Differential Space-Time Spreading Research Articles

SP-DSTS-MIMO Scheme-Aided H.266 for Reliable High Data Rate Mobile Video Communication

With the ever growth of Internet users, video applications, and massive data traffic across the network, there is a higher need for reliable bandwidth-efficient multimedia communication. Versatile Video Coding (VVC/H.266) is finalized in September 2020 providing significantly greater compression efficiency compared to Highest Efficient Video Coding (HEVC) while providing versatile effective use for Ultra-High Definition (HD) videos. This article analyzes the quality performance of convolutional codes, turbo codes and self-concatenated convolutional (SCC) codes based on performance metrics for reliable future video communication. The advent of turbo codes was a significant achievement ever in the era of wireless communication approaching nearly the Shannon limit. Turbo codes are operated by the deployment of an interleaver between two Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) encoders in a parallel fashion. Constituent RSC encoders may be operating on the same or different architectures and code rates. The proposed work utilizes the latest source compression standards H.266 and H.265 encoded standards and Sphere Packing modulation aided differential Space Time Spreading (SP-DSTS) for video transmission in order to provide bandwidth-efficient wireless video communication. Moreover, simulation results show that turbo codes defeat convolutional codes with an averaged Eb/N0 gain of 1.5 dB while convolutional codes outperform compared to SCC codes with an Eb/N0 gain of 3.5 dB at Bit Error Rate (BER) of . The Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) results of convolutional codes with the latest source coding standard of H.266 is plotted against convolutional codes with H.265 and it was concluded H.266 outperform with about 6 dB PSNR gain at Eb/N0 value of 4.5 dB.

Performance Analysis of Iteratively Decoded Convergent Source Mapping with Sphere Packing-Assisted Differential Space-Time Spreading Technique for Efficient Video Transmission

With the substantial growth in number of wireless devices, future communication demands overarching research to design high-throughput and efficient systems. We propose an intelligent Convergent Source Mapping (CSM) approach incorporating Differential Space-Time Spreading (DSTS) technique with Sphere Packing (SP) modulation. The crux of CSM process is assured convergence by attaining an infinitesimal Bit-Error Rate (BER). Data Partitioning (DP) H.264 video codec is deployed to gauge the performance of our intelligent and efficient system. For the purpose of efficient and higher data rates, we have incorporated compression efficient source encoding along with error resiliency and transmission robustness features. The proposed system follows the concept of iterations between the Soft-Bit Source-Decoder (SBSD) and Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) decoder. Simulations of the DSTS-SP-assisted CSM system are presented for the correlated narrowband Rayleigh channel, using different CSM rates but constant overall bit-rate budget. The SP-assisted DSTS systems are mainly useful in decoding algorithms that operate without requiring Channel State Information (CSI). The effects of incorporating redundancy via different CSM schemes on the attainable performance and convergence of the proposed system are investigated using EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) charts. The effectiveness of the proposed system is demonstrated through IT++ based proof-of-concept simulations. The Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) analysis shows that using Rate-2/6 CSM with minimum Hamming distance ( d H , min ) of 4 offers about 5 dB gain, compared to an identical overall system code rate but with Rate-2/3 CSM and d H , min of 2. Furthermore, for a consistent value of d H , min and overall rate, the Rate-2/3 CSM scheme beats the Rate-5/6 CSM by about 2 dB at the PSNR degradation point of 2 dB. Moreover, the proposed system with Rate-2/3 CSM scheme furnishes an E b / N 0 gain of 20 dB when compared with the uniform-rate benchmarker. Clearly, we can say that higher d H , min and lower CSM values are favourable for our proposed setup.

Performance Analysis of Sphere Packed Aided Differential Space-Time Spreading with Iterative Source-Channel Detection.

The introduction of 5G with excessively high speeds and ever-advancing cellular device capabilities has increased the demand for high data rate wireless multimedia communication. Data compression, transmission robustness and error resilience are introduced to meet the increased demands of high data rates of today. An innovative approach is to come up with a unique setup of source bit codes (SBCs) that ensure the convergence and joint source-channel coding (JSCC) correspondingly results in lower bit error ratio (BER). The soft-bit assisted source and channel codes are optimized jointly for optimum convergence. Source bit codes assisted by iterative detection are used with a rate-1 precoder for performance evaluation of the above mentioned scheme of transmitting sata-partitioned (DP) H.264/AVC frames from source through a narrowband correlated Rayleigh fading channel. A novel approach of using sphere packing (SP) modulation aided differential space time spreading (DSTS) in combination with SBC is designed for the video transmission to cope with channel fading. Furthermore, the effects of SBC with different hamming distances but similar coding rates is explored on objective video quality such as peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and also the overall bit error ratio (BER). EXtrinsic Information Transfer Charts (EXIT) are used for analysis of the convergence behavior of SBC and its iterative scheme. Specifically, the experiments exhibit that the proposed scheme of error protection of SBC = 6 outperforms the SBCs having same code rate, but with = 3 by 3 dB with PSNR degradation of 1 dB. Furthermore, simulation results show that a gain of 27 dB is achieved with SBC having code rate 1/3 compared to the benchmark Rate-1 SBC codes.

