Differential Alternative Splicing Analysis Research Articles

Lactylome analyses suggest systematic lysine-lactylated substrates in oral squamous cell carcinoma under normoxia and hypoxia

Cancer cells tend to live in hypoxic environment characterized by enhanced glycolysis and accumulation of lactate. Intracellular lactate is shown to drive a novel type of post-translational modification (PTM), lysine lactylation (Kla). Kla has been confirmed to affect the malignant progression of tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colon cancer, whereas the global lactylomic profiling of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is unclear. Here, the integrative lactylome and proteome analyses by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified 1011 Kla sites within 532 proteins and 1197 Kla sites within 608 proteins in SCC25 cells under normoxic and hypoxic environments, respectively. Among these lactylated proteins, histones accounted for only a small fraction, suggesting the presence of Kla modification of OSCC in a large number of non-histone proteins. Notably, Kla preferred to enrich in spliceosome, ribosome and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway in both normoxic and hypoxic cultures. Compared with normoxia, 589 differential proteins with 898 differentially lactylated sites were detected under hypoxia, which were mainly associated with the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway by KEGG analysis. Importantly, we verified the presence of lactylation modification in the spliceosomal proteins hnRNPA1, SF3A1, hnRNPU and SLU7, as well as in glycolytic enzyme PFKP. In addition, the differential alternative splicing analysis described the divergence of pre-mRNA splicing patterns in the presence or absence of sodium lactate and at different oxygen concentrations. Finally, a negative correlation between tissue Kla levels and the prognosis of OSCC patients was revealed by immunohistochemistry. Our study is the first report to elucidate the lactylome and its biological function in OSCC, which deepens our understanding of the mechanisms underlying OSCC progression and provides a novel strategy for targeted therapy for OSCC.

Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of hematopoietic progenitor cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus reveals interferon-inducible reprogramming in early progenitors.

Immune cells that contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) derive from adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) within the bone marrow (BM). For this reason, we reasoned that fundamental abnormalities in SLE can be traced to a BM-derived HSPC inflammatory signature. BM samples from four SLE patients, six healthy controls, and two umbilical cord blood (CB) samples were used. CD34+ cells were isolated from BM and CB samples, and single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed. A total of 426 cells and 24,473 genes were used in the analysis. Clustering analysis resulted in seven distinct clusters of cell types. Mutually exclusive markers, which were characteristic of each cell type, were identified. We identified three HSPC subpopulations, one of which consisted of proliferating cells (MKI67 expressing cells), one T-like, one B-like, and two myeloid-like progenitor subpopulations. Differential expression analysis revealed i) cell cycle-associated signatures, in healthy BM of HSPC clusters 3 and 4 when compared with CB, and ii) interferon (IFN) signatures in SLE BM of HSPC clusters 3 and 4 and myeloid-like progenitor cluster 5 when compared with healthy controls. The IFN signature in SLE appeared to be deregulated following TF regulatory network analysis and differential alternative splicing analysis between SLE and healthy controls in HSPC subpopulations. This study revealed both quantitative-as evidenced by decreased numbers of non-proliferating early progenitors-and qualitative differences-characterized by an IFN signature in SLE, which is known to drive loss of function and depletion of HSPCs. Chronic IFN exposure affects early hematopoietic progenitors in SLE, which may account for the immune aberrancies and the cytopenias in SLE.

