Diffusion Of Technological Knowledge Research Articles

网络基础设施建设与企业技术知识扩散——来自“宽带中国”战略的准自然实验

党的十九大报告明确指出“要发展数字经济，建设网络强国，抢抓全球新一轮产业竞争制高点，促进实体经济加快转型升级”。在此背景下，解答网络基础设施能否以及如何影响微观企业的信息传递和技术知识扩散，具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。文章利用“宽带中国”战略的准自然实验和2008−2017年上市公司数据进行了实证分析。研究发现，良好的网络基础设施不仅可以促进上市公司向内部子公司的技术知识扩散，还可以促进与外部其他公司的技术合作。前者表现为注册地被选为“宽带中国”示范城市后，当地上市公司下属子公司的创新水平显著上升，后者则体现为当地上市公司与其他公司的联合创新显著增加。进一步研究表明，当上市公司的技术水平较高，或者子公司的地理位置较分散、网络基础设施较完备时，网络基础设施对公司内部技术知识扩散的积极作用更大；而当上市公司技术水平较高或者所在地区互联网用户较多时，网络基础设施对公司之间技术创新合作的影响更大。可见，加大网络基础设施的建设力度，有利于发挥技术知识的正外部性。

Analysis of the innovation value chain in strategic projects of the Brazilian Army

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe and compare seven case studies of strategic innovation projects of the Brazilian army; these projects present high transformational potential and high investments and are supported by technology and science policies.Design/methodology/approachThe authors present herein multiple case studies in which the authors conduct a documentary analysis of the innovation processes in the Brazilian army, as well as semi-structured interviews conducted with eight servicemen with more than 15 years of working experience.FindingsThe results obtained suggest that the innovation process occurs in four stages: creation, selection, development and diffusion of ideas.Practical implicationsThe research is relevant because it presents how the interaction between the Brazilian army, companies and academia strengthens the innovation ecosystem, stimulating the development of best practices for the management of strategic projects.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this study is to present the strategic project management of innovation based on public policies and investment in projects of the Brazilian army, which are drivers for the development of ecosystems that promote the creation and expansion of companies, the diffusion of technological knowledge in universities, and suitable solutions for the military sector.

Exploring Diversity in Household Pottery Traditions in Crusader Greece: a Case Study from the City of Thebes, Boeotia

This paper provides new data on an under‐documented topic in Aegean archaeology, that of the impact of Latin–Greek cohabitation on craftsmanship, socio‐economic organization and household pottery traditions. The chosen approach is a petrographic study of the provenance and technology of 37 cooking pots, jugs, basins and storage jars from the city of Thebes, Boeotia. The ceramics span from the late 12th to the mid‐14th century and thereby cover the periods of Byzantine, Frankish and Catalan control over the city. The analysis indicates that most pottery products were not locally made during these periods. Pottery consumption at Thebes involved, in the 12th/13th century, regional products from northern Boeotia, while pottery supplies from Euboea that had developed under Byzantine rule continued into the 14th century, well after Boeotia and Euboea came into the hands of, respectively, Frankish and Venetian lords in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade (1204). The petrographic analysis also allows for the characterization of Byzantine and Latin tempering practices of the pottery fabrics. These results highlight phenomena of regional economic reliance in central Greece and provide rare evidence for the cross‐cultural diffusion of technological knowledge in the late medieval Mediterranean.

The Importance of Technoparks in National Innovation Systems: A Case of Turkey

At the present time, innovation has become one of the fundamental elements in economic growth and social welfare. At the same time, increasing international competition with globalization has increased both production and use of high-tech products. In terms of countries, the establishment of national innovation systems as technology policy and the efficient operation of them constitute an important place. Technoparks, one of the important actors of the national innovation system, have become a fundamental technology policy instrument in the creation and diffusion of technological knowledge. The examination of the economic effects of these mechanisms aimed at university and industry cooperation is of great importance. The aim of this study is to examine the techno parks in the national innovation system in Turkey, whether they act in the direction of the establishment objectives, investment, employment, IP rights and relations with the sectors. It has been determined that the economic effects of the technoparks established in Turkey are not yet at the expected level.

Measuring efficiency of innovation using combined Data Envelopment Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling: empirical study in EU regions

The main aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of patent applications, development level, employment level and degree of technological diversity on innovation efficiency. Innovation efficiency is derived by relating innovation inputs and innovation outputs. Expenditures in Research and Development and Human Capital stand for innovation inputs. Technological knowledge diffusion that comes from spatial and technological neighborhood stands for innovation output. We derive innovation efficiency using Data Envelopment Analysis for 192 European regions for a 12-year period (1995–2006). We also examine the impact of patents production, development and employment level and the level of technological diversity on innovation efficiency using Structural Equation Modeling. This paper contributes a method of innovation efficiency estimation in terms of regional knowledge spillovers and causal relationship of efficiency measurement criteria. The study reveals that the regions presenting high innovation activities through patents production have higher innovation efficiency. Additionally, our findings show that the regions characterized by high levels of employment achieve innovation sources exploitation efficiently. Moreover, we find that the level of regional development has both a direct and indirect effect on innovation efficiency. More accurately, transition and less developed regions in terms of per capita GDP present high levels of efficiency if they innovate in specific and limited technological fields. On the other hand, the more developed regions can achieve high innovation efficiency if they follow a more decentralized innovation policy.

