Different Varieties Of Fruits Research Articles

AGRICULTURAL FOODS, FRUITS, ARTS ANDBUSINESS ROUTES: 14TH& 15TH CENTURY EASTERN INDIAN REGION(AN ANALYSIS)

Different varieties of fruits trading routs and agricultural foods are found in records, while shedding new lights on socio-economic and cultural activities of the people in eastern region specially Bengal and adjoining territories. Clear sketching about prosperity and flourishing trading business along with architecture and other artistic activities are drawn here with the help of travellers account and some other reference noted from contemporary historical chronicles and literatures. The centre of political gravity in 14th and 15th century Bengal, different name of towns like Gaur and Pandua rose one after another to be treated as capital town later on. Gaur became strategic town and commanded the routes that ran in different direction upward and downward the line of river Ganga leading to Chittagaon and other cities of this region. Even Pandua was also elevated and designed a well-planned and populated town, without any doubt, with all possible amenities of human life and centre of commercial activities with other parts of kingdom with rivers and land routes.

Analysis of Old Trends in Indian Wine-Making and Need of Expert System in Wine-Making

Abstract: Agriculture provides a living for the vast majority of Indians, either directly or indirectly. Some have an immediate connection to farming, while others are involved in the commercialization of agricultural products. The poor rate of agricultural productivity in India can be attributed to a number of factors, including a lack of socioeconomic growth, illiteracy, ineffective funding for farm output, and a lack of facilities for the sales and marketing of agricultural goods. There has not yet been widespread adoption of contemporary agricultural technology and modern farm equipment in the agricultural sector. In India, several different varieties of fruit are grown for the purpose of being sold commercially. The grape is a fruit that is essential to the production of many types of wine. There is evidence that winemaking dates back thousands of years. The production of wine is a completely natural process that requires almost no human involvement. The process of manufacturing wine consists of five primary components or steps: harvesting, crushing and pressing the grapes, fermentation, clarifying, maturing and bottling the finished product. The production of wines of high quality utilizing the ingredients listed above has given rise to a number of distinct trends in winemaking. The purpose of this essay is to investigate many antiquated practices that were a part of the winemaking process in India and how they influenced wine production. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of both established practices and emerging tendencies in the winemaking business

A deep neural network approach towards real-time on-branch fruit recognition for precision horticulture

Real-time and accurate on-branch fruit recognition in an uncontrolled/unstructured environment of orchards could facilitate Precision Horticulture (PH) practices. These practices which are based on the site-specific or variety-specific treatment of an orchard include applications like remote recognition of tree species, variety-specific orchard agrochemical applications, orchard yield mapping, robotic fruit picking, fruit tree disease treatment, etc. For this purpose, in the current work a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was developed and optimized for fruit recognition based on RGB images. The images from six classes of on-branch fruits i.e. green apples, nectarine, apricot, peach, sour cherry, and amber-colored plums were captured from local orchards at Semnan province, Iran. To avoid over-fitting, the dataset was then augmented to create more training data from existing samples. The model consisted of multiple convolutional, max-pooling, Global Average Pooling (GAP), and fully connected layers. Using GAP instead of the Flatten layer improved the performance of the model by increasing the accuracy as well as significantly reducing the trainable parameters (about 65 times reduction). The optimization phase of the model development was performed by testing four optimizers (RMSprop, SGD, Adam, and Nadam) with three batch sizes (16, 32, and 64) each with 50 epochs. Accordingly, Nadam optimizer with batch size = 32 demonstrated the best results. The best configuration achieved the accuracy of 99.8% and the cross-entropy loss of 0.019 for the test dataset. This result shows that the model is well developed and has good generalization. This reflects the potential of the method for the remote recognition and classification of different varieties of fruits in an orchard regardless of the environmental effects like complex background, variable light, overlaps, and occlusions with other plant parts, etc. The proposed network was also compared with popular structures like VGG11, ResNet50, ResNet152, and YOLOv3. The processing time of this model was about 8 ms per image while it was 351 ms for ResNet152, proving that the proposed network is much better for real-time applications. Consequently, this study presents a robust method for fulfilling the requirements of a PH practice in a high-tech horticulture system.

Removing plastic packaging from fresh produce – what’s the impact?