Identification, diversity, and evolution analysis of thioester-containing protein family in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and immune response to biotic and abiotic stresses

Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) play a vital role in the innate immune response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the TEPs in C. gigas were identified, and their gene structure, phylogenetic relationships, collinearity relationships, expression profiles, sequence diversity, and alternative splicing were analyzed. Eight Tep genes were identified in C. gigas genome. Functional analysis and evolutionary relationships indicated a high level of homology to other mollusks TEPs. The transcriptome quantitative analysis results showed that the Tep genes in C. gigas respond to heat stress and Vibrio stress. Alternative splicing analysis revealed four Tep genes (designated A2M_1, CD109_3, CD109_5, complement C3) encode multiple alternative splice variants. Analysis of gene structure and multiple alignments revealed that seven CD109_5 variants are produced through the alternative splicing of the 19th exon, which encodes the highly variable central region. Sequence diversity analysis revealed thirteen missense variants within the 19th exon region of these seven CD109_5 alternative splice variants. Furthermore, the differential alternative splicing analysis showed significant induction of CD109_5, A2M_1 and A2M_2 variants after infection with V. parahaemolyticus. This study explores the Tep genes of C. gigas, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of C. gigas TEPs in innate immunity.

Differential alternative splicing analysis links variation in ZRSR2 to a novel type of oral-facial-digital syndrome

PurposeOral-facial-digital (OFD) syndromes are genetically heterogeneous developmental disorders, caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in primary cilia formation and function. We identified a previously undescribed type of OFD with brain anomalies, ranging from alobar holoprosencephaly to pituitary anomalies, in 6 unrelated families. MethodsExome sequencing of affected probands was supplemented with alternative splicing analysis in patient and control lymphoblastoid and fibroblast cell lines, and primary cilia structure analysis in patient fibroblasts. ResultsIn 1 family with 2 affected males, we identified a germline variant in the last exon of ZRSR2, NM_005089.4:c.1211_1212del NP_005080.1:p.(Gly404GlufsTer23), whereas 7 affected males from 5 unrelated families were hemizygous for the ZRSR2 variant NM_005089.4:c.1207_1208del NP_005080.1:p.(Arg403GlyfsTer24), either occurring de novo or inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. ZRSR2, located on chromosome Xp22.2, encodes a splicing factor of the minor spliceosome complex, which recognizes minor introns, representing 0.35% of human introns. Patient samples showed significant enrichment of minor intron retention. Among differentially spliced targets are ciliopathy-related genes, such as TMEM107 and CIBAR1. Primary fibroblasts containing the NM_005089.4:c.1207_1208del ZRSR2 variant had abnormally elongated cilia, confirming an association between defective U12-type intron splicing, OFD and abnormal primary cilia formation. ConclusionWe introduce a novel type of OFD associated with elongated cilia and differential splicing of minor intron-containing genes due to germline variation in ZRSR2.

The subgenome Saccharum spontaneum contributes to sugar accumulation in sugarcane as revealed by full-length transcriptomic analysis

IntroductionModern sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp. hybrids) derived from crosses between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum, with high-sugar traits and excellent stress tolerance inherited respectively. However, the contribution of the S. spontaneum subgenome to sucrose accumulation is still unclear. ObjectiveTo compensate for the absence of a high-quality reference genome, a transcriptome analysis method is needed to analyze the molecular basis of differential sucrose accumulation in sugarcane hybrids and to find clues to the contribution of the S. spontaneum subgenome to sucrose accumulation. MethodsPacBio full-length sequencing was used to complement genome annotation, followed by the identification of differential genes between the high and low sugar groups using differential alternative splicing analysis and differential expression analysis. At the subgenomic level, the factors responsible for differential sucrose accumulation were investigated from the perspective of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. ResultsA full-length transcriptome annotated at the subgenomic level was provided, complemented by 263,378 allele-defined transcript isoforms and 139,405 alternative splicing (AS) events. Differential alternative splicing (DA) analysis and differential expression (DE) analysis identified differential genes between high and low sugar groups and explained differential sucrose accumulation factors by the KEGG pathways. In some gene models, different or even opposite expression patterns of alleles from the same gene were observed, reflecting the potential evolution of these alleles toward novel functions in polyploid sugarcane. Among DA and DE genes in the sucrose source-sink complex pathway, we found some alleles encoding sucrose accumulation-related enzymes derived from the S. spontaneum subgenome were differentially expressed or had DA events between the two contrasting sugarcane hybrids. ConclusionFull-length transcriptomes annotated at the subgenomic level could better characterize sugarcane hybrids, and the S. spontaneum subgenome was found to contribute to sucrose accumulation.