On the Performance of Video Resolution, Motion and Dynamism in Transmission Using Near-Capacity Transceiver for Wireless Communication.

This article investigates the performance of various sophisticated channel coding and transmission schemes for achieving reliable transmission of a highly compressed video stream. Novel error protection schemes including Non-Convergent Coding (NCC) scheme, Non-Convergent Coding assisted with Differential Space Time Spreading (DSTS) and Sphere Packing (SP) modulation (NCDSTS-SP) scheme and Convergent Coding assisted with DSTS and SP modulation (CDSTS-SP) are analyzed using Bit Error Ratio (BER) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) performance metrics. Furthermore, error reduction is achieved using sophisticated transceiver comprising SP modulation technique assisted by Differential Space Time Spreading. The performance of the iterative Soft Bit Source Decoding (SBSD) in combination with channel codes is analyzed using various error protection setups by allocating consistent overall bit-rate budget. Additionally, the iterative behavior of SBSD assisted RSC decoder is analyzed with the aid of Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) Chart in order to analyze the achievable turbo cliff of the iterative decoding process. The subjective and objective video quality performance of the proposed error protection schemes is analyzed while employing H.264 advanced video coding and H.265 high efficient video coding standards, while utilizing diverse video sequences having different resolution, motion and dynamism. It was observed that in the presence of noisy channel the low resolution videos outperforms its high resolution counterparts. Furthermore, it was observed that the performance of video sequence with low motion contents and dynamism outperforms relative to video sequence with high motion contents and dynamism. More specifically, it is observed that while utilizing H.265 video coding standard, the Non-Convergent Coding assisted with DSTS and SP modulation scheme with enhanced transmission mechanism results in gain of 20 dB with reference to the Non-Convergent Coding and transmission mechanism at the objective PSNR value of 42 dB. It is important to mention that both the schemes have employed identical code rate. Furthermore, the Convergent Coding assisted with DSTS and SP modulation mechanism achieved superior performance with reference to the equivalent rate Non-Convergent Coding assisted with DSTS and SP modulation counterpart mechanism, with a performance gain of 16 dB at the objective PSNR grade of 42 dB. Moreover, it is observed that the maximum achievable PSNR gain through H.265 video coding standard is 45 dB, with a PSNR gain of 3 dB with reference to the identical code rate H.264 coding scheme.

Transmitter Diversity Gain Technique Aided Irregular Channel Coding for Mobile Video Transmission.

The reliable transmission of multimedia information that is coded through highly compression efficient encoders is a challenging task. This article presents the iterative convergence performance of IrRegular Convolutional Codes (IRCCs) with the aid of the multidimensional Sphere Packing (SP) modulation assisted Differential Space Time Spreading Codes (IRCC-SP-DSTS) scheme for the transmission of H.264/Advanced Video Coding (AVC) compressed video coded stream. In this article, three different regular and irregular error protection schemes are presented. In the presented Regular Error Protection (REP) scheme, all of the partitions of the video sequence are regular error protected with a rate of 3/4 IRCC. In Irregular Error Protection scheme-1 (IREP-1) the H.264/AVC partitions are prioritized as A, B & C, respectively. Whereas, in Irregular Error Protection scheme-2 (IREP-2), the H.264/AVC partitions are prioritized as B, A, and C, respectively. The performance of the iterative paradigm of an inner IRCC and outer Rate-1 Precoder is analyzed by the EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) Chart and the Quality of Experience (QoE) performance of the proposed mechanism is evaluated using the Bit Error Rate (BER) metric and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR)-based objective quality metric. More specifically, it is concluded that the proposed IREP-2 scheme exhibits a gain of 1 dB with reference to the IREP-1 and gain of 0.6 dB with reference to the REP scheme over the PSNR degradation of 1 dB.

On the Performance of Self-Concatenated Coding for Wireless Mobile Video Transmission Using DSTS-SP-Assisted Smart Antenna System

In the current age of advanced technologies, there is an escalating demand for reliable wireless systems, catering to the high data rates of mobile multimedia applications. This article presents a novel approach to the concept of Self-Concatenated Convolutional Coding (SECCC) with Sphere Packing (SP) modulation via Differential Space-Time Spreading- (DSTS-) based smart antennas. The two transmitters provide transmit diversity which is capable of recuperating the signal from the effects of fading, even with a single receiving antenna. The proposed DSTS-SP SECCC scheme is probed for the Rayleigh fading channel. The SECCC structure is developed using the Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) code with the aid of an interleaver. Interleaving generates randomness in exchange for extrinsic information between the constituent decoders. Iterative decoding is invoked at the receiving side to enhance the output performance by attaining fruitful convergence. The convergence behaviour of the proposed system is investigated using EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) curves. The performance of the proposed system is ascertained with the H.264 standard video codec. The perceived video quality of DSTS-SP SECCC is found to be significantly better than that of the DSTS-SP RSC. To be more precise, the proposed DSTS-SP SECCC system exhibits an E b / N 0 gain of 8 dB at the PSNR degradation point of 1 dB, relative to the equivalent rate DSTS-SP RSC. Similarly, an E b / N 0 gain of 10 dB exists for the DSTS-SP SECCC system at 1 dB degradation point when compared with the SECCC scheme dispensing with the DSTS-SP approach.