AbstractThere has been a rise in public awareness and scrutiny of the negative environmental impact of plastic pollution in recent years. Plastic packaging of food causes a significant proportion of the UK’s plastic waste, and manufacturers and retailers are exploring alternatives to single‐use plastics, particularly in relation to fresh produce, including increasing the availability of loose items in supermarkets. However, there is an important trade‐off to consider when removing plastic packaging from fruit and vegetables, which is the resultant reduction in shelf life and therefore potential increase in food waste. Fresh produce is estimated to be the most highly wasted type of food in the UK and it is likely that food waste has an even greater environmental impact than the production and disposal of plastic. Full life cycle analysis is currently unavailable for some alternative types of packaging (such as edible films and coatings), which means the relative effect of these on the environment compared to plastic is unclear, and may in fact be worse. More research is required to fully ascertain the best solution for this complex issue. However, communicating strategies to the general public to minimise household wastage of fresh produce, including optimal storage conditions for different varieties of fruit and vegetables, is likely to be of benefit.

Weakly Supervised Fruit Counting for Yield Estimation Using Spatial Consistency

Fruit counting is a fundamental component for yield estimation applications. Most of the existing approaches address this problem by relying on fruit models (i.e., by using object detectors) or by explicitly learning to count. Despite the impressive results achieved by these approaches, all of them need strong supervision information during the training phase. In agricultural applications, manual labeling may require a huge effort or, in some cases, it could be impossible to acquire fine-grained ground truth labels. In this letter, we tackle this problem by proposing a weakly supervised framework that learns to count fruits without the need for task-specific supervision labels. In particular, we devise a novel convolutional neural network architecture that requires only a simple image level binary classifier to detect whether the image contains instances of the fruits or not and combines this information with image spatial consistency constraints. The result is an architecture that learns to count without task-specific labels (e.g., object bounding boxes or the multiplicity of fruit instances in the image). The experiments on three different varieties of fruits (i.e., olives, almonds, and apples) show that our approach reaches performances that are comparable with SotA approaches based on the supervised paradigm.

MOLECULAR WEIGHT PROFILE OF PROTEASE OF PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus L.Merr) AND PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) USING SDS-PAGE METHOD

<p>A group of protease enzymes such as papain and bromelain is able to decipher the molecular structure of the protein into amino acids which will be very useful in many fields, especially in food and pharmaceutical industries. The objective of this study to determine the molecular weight profile of enzyme bromelain from pineapple bark (<em>Ananas comosus</em> L. Merr) and papain (<em>Carica papaya</em> L.) from papaya latex with different varieties using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. The precipitation was performed with ammonium sulfate ((NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)) 60 % addition and dialysized using a cellophane tubing with a pore size of 12,000 Dalton. The molecular weight of enzyme solution were determined using SDS-PAGE. The analysis results of molecular weight of enzyme bromelain of Subang and Bogor varieties were not different and were about 30.654 kDa, as well as the molecular weight of enzyme papain and Sukma California varieties were also not different and were about 23.485 kDa. It can be concluded that the different varieties of fruit of pineapple and papaya had no effect on the molecular weight of enzyme papain and bromelain.</p>

MOLECULAR WEIGHT PROFILE OF PROTEASE OF PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus L.Merr) AND PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) USING SDS-PAGE METHOD

<p>A group of protease enzymes such as papain and bromelain is able to decipher the molecular structure of the protein into amino acids which will be very useful in many fields, especially in food and pharmaceutical industries. The objective of this study to determine the molecular weight profile of enzyme bromelain from pineapple bark (<em>Ananas comosus</em> L. Merr) and papain (<em>Carica papaya</em> L.) from papaya latex with different varieties using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. The precipitation was performed with ammonium sulfate ((NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)) 60 % addition and dialysized using a cellophane tubing with a pore size of 12,000 Dalton. The molecular weight of enzyme solution were determined using SDS-PAGE. The analysis results of molecular weight of enzyme bromelain of Subang and Bogor varieties were not different and were about 30.654 kDa, as well as the molecular weight of enzyme papain and Sukma California varieties were also not different and were about 23.485 kDa. It can be concluded that the different varieties of fruit of pineapple and papaya had no effect on the molecular weight of enzyme papain and bromelain.</p>