Oncogenic KRAS alters splicing factor phosphorylation and alternative splicing in lung cancer

BackgroundAlternative RNA splicing is widely dysregulated in cancers including lung adenocarcinoma, where aberrant splicing events are frequently caused by somatic splice site mutations or somatic mutations of splicing factor genes. However, the majority of mis-splicing in cancers is unexplained by these known mechanisms. We hypothesize that the aberrant Ras signaling characteristic of lung cancers plays a role in promoting the alternative splicing observed in tumors.MethodsWe recently performed transcriptome and proteome profiling of human lung epithelial cells ectopically expressing oncogenic KRAS and another cancer-associated Ras GTPase, RIT1. Unbiased analysis of phosphoproteome data identified altered splicing factor phosphorylation in KRAS-mutant cells, so we performed differential alternative splicing analysis using rMATS to identify significantly altered isoforms in lung epithelial cells. To determine whether these isoforms were uniquely regulated by KRAS, we performed a large-scale splicing screen in which we generated over 300 unique RNA sequencing profiles of isogenic A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells ectopically expressing 75 different wild-type or variant alleles across 28 genes implicated in lung cancer.ResultsMass spectrometry data showed widespread downregulation of splicing factor phosphorylation in lung epithelial cells expressing mutant KRAS compared to cells expressing wild-type KRAS. We observed alternative splicing in the same cells, with 2196 and 2416 skipped exon events in KRASG12V and KRASQ61H cells, respectively, 997 of which were shared (p < 0.001 by hypergeometric test). In the high-throughput splicing screen, mutant KRAS induced the greatest number of differential alternative splicing events, second only to the RNA binding protein RBM45 and its variant RBM45M126I. We identified ten high confidence cassette exon events across multiple KRAS variants and cell lines. These included differential splicing of the Myc Associated Zinc Finger (MAZ). As MAZ regulates expression of KRAS, this splice variant may be a mechanism for the cell to modulate wild-type KRAS levels in the presence of oncogenic KRAS.ConclusionProteomic and transcriptomic profiling of lung epithelial cells uncovered splicing factor phosphorylation and mRNA splicing events regulated by oncogenic KRAS. These data suggest that in addition to widespread transcriptional changes, the Ras signaling pathway can promote post-transcriptional splicing changes that may contribute to oncogenic processes.

Transcriptomic and splicing changes underlying tomato responses to combined water and nutrient stress.

Tomato is a horticultural crop of high economic and nutritional value. Suboptimal environmental conditions, such as limited water and nutrient availability, cause severe yield reductions. Thus, selection of genotypes requiring lower inputs is a goal for the tomato breeding sector. We screened 10 tomato varieties exposed to water deficit, low nitrate or a combination of both. Biometric, physiological and molecular analyses revealed different stress responses among genotypes, identifying T270 as severely affected, and T250 as tolerant to the stresses applied. Investigation of transcriptome changes caused by combined stress in roots and leaves of these two genotypes yielded a low number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in T250 compared to T270, suggesting that T250 tailors changes in gene expression to efficiently respond to combined stress. By contrast, the susceptible tomato activated approximately one thousand and two thousand genes in leaves and roots respectively, indicating a more generalized stress response in this genotype. In particular, developmental and stress-related genes were differentially expressed, such as hormone responsive factors and transcription factors. Analysis of differential alternative splicing (DAS) events showed that combined stress greatly affects the splicing landscape in both genotypes, highlighting the important role of AS in stress response mechanisms. In particular, several stress and growth-related genes as well as transcription and splicing factors were differentially spliced in both tissues. Taken together, these results reveal important insights into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms regulating tomato adaptation to growth under reduced water and nitrogen inputs.

