity ranged between 0.20 and 0.30 without any sign of system failure. The highest specific methane yield of 766 L/kg VSadded was obtained in the experiment with mixing and recirculating intervals every 3 hours. It was found that the modified Gompertz model could effectively fit the methane yields with an R2 of 0.9667. The modeled methane production potential and the maximum methane production rate were 867.40 NL/kg VSadded and 132.01 NL/kg VSadded-d, respectively. Additionally, the levelized cost of the biogas produced from the solid-state anaerobic digestion of the sweet corn waste was calculated to be 0.61 USD/kg. The findings of this study can serve as a guide for the design and operation of the SS-AD system, which aims to transform various types of lignocellulosic waste into environmentally friendly energy.

Oral health statuses of individuals diagnosed with gastroparesis: A Cross-Section study.

Gastroparesis (GP) is a debilitating gastric motility disorder associated with digestive dysfunction, reduced quality of life (QoL), and increased mortality rates. There is no known cure for GP and treatment options are limited. The oral cavity is responsible for initiating digestion, yet the impact of GP symptom frequency on oral health status and oral healthcare utilization is not well understood. A 21-item electronic survey was developed and disseminated to a private GP social media forum. Survey questions explored GP symptom frequency, oral health status, dental care utilization, and oral health education post GP diagnosis. Descriptive and inferential statistics analysed data. There were 434 study participants. An overwhelming 83% reported GP negatively influenced their oral health and oral function. Significance was observed between GP symptom frequency and oral health status (p = <0.0001). The majority (81%) reported receiving dental care post GP diagnosis, yet (63%) reported current untreated dental concerns. Interestingly, (74%) of participants reported that they have never been educated about oral health risks associated with GP by any healthcare professionals. GP negatively affects oral health. Study participants reported a need for extensive dental treatments and high levels of untreated dental concerns. Results strongly support that preventive oral healthcare and education must be provided for individuals with a GP diagnosis. As leading oral disease prevention specialists, dental hygienists must be aware of the effects of GP on the oral cavity to help provide person-centred evidence-based care, improve digestive processes, and increase QoL for GP sufferers.

Dietary Mycotoxins Effects on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Microbiomes Can Be Mitigated with Addition of Organically Modified Clinoptilolites

Mechanisms of action attributed to feed additives are of continuous research interest, increasing our knowledge about the side effects (direct or indirect) of their application. The primary role of organically modified clinoptilolite is to bind multiple polar and non-polar mycotoxins contaminating the feed and remove them during the digestion process and through feces, therefore preventing adsorption and consequences of mycotoxicosis on fish health. However, it is not fully understood if this binding action can influence bacterial communities in the fish digestive tract and possibly other organs, as well as the aquatic environment. Therefore, in this study, Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) (average weight: 30 ± 2 g; n = 48) were simultaneously exposed to low-level mycotoxins (AFB1 40 µg/kg, FB 600 µg/kg, ZEN 50 µg/kg, and DON 150 µg/kg) added to diet, with and without supplementation of commercially available organically modified clinoptilolite feed additive (MinazelPlus®, 2 g/kg). After 42 days of continuous exposure, gill tissue, feces, and water were collected, and DNA was extracted from the samples. Results of RT-PCR analysis have revealed significant changes in microbiomes in fish from different groups, most prominently in mycotoxin-exposed fish. No significant changes were detected in water samples between the control and MinazelPlus® groups, confirming the safety of MinazelPlus® for aquatic microbial communities. MinazelPlus® addition to the mycotoxin spiked diet, stabilized fish natural microbiota, and prevented the disbalance of microbial homeostasis observed in fish exposed to dietary mycotoxins.

Influence of varied processing methods on the antioxidant capacity, antibacterial activity, and bioavailability of Iranian black, oolong, and green leafy teas

In this study, the impact of various tea preparation techniques on the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, antibacterial properties, and polyphenol bioavailability in green, black, and oolong tea infusions was examined. The findings demonstrated that the fermentation process significantly influences the levels of bioactive compounds, with green tea infusions exhibiting the highest, and black tea the lowest, content of phenolic compounds. A positive correlation was observed between the content of the phenolic compound and both antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Additionally, the microwave brewing method was identified as the most effective preparation technique for maximizing the bioactive compound content and bioavailability. The inclusion of skim milk powder was found to further enhance the bioavailability of phenolic compounds during digestive process. The research suggests that green tea infusions prepared using the microwave brewing method and supplemented with the skim milk powder, could serve as a functional beverage offering enhanced health benefits.