Producción hortofrutícola del Valle del Cauca: Una alternativa de exportación y estrategia de posconflicto para la región

Valle del Cauca's horticultural production: an export alternative and post-conflict strategy for region The Valle del Cauca department is a production potential territory in, consumption and agroindustrial transformation of fruit trees, with good soils, varied climates and different varieties of fruits. Likewise is located in a technological corridor integrated by universities, research centers and scientific-technological research groups allows to close the gaps between producers, traders and transformation-export companies. The production of the fruit and vegetable sector in the valle del Cauca is around 600,000 tons per year for citrus, pineapple, papaya, grape, guava, plantain and mango. According to the Departmental Secretariat the vegetables sector participates with 76,000 tons, making it the second national producer for the chain. The vegetable per capita consumption recommended by the World Health Organization - WHO is 400 g against 200 g for Colombia becoming an important opportunity to producers and traders in the region. With end of 50 years of armed conflict and signing of peace process in the country; where victims were recognized, weapons were left, and reintegration into civilian life of ex-combatants was carried out, resulting in generation of constitutional, economic, and social reform projects where agroindustrial sector stands out as an excellent option in the framework of the production and transformation of fruit trees in Valle del Cauca. Currently, several productive-sector regional companies export mango and citrus to European destinations and pineapple to nort America. For this reason, it is necessary strengthen the cluster or productive chain that allows the sector's momentum. Likewise, it should invest in processing companies specialized in the post-harvest management handling of fruits and vegetables, integrated to research centers in bio package and agroindustrial transformation that allow to diminish the losses after department horticultural production. This territory has a high potential in citrus fruits, Hass avocado, strawberry, melon, papaya, pineapple, lulo and coconut among others, which can be increased by a high quality chain integration as Chile and Costa Rica have done. One of the fruits offers a high potential of work and research that is in the horticultural bet is blackberry ( Rubus glaucus ), where institutions such as, Asofrunidos, El Sena-Centro agropecuario de Buga (CAB) and El Sena-Centro Nacional de Asistencia Tecnica a la Industria (ASTIN), have made advances in production and research of the country's blackberrie exports in upper region of municipality of Ginebra, through organic fruits and greater resistance to mechanical impact. Also, the design of an intelligent bio-package that allows exporting blackberries per individual consumption is carrying out. The other way, CAB and Universidad Nacional de Colombia Palmira venue are investigating in pollination processes assisted by bees of the genus Apis mellifera , which improves the production, quality and size of the fruit.

Nutrition education effective in increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among overweight and obese adults

Despite the benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption on weight and decreased risk for chronic disease, Americans' intake of fruits and vegetables is well below the recommended daily servings. While previous studies have assessed fruit and vegetable consumption and the influence of educational interventions on fruit and vegetable intake, no studies to date have examined the effects of nutrition education combined with provision of fruits and vegetables on changes in fruit and vegetable consumption among overweight and obese adults. The objectives of this study were to evaluate fruit and vegetable consumption patterns, including intake of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables, provide education about benefits of consuming fruits and vegetables, expose participants to different varieties of fruits and vegetables, and improve fruit and vegetable consumption. Fifty-four adults (19 men/35 women; 44.7 ± 12.1 y) were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups. The control group received no intervention, the education group attended weekly nutrition lessons focused on benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption, and the fruit and vegetable group attended weekly nutrition lessons and received one serving of fruits and two servings of vegetables per day for 10 weeks. Intake of fruits and vegetables was assessed using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires and three-day food records. Findings suggested that while the majority of participants failed to consume the recommended number of servings of fruits and vegetables per day, nutrition education was helpful in improving the consumption frequency of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables among overweight and obese adults.