Aging-Related Gene Expression Signatures Define Likelihood of Disease Progression in Patients with Lower-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous clonal bone marrow disorders occurring mostly in the elderly. The Revised International Prognostic System (IPSS-R) groups MDS patients according to the risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia. For treatment decision-making, patients are usually divided into two groups: lower- and higher-risk with the cutpoint of 3.5 according to the IPSS-R. However, part of lower-risk MDS patients (LR-MDS) progresses rapidly. Recently, we demonstrated that DNA damage response (DDR) activation and the ensuing senescence form an anti-tumor barrier in CD34+ cells of LR-MDS patients, and that this barrier can be breached by RUNX1 mutations (Kaisrlikova M, et al., Leukemia. 2022; 36:1898). As an extension, we analyzed transcriptomes of LR-MDS patients regardless of their driver mutation, with and without rapid progression (within 2 years of diagnosis), to determine molecular mechanisms underlying the progression. Because MDS is associated with aging, and many anti-tumor barrier mechanisms (DDR, checkpoint activation, senescence) lead to a pro-aging phenotype, we questioned whether aging-related gene expression signatures define the likelihood of disease progression in patients with LR-MDS. We performed RNA-seq on CD34+ cells of 61 LR-MDS diagnostic samples (53 patients without rapid progression (NRP) and 8 patients with rapid progression (RP)) with a median age of 65 years. The differential expression analysis showed 1,701 up- and 1,569 downregulated genes in NRP (FDR<0.01). According to the GO Biological Processes (GO BP) and REACTOME databases, the most significantly upregulated pathways were related to macromolecular metabolic processes such as DNA repair, replication, protein metabolism, cell cycle, chromosome organization, including regulation of gene expression, and telomere organization (Fig. 1). The pathways of rRNA expression regulation, splicing, and RNA metabolism were deregulated as well as the pathways related to apoptosis, cellular senescence and cellular response to stress, immune response, and mitochondrial metabolism. Furthermore, we found deregulation of crucial signaling pathways mediated by NOTCH, RHO GTPases, NF-kB, MAPK, b-catenin, and WNT. Although 1,569 genes were upregulated in RP, only seventeen GO BP terms consisted of regulation of metabolic processes, cytoskeleton organization, phosphorylation, and signal transduction were upregulated. The NRP results are consistent with the hallmarks of aging (López-Otín C, et al., Cell. 2013; 153:1194). In GSEA, 36/37 and 120/143 gene sets were upregulated in NRP for the datasets consisting of gene sets chosen according to the keyword 'aging' and 'stress', respectively (Fig. 2). Among them, gene sets associated with replication stress, DNA damage, oxidative stress and unfolded protein response were significant (FDR<0.1, ІNESІ>1.7). Abnormal splicing is associated with cellular aging. Therefore, we conducted a differential alternative splicing analysis using rMATS. We found significant differences in 1,356 alternative splicing events (FDR<0.05, absolute inclusion level difference>10%) between NRP and RP. Finally, we performed analysis of healthy controls (n=7) and age-matched NRP (NRP-age) (n=13) samples. We observed 70 up- and 209 downregulated genes in NRP-age (FDR<0.05). Only the splicing pathways were upregulated and the immune pathways downregulated. In GSEA, no gene sets were significant (FDR<0.1) for aging and stress datasets. To conclude, these results show increased signatures of aging in CD34+ cells from NRP, which correspond to an increased level of the intrinsic ability of CD34+ cells to suppress malignant progression through anti-tumor barrier activation. This is consistent with the current understanding that most aging phenotypes are known to be the products of DDR and tumor suppression. Based on our data, we hypothesize that the progression of LR-MDS patients represents a cell-autonomously and perhaps also non-cell-autonomously-mediated failure of appropriate cellular stress response mechanisms. Our data also show similarity at the transcriptome level between age-matched NRP and healthy controls. Supported by AZV (NV18-03-00227) and (NU21-03-00565), GA CR (N20-19162S), and MH CZ-DRO (UHKT, 00023736). Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

Barley (Hordeum Vulgare) Anther and Meiocyte RNA Sequencing: Mapping Sequencing Reads and Downstream Data Analyses.