Propensity toward industry-science links across Mexico’s technological sectors: An analysis of patents, 1980-2013

Links between universities and firms (U-F) have been developed in a process in which universities have transformed the arena in which they carry out their missions and firms have internalized the need for cooperation in order to strengthen their R&D, with the idea of developing new products and processes in the context of the innovation economy. The aim of this paper is to analyze the factors affecting knowledge links among industry and scientific fields across Mexico’s technological sectors. According to our estimations, using a negative binomial model based on 959 USPTO Mexican patents granted from 1980 to 2013, and using the scientific references cited in the patents as a dependent variable, we found that a greater propensity toward industry and science links is positively associated with the international mobility of inventors, previous technological knowledge, technological knowledge diffusion, science-intensive technological sectors, and larger inventor team size, but negatively associated with technological collaboration.

Knowledge diffusion and industry growth: the case of Japan’s early cotton spinning industry

The diffusion of technological knowledge is key to industry growth. But not all knowledge is created equal. I use a nanoeconomic approach to examine knowledge diffusion-based growth in the Meiji-era Japanese cotton spinning industry, which enjoyed remarkable success after a decade of initial failure. By tracing sources of technological knowledge to individual engineers, I find that successful technology diffusion required the right kind of human capital embodying and transmitting knowledge, and a competitive environment that rewarded talent while weeding out incompetence

Effects of North–South trade on wage inequality and on human-capital accumulation

This paper develops an endogenous growth model with technological knowledge directed towards high- versus low-skilled labour, augmented with North–South international trade of intermediate goods and with human-capital accumulation, to analyse how trade affects wage inequality and the inter-country human-capital gap. Trade is a vehicle for inter-country technological-knowledge diffusion and human-capital accumulation interacts with the intra-country direction of technological knowledge arising from trade. In contrast with the market-size effect, stressed in the skill-biased technological change literature, the operation of the price channel following openness to trade predicts, in line with the recent trends in developed and developing countries, an increasing technological-knowledge bias towards high-skilled human capital. This, in turn, decreases inter-country gaps of technological knowledge and human capital and increases intra-country wage inequality. Also in line with recent empirical evidence, inter-country wage convergence is induced by the trade-opening level effect.

Diffusion and directed technological knowledge, human capital and wages

By connecting the North–South diffusion and the bias of non-scale technological knowledge and by considering endogenous human capital, we relate the technological-knowledge diffusion with levels, inter-country gaps, growth rates, wage-inequality paths and specialisation patterns. Inter-country gaps fall towards the steady state and the South produces more final goods at the end of the adjustment process. Moreover, it exports relatively more final goods of the type that uses more intensively the relatively abundant human capital and imitated intermediate goods. However, outputs, wages and prices remain different and differences in prices originate the intra-country wage-inequality paths observed in developed and developing countries, since the early 1980s.

Networks, spatial diffusion of technological knowledge and regional economic growth: an agent-based modelling approach

This paper applies an agent-based model to simulate the impact of different network structures on spatial diffusion of knowledge and regional technological progress. Main results are: 1 information network structures have a significant impact on both spatial information diffusion and regional technological progress 2 information diffusion in networks is only imperfect, i.e., accumulated knowledge in regional networks correspond only to a constant fraction of technological knowledge generated in leader regions? 3 this fraction is c.p. higher for scale-free (SF) networks when compared to random and small-world network (SWN) 4 this fraction increased for SF networks with the preferential attachment parameter and for small world networks with the a-parameter 5 in contrast to classical catch-up models our network approach to spatial diffusion of technological knowledge implies that except for extreme centralised or dense networks catching-up does not occur.

Scale-independent North-South trade effects on the technological-knowledge bias and on wage inequality

This paper develops a general equilibrium endogenous growth model that highlights the scale-independent mechanisms through which trade-induced North-South technological-knowledge diffusion affects the technological-knowledge bias and, thus, the paths of intra-country wage inequality. In contrast with the market-size effect, stressed in the previous literature on skill-biased technological change, the operation of the emphasized price channel following openness predicts, in line with the recent trends in developed and developing countries, an increasing skilled technological-knowledge bias, which, in turn, rises wage inequality in favor of skilled labor.

The skill premium and economic growth with costly investment, complementarities and international technological-knowledge diffusion

We analyse the skill premium and the growth rate in an innovator-imitator general equilibrium growth model assuming (i) internal costly investment in both physical capital and R&D, (ii) complementarities between intermediate goods in production and (iii) technological-knowledge diffusion. We find that in the imitator country these three elements influence the economic growth rate and the skill premium. In the innovator country, while the growth rate is affected by costly investment and complementarities, the skill premium is not affected by any of our assumptions. It depends solely on the productive advantage of high-skilled over low-skilled labour, which suggests that the sustained increase in the skill premium observed in several developed countries over the last three decades may have been due to increases in such productive advantage.