Comparative effects on storage period of varieties Pineapple fruits

Pineapple is considered as one of the most wanted tropical fruits and it is widely taken for fresh consumption as well as their flesh and juice are used for preparation of different product in Agro-processing industries. For such industrial processes, it is important to know the information of characteristics changes of pineapple during day after storage. Four varieties of pineapple were collected from different areas of Bangladesh named Honey Queen (H.Q), Giant Kew (G.K), Asshini and Ghorasal. Some Physico-chemical properties (weight loss, moisture content, ash and edible portion, pH, TSS, titrable acidity (TA), total sugar, reducing sugar) biochemical properties (ascorbic acid) and sensorial attributes (color, odor, firmness, appearances, sweetness and overall acceptability) of pineapple juice were studied during day after storage. This study examined the Comparison of different varieties of pineapple fruit characteristics and sensory quality of the pineapple fruits during storage. It was shown that there was a significant changes between the storage periods in relation to different varieties of fruits. The firmness of pineapple fruits were in outside and inside to be 0.21 to 0.27 N/m2 and 0.06 to 0.10 N/m2, respectively. The pH values of different varieties were found to be in the range of 4.30 to 4.36. The highest and lowest sweetness index were estimated to be 36.30 and 22.15 for Honey Queen and Asshini respectively. The highest and lowest magnitude of sugar contents of four pineapple varieties were found to be in the range of 14.16 to 15.8 mg/100g.The average TSS values were found to be 15.12%, 12.33%, 13.14% and 12.95% for H.Q., G.K., Asshini and Ghorashal, respectively. The comparative study indicated the characteristics of different varieties of pineapple changes during after storage.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(3): 395-410, December 2015

Bioethanol Production by yeast fermentation Using Pomace Waste

The chemical analysis of pomaces revealed the presence of significant amounts of fermentable sugars that are retained in pomace after pressing of fruits or vegetables. Present study deals with bioethanol production by yeast fermentation using pomace waste. Seven different varieties of fruits (apple, grape, pineapple, pomegranate and orange) and vegetables (carrot and beetroot) pomaces were used. Individual pomace and combination of pomace extracts were fermented for ethanol production in which individual grape pomace extract gives highest yield of 2.6g ethanol, where as grape-apple, grape-pineapple and orange-grape combined pomace media produced a yield of 3.1, 3.0 and 3.0 g ethanol per 10g reducing sugars respectively which is 10–15% more bioethanol yield compared to regular medium for yeast strain.

Comparative study of some enzymes in different varieties of fruits

Arginase, rhodanese and thiaminase are enzymes often encountered and that play crucial roles in different metabolic pathways. These enzymes were found to be present in different fruits: avocado pear ( Persea americana ), water melon ( Citrullu slanatus ), green exotic apple ( Malus domestica ), red exotic apple ( Malus pumila ), red local apple ( Syzygium malaccense ); pink local apple ( Syzygium samarangense ); sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis ), tangerine ( Citrus tangerina ), lime ( Citrus aurantifolia ), pawpaw ( Carica papaya ), banana ( Musa acuminata ), pineapple ( Ananas comosus ) and grape ( Citrus paradisi ). It was found that avocado pear has highest activity of arginase, rhodanese and thiaminase than the rest of the fruits investigated. The specific activity of rhodanese was however highest in water melon while that of arginase was more or less the same in red local apple and avocado pear. Arginase was also seen to vary significantly in the different plant samples with orange having the highest mean value of activity while sweet potato showed no activity. The study provides information on the presence of thiaminase, arginase and rhodanese in the different plants for nutritional purpose. Keywords : Enzymes, arginase, rhodanese, thiaminase, fruits.