On the Performance of Wireless Video Communication Using Iterative Joint Source Channel Decoding and Transmitter Diversity Gain Technique

In this research work, we have presented an iterative joint source channel decoding- (IJSCD-) based wireless video communication system. The anticipated transmission system is using the sphere packing (SP) modulation assisted differential space-time spreading (DSTS) multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) scheme. SP modulation-aided DSTS transmission mechanism results in achieving high diversity gain by keeping the maximum possible Euclidean distance between the modulated symbols. Furthermore, the proposed DSTS scheme results in a low-complexity MIMO scheme, due to nonemployment of any channel estimation mechanism. Various combinations of source bit coding- (SBC-) aided IJSCD error protection scheme has been used, while considering their identical overall bit rate budget. Artificial redundancy is incorporated in the source-coded stream for the proposed SBC scheme. The motive of adding artificial redundancy is to increase the iterative decoding performance. The performance of diverse SBC schemes is investigated for identical overall code rate. SBC schemes are employed with different combinations of inner recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) codes and outer SBC codes. Furthermore, the convergence behaviour of the employed error protection schemes is investigated using extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts. The results of experiments show that our proposed R a t e − 2 / 3 SBC-assisted error protection scheme with high redundancy incorporation and convergence capability gives better performance. The proposed R a t e − 2 / 3 SBC gives about 1.5 dB E b / N 0 gain at the PSNR degradation point of 1 dB as compared to R a t e − 6 / 7 SBC-assisted error protection scheme, while sustaining the overall bit rate budget. Furthermore, it is also concluded that the proposed R a t e − 2 / 3 SBC-assisted scheme results in E b / N 0 gain of 24 dB at the PSNR degradation point of 1 dB with reference to R a t e − 1 SBC benchmarker scheme.

Quasi-Synchronous Cooperative Networks: A Practical Cooperative Transmission Protocol

In this article, we propose a cooperative space-time coding (STC) protocol, amalgamating the concepts of asynchronous cooperation, noncoherent detection, as well as distributed turbo coding (DTC), where neither symbol-level time synchronization nor channel-state information (CSI) estimation is required at any of the cooperating nodes, while attaining high performance even at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). More specifically assuming the system configuration of a single source node, multiple relay nodes, and a single destination node, each having a single antenna element (AE)a practical cooperative differential space-time spreading (CDSTS) scheme is designed using interference rejection spreading codes, to eliminate the effect of synchronization errors between the relay nodes without the assistance of channel estimation or equalization.

Iterative AMR-WB Source and Channel Decoding Using Differential Space–Time Spreading-Assisted Sphere-Packing Modulation

In this paper, we present a novel system that invokes jointly optimized iterative source and channel decoding for enhancing the error resilience of the adaptive multirate wideband (AMR-WB) speech codec. The resultant AMR-WB-coded speech signal is protected by a recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) code and transmitted using a noncoherently detected multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) differential space-time spreading (DSTS) scheme. To further enhance the attainable system performance and to maximize the coding advantage of the proposed transmission scheme, the system is also combined with multidimensional sphere-packing (SP) modulation. Furthermore, the convergence behavior of the proposed scheme is evaluated with the aid of extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts. The proposed system exhibits an <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Eb</i> / <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> gain of about 1 dB, as compared with the benchmark scheme carrying out joint channel decoding and DSTS-aided SP demodulation in conjunction with separate AMR-WB decoding, when using only <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">system</sub> = 2 system iterations and when communicating over narrow-band correlated Rayleigh fading channels.

Differential and coherent decorrelating multiuser receivers for space-time-coded CDMA systems

Previously, we proposed a differential space-code modulation (DSCM) scheme that integrates the strength of differential space-time coding and spreading to achieve interference suppression and resistance to time-varying channel fading in single-user environments. In this paper, we consider the problem of multiuser receiver design for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems that utilize DSCM for transmission. In particular, we propose two differential receivers for such systems. These differential receivers do not require the channel state information (CSI) for detection and, still, are resistant to multiuser interference (MUI) and time-varying channel fading. We also propose a coherent receiver that requires only the CSI of the desired user for detection. The coherent receiver yields improved performance over the differential receivers when reliable channel estimates are available (e.g., in slowly fading channels). The proposed differential/coherent receivers are decorrelative schemes that decouple the detection of different users. Both long and short spreading codes can be employed in these schemes. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed receivers.