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data is by now the most common method to study differential gene expression. Here we present a pipeline from RNA-seq generation to analysis with examples based on our own barley anther and meiocyte transcriptome. The bioinformatics pipeline will give everyone, from a beginner to a more experienced user, the possibility to analyze their datasets and identify significantly differentially expressed genes. It also allows differential alternative splicing analysis which will become increasingly common due to the high regulatory impact on the gene expression. We describe use of the Galaxy interface for RNA-seq read quantification and the 3D RNA-seq app for the downstream data analysis.

A new trauma frontier: Exploratory pilot study of platelet transcriptomics in trauma patients.

The earliest measurable changes to postinjury platelet biology may be in the platelet transcriptome, as platelets are known to carry messenger ribonucleic acids (RNAs), and there is evidence in other inflammatory and infectious disease states of differential and alternative platelet RNA splicing in response to changing physiology. Thus, the aim of this exploratory pilot study was to examine the platelet transcriptome and platelet RNA splicing signatures in trauma patients compared with healthy donors. Preresuscitation platelets purified from trauma patients (n = 9) and healthy donors (n = 5) were assayed using deep RNA sequencing. Differential gene expression analysis, weighted gene coexpression network analysis, and differential alternative splicing analyses were performed. In parallel samples, platelet function was measured with platelet aggregometry, and clot formation was measured with thromboelastography. Differential gene expression analysis identified 49 platelet RNAs to have differing abundance between trauma patients and healthy donors. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis identified coexpressed platelet RNAs that correlated with platelet aggregation. Differential alternative splicing analyses revealed 1,188 splicing events across 462 platelet RNAs that were highly statistically significant (false discovery rate <0.001) in trauma patients compared with healthy donors. Unsupervised principal component analysis of these platelet RNA splicing signatures segregated trauma patients in two main clusters separate from healthy controls. Our findings provide evidence of finetuning of the platelet transcriptome through differential alternative splicing of platelet RNA in trauma patients and that this finetuning may have relevance to downstream platelet signaling. Additional investigations of the trauma platelet transcriptome should be pursued to improve our understanding of the platelet functional responses to trauma on a molecular level.

Biallelic variants in RNU12 cause CDAGS syndrome.

CDAGS Syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by Craniosynostosis, Delayed closure of the fontanelles, cranial defects, clavicular hypoplasia, Anal and Genitourinary malformations, and Skin manifestations. We performed whole exome and Sanger sequencing to identify the underlying molecular cause in five patients with CDAGS syndrome from four distinct families. Whole exome sequencing revealed biallelic rare variants that disrupt highly conserved nucleotides within the RNU12 gene. RNU12 encodes a small nuclear RNA that is a component of the minor spliceosome and is essential for minor intron splicing. Targeted sequencing confirmed allele segregation within the four families. All five patients shared the same rare mutation NC_000022.10:g.43011402C>T, which alters a highly conserved nucleotide within the precursor U12 snRNA 3' extension. Each of them also carried a rare variant on the other allele that either disrupts the secondary structure or the Sm binding site of the RNU12 snRNA. Whole transcriptome sequencing analysis of lymphoblastoid cells identified 120 differentially expressed genes, and differential alternative splicing analysis indicated there was an enrichment of alternative splicing events in the patient. These findings provide evidence of the involvement of RNU12 in craniosynostosis, anal and genitourinary patterning, and cutaneous disease.

