Differentiation In Cities Research Articles

SOCIAL JUSTICE IN THE CONTEXT OF EPISTEMOLOGICAL URBANISM

The purpose of this work is to substantiate the study of the modern city as a system, to determine the main directions of the study of the social processes of the city in the categorical and methodological scheme of epistemology. The rationale for the relevance of this approach is the increasing social differentiation in cities, the polarization of local communities. The city, as a key form of the social system in its subject and communicative space, creates objects and processes for citizens, but does not always give the opportunity to participate in this creation and express their attitude to it. Scientific production aimed at obtaining new reliable knowledge about the urban system, focused on the knowledge of social processes and phenomena, as well as the study of this knowledge itself, is the resource that would improve the quality of life of citizens and optimize their interaction with municipal structures, change their civic position.
 Research methods used in the work: comparatively-historical, phenomenological, structural, functional, as well as systematic approach.
 The results of the work are to determine those cognitive categories (problem, theory, fact, method) on which it is necessary to build a productive and reliable urban research, to identify the role of knowledge in the construction of urban phenomena, to characterize the “resistance of the studied object”. The results of the study can be used both in the development of individual phenomenological aspects of urban sociology and for urban design

ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОЕ ПАССАЖИРСКОЕ СООБЩЕНИЕ В РОССИЙСКИХ ГОРОДАХ-МИЛЛИОНЕРАХ: МАСШТАБЫ, СПЕЦИФИКА, ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ГОРОДСКОЙ СРЕДЫ

The successful evolution of the millionaire cities’ environment is impossible without the availability of modern off-street transport that meets modern standards of speed, safety, ergonomics, and comfort. In Russia, only one type of off-street urban transport – rail transport – is available in all millionaire cities without exception. Therefore, its development is the fastest way to improve the transport situation and enhance the connectivity of urban space. In the paper, we estimate the scale of the rail transport development in all Russian cities with over a million residents (except Moscow and St. Petersburg), analyze the orientation of the rail transport systems towards solving the problems of urban transportation and saving the passengers’ time. The calculation of the integral indicator, covering six specific indicators, revealed a significant differentiation of cities, which showed further increase when the method was supplemented with three indicators characterizing the interaction between different routes of rail transport, as well as with the subway and external (air) transport. We have identified cities whose best practices must be applied in order to avoid aggravation of transport problems that negatively affect the quality of the urban environment and the citizens’ freedom of choice.

RESIDENTIAL DIFFERENTIATION AT TWO GEOGRAPHIC SCALES – THE METROPOLITAN AREA AND THE CITY: THE CASE OF TEL AVIV

The research of residential differentiation in cities is concentrated on one geographic scale such as metropolitan areas, cities, or counties. As a result, we have relatively little information regarding the extent of residential differentiation and its spatial pattern at different geographic scales. This paper examines the residential differentiation within the socio-spatial structure of the Tel Aviv metropolitan area as it was in 1995. The analysis is conducted at two geographic scales. The first analyzes the entire metropolitan area as one spatial entity; the second examines the 22 cities located within that area. We applied the method of classical factorial social ecology to investigate residential differentiation along the social dimensions of ethnicity, socio-economic status and family status (stage in the family life cycle) in their spatial expression at the metropolitan and city geographic scales. The findings indicated that residential differentiation in the metropolitan area and in cities tends to be dominated by the ethnic dimension, which is most closely associated with the socio-economic dimension. The relative independence of family status enables the formation of socially diverse residential areas which are often organized in nearly a sectoral-concentric pattern. In general, residential differentiation was more significant at the geographic scale of cities.

Prospects for the Development of Russian Cities in the Context of the Education-Related Migrationof Young People

Introduction. Modern urbanization is characterized by uneven development of territories as well as by differentiation of cities in terms of population growth or decline rates. An important role in this belongs to young people who move to other cities in order to ensure the best possible self-fulfillment and comfortable living. The relevance of the study is determined by the emergence of the potential of polarization development of cities and adjacent territories, which forms the effect of socio-economic destabilization in the regions as a whole. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the prospects for the development of cities that are not included in the category of “megalopolis” in the context of the academic mobility of young people. Materials and Methods. The analysis of the data of the 2002 and 2010 All-Russia Population Censuses and of the 2014 and 2017 micro-censuses of the population, as well as a survey of first-year students enrolled in institutions of higher education in St. Petersburg in 2017 became the empirical basis of the study. Results. The study has demonstrated the centripetal migration attitudes of young people, which increases the risks of negative prognoses for the development prospects of the cities they leave. The problematic and attractive aspects of the cities where many students are living have been revealed, as well as the potential and directions of urban development, and the attitude of young people to the changes and their own participation in them. The areas of non-economic measures for the development of urban settlements have been identified, which make it possible to form a positive socio-psychological climate and image. Discussion and Conclusion. The data obtained make it possible to conclude that the trend of the unbalanced development of Russian cities still remains. Factors of life in a megalopolis, attractive to resettlement and modeling of young people’s life plans, are determined by the activity of the population and the city authorities in such areas as economy, culture, social sphere, centripetal movement of resource flows, and the production of innovations that have economic and socio-cultural effects. The practical significance of the research results is lies in the identification of problem areas in the functioning of cities and the determination of areas of urban development for the formation of aspects of urban life attractive for young people.

Well-being Disparities within the Paris Region: A Capabilist Spatialised Outlook

This paper advocates, from a normative point of view, the use of multidimensional, capabilist-based urban indicators and shows that they can shed a new empirical light on socio-spatial differentiation in cities. First, the relevance is discussed of Amartya Sen’s capability approach when assessing well-being from an urban, spatialised point of view, and a definition is proposed of a capabilist spatialised well-being indicator (CaS). After presenting the main methodological issues of its operationalisation, an example is presented of an empirical specification based on French data for the Paris region. It is shown that using CaS, instead of more traditional, income-based measures, helps to uncover interesting trends in socio-spatial differentiation in the Paris Region between 1999 and 2006. In particular, even if there was a well-being ‘catching up’ phenomenon between municipalities, a cluster of the least-advantaged municipalities in the Paris region seems to be drifting away in terms of well-being.

Urban spatial configuration and socio-economic residential differentiation: The case of Tel Aviv

This paper compares the effect of two aspects of a city’s spatial configuration – spatial separation between areas and dissimilarity in spatial integration between areas – on socio-economic residential differentiation in the city of Tel Aviv, Israel. The integration analysis is based on the space syntax methodological–conceptual framework and focuses on Tel Aviv’s core, where the main socio-economic differentiations were identified.Obtained results indicate that socio-economic differentiation between areas correspond mainly with the level of spatial separation or segmentation between areas but much less with the level of dissimilarity characterizing their spatial integration. The empirical findings can be considered innovative in light of the fact that space syntax studies dealing with social differentiation in cities usually focus solely on spatial integration patterns.The research findings nonetheless support the theoretical understanding that the urban environment’s spatial configuration provides a fundamental condition for the creation and preservation of urban social residential differentiation.