Different Types Of Wetlands Research Articles

Biofilms in plastisphere from freshwater wetlands: Biofilm formation, bacterial community assembly, and biogeochemical cycles

Microorganisms can colonize to the surface of microplastics (MPs) to form biofilms, termed "plastisphere", which could significantly change their physiochemical properties and ecological roles. However, the biofilm characteristics and the deep mechanisms (interaction, assembly, and biogeochemical cycles) underlying plastisphere in wetlands currently lack a comprehensive perspective. In this study, in situ biofilm formation experiments were performed in a park with different types of wetlands to examine the plastisphere by extrinsic addition of PVC MPs in summer and winter, respectively. Results from the spectroscopic and microscopic analyses revealed that biofilms attached to the MPs in constructed forest wetlands contained the most abundant biomass and extracellular polymeric substances. Meanwhile, data from the high-throughput sequencing showed lower diversity in plastisphere compared with soil bacterial communities. Network analysis suggested a simple and unstable co-occurrence pattern in plastisphere, and the null model indicated increased deterministic process of heterogeneous selection for its community assembly. Based on the quantification of biogeochemical cycling genes by high-throughput qPCR, the relative abundances of genes involving in carbon degradation, carbon fixation, and denitrification were significantly higher in plastisphere than those of soil communities. This study greatly enhanced our understanding of biofilm formation and ecological effects of MPs in freshwater wetlands.

Diversity and Population Sizes of Wintering Waterbirds in the Wetlands of the Saïss-Middle Atlas Region (North-Central Morocco): Main Survival Factors and Evaluation of Habitat Loss.

Moroccan wetlands host up to half a million wintering birds and provide a stopover for tens of thousands of migrants, while they are inhabited by few nesting species. Most of this avifauna prefers to use the large coastal wetlands or reservoirs, while many species are dispersed across hundreds of small inland wetlands of various types. In this study, we monitored the wintering avifauna of 11 wetlands of the Saïss plain and its adjacent Atlas Mountains (north-center of Morocco), during six wintering seasons (2017-2018 to 2022-2023), with the objective of assessing the importance of this region as a waterbird wintering area. Using the richness of the species, we determine the bird population changes during this pentad and between the different types of wetlands (natural, human-made, and natural wetlands). During this study, we recorded 51 species, belonging to 17 families, among which exist four remarkable birds: the endangered Oxyura leucocephala, the vulnerable Aythya ferina and the near-threatened Aythya nyroca and Limosa limosa. Bird diversity is higher in human-made ecosystems than in peri-urban and natural ecosystems, while the populations' size is similar in urban and non-urban wetlands. With regard to bird conservation, these inland wetlands, mainly the small ones, are threatened by recurrent droughts and various anthropic stressors, which we describe using our observations of the two last decades (2003-2023). The loss of habitat is significant, reaching 348.5 hectares, while the impacts of reduced precipitation and temperature increase are particularly evident in the mountainous natural lakes.

Evolution of Wetland Patterns and Key Driving Forces in China’s Drylands

Wetlands within dryland regions are highly sensitive to climate change and human activities. Based on three types of land use data sources from satellite images and a spatial data analysis, the spatiotemporal characteristics of wetland evolution in China’s drylands and their relationship with human interference and climate change from 1990 to 2020 were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The wetlands within China’s drylands expanded, including rivers, lakes, and artificial wetlands, apart from marshes, which shrunk. Meanwhile, wetland fragmentation increased, with rivers being particularly severely fragmented. (2) Temperature and precipitation showed an increasing trend from 1990 to 2020 in China’s drylands. Lakes and rivers expanded with regional differences due to the uneven distribution of precipitation and rising temperature. (3) Human activities, more than climate change, became the key driving factor for the changes in wetland patterns in China’s drylands. The increased areas of farmland and grassland along with increased levels of drainage and irrigation activities led to the shrinkage of marshes and the fragmentation of rivers. The increase in the number of artificial reservoirs was the main reason for the expansion of artificial wetlands. This study clarifies the specific driving factors of different types of wetlands within China’s drylands, which is of great use for better protecting wetlands and the gradual restoration of degraded wetlands.