Abstract 3294: Functional annotation for alternative splicing to investigate disrupted splicing in cancer

Abstract Alternative splicing (AS) plays a key role to confer human genome complexity. The advent of mRNA high-throughput sequencing facilitates to identify precise differential alternative splicing analysis. Massive result estimated from RNA-Seq should be sorted out whether AS has functional impact or not. Previous studies investigated protein domain or nonsense-mediated decay of AS event region. However other functional sites on exon inclusion region also exist. For example, miRNA binding site, and post-translational modification of AS site already are reported to assign functional impact. Therefore we developed ASpedia (http://combio.snu.ac.kr/aspedia/) to annotation functional impact of AS event. AS events of our database were generated from human genome hg19 ENSEMBL and Refseq. ASpedia provides a database, explore system, and AS browser to annotate functional impact evidence encompassing DNA, RNA, and protein. The user could query multiple AS events from differential AS analysis result. Currently our system supports a jar execution file to convert input query file from MISO or rMATS result. The variant of splicing factor (SF) disrupts normal splicing. It could be assumed that target genes of mutated SF could be transcribed to aberrant isoforms by changed splicing machinery. Therefore we investigated the comprehensive SF variant status from TCGA somatic mutation and copy number. SF3B1 (2% in BRCA) and U2AF1 (4% in AML, and 2% in LUAD) were shown to recurrent mutation including hotspot. ELAVL2 known dispensable splicing factor to brain tissue were highly recurrent in deletion (18% in GBM). In order to examine aberrant AS events caused SF variants, we estimated exon-inclusion proportion Percent-Spliced-In (PSI) values for identifiable AS events using TCGA RNA-Seq dataset. Using differentially AS event analysis, we identified AS events that were significantly differentially spliced in the presence of a U2AF S34F/Y mutation (119 in AML). And we purposed to finding In order to investigate functional site, the differentially spliced AS events were additionally annotated using ASpedia. Finally we identified the landscape of that AS events were altered by SF variants, and we proved that a part of the events was involved in cancer-associated functions. Citation Format: Daejin Hyung, Jihyun Kim, Soo Young Cho, Charny Park. Functional annotation for alternative splicing to investigate disrupted splicing in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3294.

Genome-wide transcriptome analysis identifies alternative splicing regulatory network and key splicing factors in mouse and human psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the skin, nails, and joints. For understanding the mechanism of psoriasis, though, alternative splicing analysis has received relatively little attention in the field. Here, we developed and applied several computational analysis methods to study psoriasis. Using psoriasis mouse and human datasets, our differential alternative splicing analyses detected hundreds of differential alternative splicing changes. Our analysis of conservation revealed many exon-skipping events conserved between mice and humans. In addition, our splicing signature comparison analysis using the psoriasis datasets and our curated splicing factor perturbation RNA-Seq database, SFMetaDB, identified nine candidate splicing factors that may be important in regulating splicing in the psoriasis mouse model dataset. Three of the nine splicing factors were confirmed upon analyzing the human data. Our computational methods have generated predictions for the potential role of splicing in psoriasis. Future experiments on the novel candidates predicted by our computational analysis are expected to provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of psoriasis and to pave the way for new therapeutic treatments.

ASpedia: a comprehensive encyclopedia of human alternative splicing.

Alternative splicing confers the human genome complexity by increasing the diversity of expressed mRNAs. Hundreds or thousands of splicing regions have been identified through differential alternative splicing analysis of high-throughput datasets. However, it is hard to explain the functional impact of each splicing event. Protein domain formation and nonsense-mediated decay are considered the main functional features of splicing. However, other functional features such as miRNA target sites, phosphorylation sites and single-nucleotide variations are directly affected by alternative splicing and affect downstream function. Hence, we established ASpedia: a comprehensive database for human alternative splicing annotation, which encompasses a range of functions, from genomic annotation to isoform-specific function (ASpedia, http://combio.snu.ac.kr/aspedia). The database provides three features: (i) genomic annotation extracted from DNA, RNA and proteins; (ii) transcription and regulation elements analyzed from next-generation sequencing datasets; and (iii) isoform-specific functions collected from known and published datasets. The ASpedia web application includes three components: an annotation database, a retrieval system and a browser specialized in the identification of human alternative splicing events. The retrieval system supports multiple AS event searches resulting from high-throughput analysis and the AS browser comprises genome tracks. Thus, ASpedia facilitates the systemic annotation of the functional impacts of multiple AS events.