R&D Direction and North-South Diffusion, Human Capital, Growth, and Wages

This paper highlights some recent components related to the endogenous growth literature; in particular, (i) research and development progress, direction, and diffusion; (ii) human-capital accumulation; (iii) wage inequality; (iv) nonscale economic growth, showing how each one has been treated by the existing seminal literature and the expected impact of bringing them together. The connection of the different components is mainly done by involving the leading literature on North-South technological-knowledge diffusion by imitation under trade, and the prevailing literature on intra- and intercountry wage inequality.

The diffusion of technological knowledge through interlaced networks

In the last decade, many papers discussed the basic features of the networks formed by knowledge diffusion. In this paper, we show that a network formed by the spreading of technological information, represented by the patents citation network, does not obey the expected power law behavior and, therefore, is not a scale-free network. We mapped a network formed by almost 600 000 patents, covering a 40 years period. Although the complete network is not scale-free, small portions within the whole network can be described by power laws. The network combines several fields of knowledge, but those power law portions belong to specific fields of technological knowledge. A mathematical model is introduced, which can explain the basic dynamics of the formation of this network.

NON-SCALE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL-KNOWLEDGE DIFFUSION ON SOUTHERN GROWTH AND WAGES

We develop a dynamic, general equilibrium non-scale endogenous growth model of North–South technological-knowledge diffusion by imitation. Countries differ in levels of exogenous productivity, human-capital levels and R&D capacity. Growth is driven by Northern innovative R&D and the South converges towards the North. Growth is also driven by human-capital accumulation, scale effects are removed, imitation is only feasible once a threshold distance to the frontier has been attained and is dependent on the South’s relative level of employed human capital and on domestic policies promoting R&D. Imitation promotes partial convergence of inter-country wages and governs the path of intra-South wage inequality. jere_495 341..366

Can the North–South trade regime explain intra- and inter-country productivity differences?

The literature identifies North–South disparities in Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which, in turn, justify the bulk of international income differences. By building a dynamic, general equilibrium model of North–South technological-knowledge diffusion with scale-invariant growth, we extend the literature in several directions: (i) growth is driven by Schumpeterian R&D and by high and low-skilled human-capital accumulation; (ii) three trade regimes are considered; (iii) sectoral and aggregate TFP measures are computed; (iv) the extent to which the North–South trade regime explains intra-country TFP and inter-country TFP differences is evaluated. In particular, the results suggest that intra-country TFP differences increase and inter-country TFP differences fall when countries are more interdependent.

Re-examining International Technological-Knowledge Diffusion

In the standard models of North-South technological-knowledge diffusion, the larger the initial technological-knowledge gap between countries, the greater the Southern catching up. However, this result does not adjust well to Southern reality as a whole. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the disparity between the theoretical outcome and the empirical findings can be reduced by considering that: (i) the South can only imitate Northern technological knowledge when it is sufficiently close to the Northern frontier; (ii) the advantage of the South's moderate backwardness, together with its imitation capacity, is a mechanism of catching up with the North; and (iii) the Southern catching-up specification can be country specific. In particular, we show that the behavior of the South's relative level of employed human capital affects Southern imitation capacity and depends on the catching-up specifications.

EXPLORING THE MIRACLE: STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE KNOWLEDGE BASE IN THE AERONAUTICS INDUSTRY

We consider here the governance of learning and the diffusion of technological knowledge in the civil aircraft industry. We describe a systemic process by which specialization in knowledge encourages depth whilst breadth is captured through the integration of contributions by the lead manufacturer, which acts as systems integrator. We explore the boundaries of the knowledge bases related to airframe structure and systems and aircraft instrumentation by using patents as tracers, considering the range of scientific and technological disciplines related to the industry as well as the sources of that knowledge. We conclude that knowledge base supporting the aeronautics industry is complex and multidisciplinary, and that firms acting as system integrators have to hold the broadest knowledge bases to co-ordinate design and production.

Explaining the Geography of Co-Patenting in the Scientific Community: A Social Network Analysis

Based on micro data on the networks of innovation of a French science university, we empirically test whether or not technological knowledge created by academic scientists diffuses in a larger geographic area when the scientists who take part in this technology transfer have a more far-reaching social network. We only find partial network effects, the spatial diffusion of technological knowledge not being significantly and homogeneously influenced by the researchers'positions within the network of science.

The Role of Large Multinationals in the Dutch Technology Infrastructure. A Patent Citation Analysis

This paper investigates the impact of large multinational firms on the Dutch technology infrastructure. More specifically, it asks how the structure of the knowledge flows network matters for diffusion of technological knowledge in the Dutch economy. Patent citation analysis based on European Patent applications is used to quantify this network. The paper finds that there are large differences between firms in terms of the density of their 'ego-network', and the amount of knowledge spillovers to the Dutch economy that they generate.