Mapping Lotus Wetland Distribution with the Phenology Normalized Lotus Index Using SAR Time-Series Imagery and the Phenology-Based Method

Lotus wetland is a type of wetland that can efficiently purify water. Therefore, rapid and accurate remote sensing monitoring of the distribution of lotus wetland has great significance to their conservation and the promotion of a sustainable and healthy development of ecosystems. The phenology-based method has proven effective in mapping some different types of wetlands. However, because of the serious absence of remote sensing data caused by cloud coverage and the differences in the phenological rhythms of lotus wetlands in different areas, achieving high-precision mapping of different regions using a unified approach is a challenge. To address the issue, this article proposes a Phenology Normalized Lotus Index (PNLI) model that combines SAR time-series imagery and the phenology-based method. The results of this study demonstrate that the PNLI model shows good applicability in different areas and has high mapping accuracy. The model can map the lotus wetland distribu tion in large areas quickly and simultaneously with high precision.

A remote sensing‐based approach for spatiotemporal refined assessment of freshwater wetland ecological risk in coastal zones: A case in Jiangsu's coastal zone

AbstractRapid, long‐term, and robust wetland ecological risk assessment is critical for managing coastal zones. In view of the characteristics of frequent human activities and broken plots in the coastal zone, the traditional assessment method is not fine enough. Satellite earth observation provides an unparalleled source of data for rapidly monitoring and assessing coastal wetland ecological risks through time and across a large spatial range. With the support of multi‐source remote sensing data such as precipitation, temperature, night light, land cover products, etc., a wetland ecological risk assessment method is established in this paper, and the wetland ecological risk is evaluated year by year by a grid. The evaluation results indicate that the ecological risk level of coastal wetlands in Jiangsu Province has shown an upward trend since 2015, with a high ecological risk in the north and a low ecological risk in the south, and the source area mainly appears in the northwest. Meanwhile, the year‐by‐year grid assessment can not only accurately describe the spatial and temporal distribution of wetland ecological risks but also clarify the spatial and temporal characteristics of risk source areas. Additionally, the results obtained by year‐on‐year assessment of consecutive years and clustering and zoning according to the time‐series can better represent the risk status of the time period and exclude the impact of accidental factors on the evaluation results. Although optimization for different types of wetlands can improve the accuracy of assessment, more wetland risk assessment with a longer term and a larger scale, combined with carbon emissions, will provide a basis for global wetland management.

Identifying driving hydrogeomorphic factors of coastal wetland downgrading using random forest classification models

Coastal wetlands provide critical ecosystem services but are experiencing disruptions caused by inundation and saltwater intrusion under intensified climate change, sea-level rise, and anthropogenic activities. Recent studies have shown that these disturbances downgraded coastal wetlands mainly through affecting their hydrological processes. However, research on what is the most critical driver for wetland downgrading and how it affects coastal wetlands is still in its infancy. This study examined drivers of three types of wetland downgrading, including woody wetland loss, emergent herbaceous wetland loss, and woody wetlands converting to emergent herbaceous wetlands. By using random forest classification models for the wetland ecosystems in the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina, USA, during 1995–2019, we determined the relative importance of different hydrogeomorphic processes and the dominant variables in driving the wetland downgrading. Results showed that random forest classification models were accurate (> 97 % overall accuracy) in classifying wetland downgrading. Multiple hydrogeomorphic variables collectively contributed to the coastal wetland downgrading. However, the dominant control factors varied across different types of wetland downgrading. Woody wetlands were most susceptible to saltwater intrusion and were likely to downgrade if the saltwater table was shallower than 0.2 m below the land surface. In contrast, emergent herbaceous wetlands were most vulnerable to inundation and drought. The favorable groundwater table for emergent herbaceous wetlands was between 0.34 m above the land surface and 0.32 m below the land surface, beyond which the emergent herbaceous wetland tended to disappear. For downgraded woody wetlands, their distance to canals/ditches played a crucial role in determining their fates after downgrading. The machine learning approach employed in this study provided critical knowledge about the thresholds of hydrogeomorphic variables for the downgrading of different types of coastal wetlands. Such information can help guide effective and targeted coastal wetland conservation, management, and restoration measures.