Urban agriculture is a gateway to healthy foods

Editorial Urban agriculture is a gateway to healthy foods A Genevieve Hernandez s we often boast, California is home to 81,000 farms and ranches that produce more than 400 different varieties of fruits, vegetables, nuts and other products, making “California grown” synonymous with the best-grown com- modities in the nation. Farming occurs in some form in each of the state’s 58 counties, but each day too many Californians go without access to fresh and healthy food. Many of these people, living in both rural and urban communities scattered around the state, suffer from poor health and diet-related ill- nesses and experience an overall lower quality of life because they do not have access to affordable healthy foods. For more than 50 years, California has led the nation in agricultural production, yet nearly 1 million of our residents live in areas known as “food deserts.” Found mostly in ur- ban settings, these areas do not provide affordable, fresh and nutritious fruits, vegetables and dairy products. As a result, those living in food deserts suffer from higher rates of obesity, diabetes, heart disease and cancer, and they experi- ence higher instances of premature death. These ailments and premature deaths can be reduced with access to healthy foods. Research from Many urban residents the University of have taken the initiative to start growing their California shows own vegetables. In the that small-level last 3 years, the number farming in cities is of community gardens in Los Angeles has risen by not an unreasonable 30%. According to the U.S. enterprise. Department of Agriculture, from 2011 to 2012 the number of farmers markets in- creased from 580 to 729 locations statewide, sparked by a desire from urban residents to have greater access to healthy produce. I have firsthand knowledge of the economic benefits that occur Assembly Speaker John A. Perez in communities that combat food (D-Los Angeles) deserts. I worked for nearly a decade to bring a full-service grocery store to the Downtown Los Angeles neighborhood I now represent. The community—which was previously considered a food desert—is now home to one of the most profitable stores in the entire chain. Bringing that grocery store to this neighbor- hood not only improved public health but also benefitted the local economy. Every Californian has the right to healthy and afford- able food. That’s why I created the California Healthy Food Financing Initiative in 2011, which will work to increase ac- cess to healthy food items in underserved urban and rural communities. I furthered this action in 2012 with my legisla- tion AB 2246, which helps facilitate financing to support proj- ects that increase access to healthy foods. Planting community gardens in vacant lots, growing vegetables in backyards and on rooftops, and increasing the number of farmers markets are just some of the activities that will improve the quality of life for residents in underserved urban areas. Research from the University of California shows that small-level farming in cities is not an unreason- able enterprise, and more people are realizing this. Working with UC Cooperative Extension, UCLA researchers identified almost 1,300 urban agriculture sites in Los Angeles County’s 88 cities and unincorporated areas. There are many creative ways Californians can help their neighborhoods—whether it’s lobbying to site a grocery store with fresh produce near their homes, creating Every Californian has a mobile food bank to reach those in the the right to healthy and community without affordable food. transportation or estab- lishing a community garden today so that people can eat healthy tomorrow. Urban agriculture has multiple benefits because when communities eat healthier, children can focus better in school, workers can be more productive and the people living in the area can lower their rates of obesity-related ailments, which in turn, decreases medical bills and helps families save money. By providing better access to healthy foods, commu- nities plant the seeds for a better California. Assembly Speaker John A. Perez (D-Los Angeles) represents urban neighborhoods such as Boyle Heights, Downtown Los Angeles and Westlake. 192 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE • VOLUME 67 , NUMBER 4

Effect of Germination on Phytochemical Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Mung Bean Sprouts (Vigna radiata)

Epidemiological studies have shown that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases. It is recommended to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables to prevent chronic diseases related to free radical-induced oxidative stress. Different varieties of fruits and vegetables provide different vitamins, phenolics, flavonoids, minerals, and dietary fibers for optimal health benefits. Mung bean sprouts are one of the major vegetables in human diet. However, the profiles of phytochemicals and effect of germination on phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of mung bean sprouts have not been studied. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of germination on phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of mung bean sprouts. Germination of mung beans dramatically increased vitamin C content in mung bean sprouts in a time-dependent manner and reached the peak on day 8 of germination up to 285 mg/100 g DW, almost 24 times higher than the initial concentration in mung bean seeds (p < 0.05). On fresh weight basis, one serving of mung bean sprouts (about 104 g) provides 21.6 mg of vitamin C, which could meet 36% of Daily Value (DV). In addition, the germination dramatically increased total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids in mung bean sprouts in a time-dependent manner, up to 4.5 and 6.8 times higher than the original concentration of mung bean seeds, respectively. Quercetin-3-O-glucoside content was significantly increased in mung bean sprouts after germination. The total antioxidant activity of mung bean sprouts was increased by 6 times higher than that of mung bean seeds. Therefore, the germination of mung bean sprouts significantly increased phytochemical content, vitamin C content, and antioxidant activity.