Osa-miR168a, a Plant miRNA That Survives the Process of In Vivo Food Digestion, Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice by Oral Administration.

Previous studies showed that osa-miR168a, a plant miRNA rich in fruits and vegetables, had cross-kingdom biological effects on immunocytes, silkworms, and rodents. In this study, the effects of miR168a on mouse colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) were investigated. The results showed that miR168a oligomers were resistant during the process of food digestion, ending up with a residual concentration of 67.8 ± 11.2 fM in mouse intestines 4 h after oral gavage. More importantly, direct oral administration of the miRNA to the colitis mice significantly ameliorated the progression of the disease, as evidenced by the reduction in DAI score, histopathological lesions, and proinflammatory cytokines. Repairing intestinal barrier function by promoting the regeneration of TJ proteins and the mucus layer, suppressing oxidative stress and colonic inflammation via modulating Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways, and restoring the imbalanced gut microbiota caused by DSS are proposed mechanisms behind the anticolitis activity of miR168a. This study provided new evidence of the cross-kingdom regulatory effects of dietary miRNAs, suggesting the potential of the plant miRNA for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.

Management of Tanning Waste from Leather Processing by Anaerobic Digestion Using a Dynamic Method on a Semi-Technical Scale

In the context of climate policy, measures are being taken around the world to reduce pollution. These have been intensified in the areas of transport, industry, and energy, with the goal of zero emissions. The role of the biogas plant in energy transition and as a waste treatment plant for disposal is very important. This article describes research on a dynamic anaerobic digestion (AD) process plant. The subject of this study was leather shavings, which is a problematic waste. The research presented here is intended to demonstrate the decomposition of the flesh in the process, to confirm its biogas yield, and to evaluate the biological and technical parameters of the process. High biochemical stability was achieved for each of the tests evaluated, and no specific technical requirements were demonstrated. The only technical aspect to be addressed during operation was sedimentation, which can be solved by preparing the mixture earlier or by changing the mixing method. This made it reasonable to investigate the material further in the context of an industrial project. The characteristics of protein degradation in the AD process resulted in a high methane content in the biogas, above 65%. It was also observed that the long conditioning time of biogas in the gas cushion favourably affected the proportion of methane in biogas. Analytical results confirmed 77.5% methane content, which was a very good result. This paper presents the results of a surprising effect of chromium, primarily Cr (III), on the performance of anaerobic digestion.

Alteration in rheological and digestive properties of O/W emulsions using controlled aggregation of konjac glucomannan and xanthan gum in aqueous phases

The modulation of lipid digestion and emulsion stability remains a pivotal area of research, crucial for developing healthier food products with enhanced sensory and nutritional attributes. This study investigates the influence of konjac glucomannan (KGM) and xanthan gum (XG) on oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions throughout simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) digestion, focusing on rheological properties, microstructure evolution, and lipid release kinetics. Three distinct O/W emulsions were formulated with 20 wt% oil content, incorporating either 0.8 wt% XG, a 1:1 mixture of KGM and XG (KGM/XG), or a blend of KGM-XG. Rheological assessments revealed all emulsions exhibited shear-thinning behavior across applied shear rates (0.1–100 1/s). During gastric and small intestinal digestion phases, the KGM-XG emulsion exhibited significantly higher viscosity at higher shear rates (2.512–100 1/s), indicating robust molecular interactions between KGM and XG under digestive conditions. The analysis of microstructure, particle size, and flow behavior showed that the KGM-XG emulsion exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher viscosity and smaller particle sizes compared to other systems throughout the digestion process. This finding indicates that KGM-XG emulsion demonstrates a strong resistance to enzymes and digestive fluid during the transition from oral to small intestinal phases. Importantly, the extent of free fatty acid (FFA) release at the end of the small intestinal phase was highest for XG (34.4%), followed by KGM/XG (15.65%) and KGM-XG (13.23%). These findings highlight the potential of KGM-XG emulsions to modulate lipid digestion kinetics, offering applications in designing emulsion-based foods, such as sauces, beverages, and reduced-fat foods.