SFMetaDB: a comprehensive annotation of mouse RNA splicing factor RNA-Seq datasets.

Although the number of RNA-Seq datasets deposited publicly has increased over the past few years, incomplete annotation of the associated metadata limits their potential use. Because of the importance of RNA splicing in diseases and biological processes, we constructed a database called SFMetaDB by curating datasets related with RNA splicing factors. Our effort focused on the RNA-Seq datasets in which splicing factors were knocked-down, knocked-out or over-expressed, leading to 75 datasets corresponding to 56 splicing factors. These datasets can be used in differential alternative splicing analysis for the identification of the potential targets of these splicing factors and other functional studies. Surprisingly, only ∼15% of all the splicing factors have been studied by loss- or gain-of-function experiments using RNA-Seq. In particular, splicing factors with domains from a few dominant Pfam domain families have not been studied. This suggests a significant gap that needs to be addressed to fully elucidate the splicing regulatory landscape. Indeed, there are already mouse models available for ∼20 of the unstudied splicing factors, and it can be a fruitful research direction to study these splicing factors in vitro and in vivo using RNA-Seq. Database URL: http://sfmetadb.ece.tamu.edu/

Transcriptome sequencing of gingival biopsies from chronic periodontitis patients reveals novel gene expression and splicing patterns.

BackgroundPeriodontitis is the most common chronic inflammatory disease caused by complex interaction between the microbial biofilm and host immune responses. In the present study, high-throughput RNA sequencing was utilized to systemically and precisely identify gene expression profiles and alternative splicing.MethodsThe pooled RNAs of 10 gingival tissues from both healthy and periodontitis patients were analyzed by deep sequencing followed by computational annotation and quantification of mRNA structures.ResultsThe differential expression analysis designated 400 up-regulated genes in periodontitis tissues especially in the pathways of defense/immunity protein, receptor, protease, and signaling molecules. The top 10 most up-regulated genes were CSF3, MAFA, CR2, GLDC, SAA1, LBP, MME, MMP3, MME-AS1, and SAA4. The 62 down-regulated genes in periodontitis were mainly cytoskeletal and structural proteins. The top 10 most down-regulated genes were SERPINA12, MT4, H19, KRT2, DSC1, PSORS1C2, KRT27, LCE3C, AQ5, and LCE6A. The differential alternative splicing analysis revealed unique transcription variants in periodontitis tissues. The EDB exon was predominantly included in FN1, while exon 2 was mostly skipped in BCL2A1.ConclusionsThese findings using RNA sequencing provide novel insights into the pathogenesis mechanism of periodontitis in terms of gene expression and alternative splicing.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40246-016-0084-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

MADS: A new and improved method for analysis of differential alternative splicing by exon-tiling microarrays

We describe a method, microarray analysis of differential splicing (MADS), for discovery of differential alternative splicing from exon-tiling microarray data. MADS incorporates a series of low-level analysis algorithms motivated by the "probe-rich" design of exon arrays, including background correction, iterative probe selection, and removal of sequence-specific cross-hybridization to off-target transcripts. We used MADS to analyze Affymetrix Exon 1.0 array data on a mouse neuroblastoma cell line after shRNA-mediated knockdown of the splicing factor polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB). From a list of exons with predetermined inclusion/exclusion profiles in response to PTB depletion, MADS recognized all exons known to have large changes in transcript inclusion levels and offered improvement over Affymetrix's analysis procedure. We also identified numerous novel PTB-dependent splicing events. Thirty novel events were tested by RT-PCR and 27 were confirmed. This work demonstrates that the exon-tiling microarray design is an efficient and powerful approach for global, unbiased analysis of pre-mRNA splicing.