Quantitative estimation of ascorbic acid by HPTLC in different varieties of amla

Medicinal plants provide good remedies for human diseases and play a vital role in our day-to-day lifes. Phyllanthus emblica Linn family- Euphorbiaceae, commonly known as amla, is an important household fruit. The anti-ascorbic agent Vitamin C is a very effective antioxidant constituent present in amla. It is considered to be the richest source of Vitamin C. The determination of ascorbic acid in this fruit was done by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and qualitative test. Thus, it was quantiÞ ed using the High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method in different varieties of fruit collected from different geographical regions. The method was carried out in TLC precoated aluminium plates with silica gel 60 GF as stationary phase. The solvent system was Ethanol: Acetic Acid (9.5:0.5 v/v) with the Rf value of 0.76± 0.03). Quantitative analysis was carried out in the absorbance at 254 nm. The linearity regression analysis for the calibration showed r= 0.992 and 0.986 with respect to peak area and height in the concentration range of 0.5-5.0 g per spot. The highest content of ascorbic acid was found in the bigger variety collected from Shirpur. The method developed can be used for a routine analysis of ascorbic acid in crude drugs as well as in herbal and pharmaceutical dosage form containing amla as an ingredient. Key words: Ascorbic acid, HPTLC, Phyllanthus emblica , Quantitative Analysis,

Detecting spoiled fruit in the house of the future

An electronic nose based on acoustic wave sensors has been developed to detect spoilt fruit. Different varieties of fruits, edible and rotten, were analysed. Starting from six sensors, the minimum number of sensors capable of discriminating between spoiled and unspoiled fruit was found. The discrimination capability of the sensor array was studied separately for each fruit variety, as well as for the whole set. Mathematical models were built to classify the fruits within a fruit variety, in an objective and clear way. The models were able to distinguish between edible and rotten fruits with 100% success for New Hall oranges, Golden apples, Kiwis and William pears, and with 97.2% of success for the Starking apples. Without forming fruit variety subsets, discrimination between edible and rotten fruit was achieved with 95% success.

Discrimination of Pear Varieties Using Three Classification Methods Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Fourier transform near-infrared spectrometry (FT-NIR) was explored as a tool to discriminate samples of three different pear varieties ('Xueqing', 'Cuiguan', and 'Xizilv'), which were mainly planted in Zhejiang province, China. Discriminant models were developed using discriminant partial least squares (DPLS) regression, discriminant analysis (DA), and probabilistic neural networks (PNN). Both DPLS and DA calibration models developed in the region of 800-2500 nm gave high accuracy of classification for the calibration set, with 100% of the samples being correctly classified. For validation based on the DPLS model, all 'Cuiguan' pears were classified correctly, whereas a 97.5% classification accuracy was achieved for both 'Xueqing' and 'Xizilv' pears. The DA model had 100% classification accuracy for each variety in validation. For the PNN model, only one sample was misclassified, with an accuracy of 99.2%. The results of this study indicated that FT-NIR had great potential for non-destructively discriminating different varieties of fruits.

Determination of L-Ascorbic Acid in Various Kenyan Fresh and Processed Fruits and Vegetables by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Liquid chromatography methodology for determination of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) in fresh and processed fruits and vegetables has been developed. The method uses a C18 column and an RP-18 precolumn for the stationary phase. The high-performance-liquid-chromatographic solvent is 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH=6). The flow rate is 2.0 ml/min, and UV detection at 273 nm. Ten different varieties of fruits, 13 different varieties of vegetables, 13 different types of processed fruits and 4 different types of commercial soft drinks were analysed. Results obtained show that Ribena contains the highest (410.0 mg/100 ml) mean level of L-AA while Hey-ho has the lowest (3.8 mg/100 ml). Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology Vol. 2 (1) 1999: 22-31

The Firmness of Tomato Fruit in Relation to Polygalacturonase Activity

Firmness measurements made on tomato fruit at various degrees of ripeness by means of a machine recently described have been compared with those produced by an established instrument. Highly significant correlations were obtained between results from the two types of apparatus. Because of its greater ease of operation the newer instrument was used to compare the firmness of six varieties of tomato fruit, all judged to be in a uniform condition known as the “ commercial picking stage ”. The polygalacturonase activity in the same tomato samples was also measured, and a highly significant positive correlation established between the activities of the enzyme and the compression of the different varieties of fruit under a standard load. These results strongly suggest that pectolytic enzyme activity is one of the predominant factors governing the firmness of different varieties of tomato fruit.

British Food Journal Volume 44 Issue 8 1942

British Food Journal Volume 44 Issue 8 1942