环境筛选和扩散限制对长江流域湖北段湿地植物群落构建的共同影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 环境筛选和扩散限制对长江流域湖北段湿地植物群落构建的共同影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202201110110 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 湖北省教育厅项目（T201701）；湖北省科技厅项目（2020CFA005）；国家自然科学基金项目（31570366） Environmental filtering and dispersal limitation jointly affect wetland plant community assembly in Hubei section of the Yangtze River Basin Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: Project of Department of Education of Hubei Province(T201701); Project of Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province(2020CFA005);Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570366) 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:湿地植物群落构建机制的研究可为湿地生态系统管理和受损湿地生态恢复与重建提供重要理论依据。地处长江流域的湖北省是我国湿地资源最为丰富的地区之一，通过野外调查研究了长江流域湖北段内不同类型湿地中的主要湿地植物群落类型，分析了研究区内湿地植物群落物种β多样性格局；利用相关性检验（Mantel test）方法和基于相似或相异度矩阵的多元回归模型（MRM）分析了环境差异和地理距离与湿地植物群落的物种相异性的相关性，及其对该区域湿地植物群落构建的相对贡献率。结果表明长江流域湖北段8个不同类型湿地内的湿地植物群落物种相异性指数差异显著，群落间物种相异性指数与地理距离和环境距离均呈显著正相关关系；MRM分析表明环境筛选和扩散限制共同解释了研究区内群落物种变异指数的54.72%；其中，环境距离独立解释率为22.03%，地理距离独立解释率为9.98%，二者联合解释率为22.71%。结果表明环境筛选和扩散限制共同影响了长江流域湖北段湿地植物群落构建过程，且环境筛选贡献更大。建议除了考虑空间尺度、环境因子、植被类型外，未来需进一步研究时间尺度及人类干扰等因子对该区域湿地植物群落构建的影响。 Abstract:Studies on the mechanism of wetland plant community assembly can provide an important theoretical basis for wetland ecosystem management and ecological restoration and reconstruction of the damaged wetlands. There are very abundant wetland resources in Hubei Province located in the Yangtze River Basin. In this study, we investigated main wetland plant communities by conducting the field survey and analyzed the β-diversity of wetland plant community in Hubei section of the Yangtze River Basin. The correlation between species dissimilarity of wetland plant communities and environmental distance and geographic distance, and relative contribution of environmental differences and geographic distance for accounting for community assembly were tested, using the Mantel test method and a multiple regression model based on similarity or dissimilarity matrices. The results showed that the species dissimilarity index of wetland plant communities in eight different types of wetlands in Hubei section of the Yangtze River Basin were significantly differed. The species dissimilarity indexes among wetland communities significantly were positively correlated with geographical distance and environmental differences. MRM analysis showed that environmental filtering and diffusion limitation together explained 54.72% of the community species variability index in the study area. The independent effects of the two tested hypotheses above mentioned were 22.03% and 9.98%, respectively. Our findings implied that the combined effects of environmental filtering and diffusion limitation decided wetland plant community assembly in Hubei section of the Yangtze River Basin, and in comparison to diffusion limitation, the environmental filtering had stronger effects. We argue that other factors, such as time scale and interference, should be considered in a study of wetland plant community assembly, beside spatial scale, environmental factors, and vegetation types. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Анализ структурной организации сообщества крупных хищных птиц Ремдовского заказника

Анализ структурной организации сообщества крупных хищных птиц Ремдовского заказника

Comparative assessment of carbon sequestration potential of different types of wetlands in lower Gangetic basin of West Bengal, India.

Wetlands provide a great ecological service by accumulating and sequestering carbon in their soils and thus help in mitigating climate change caused due to global warming. However, the capacity and efficiency of different types of wetlands vary considerably depending upon the nature of the wetland, hydrology, biogeochemistry, climatic condition, and many other factors. In the present paper, we have studied the carbon accumulation and sequestration in three different wetlands, one sewage fed, and two floodplain oxbow lakes in the West Bengal state of India. The selected wetlands vary in terms of ecological regimes such as water volume, depth, link channel, agricultural runoffs, primary productivity, macrophyte coverage, and fishery. The carbon accumulation in the wetlands, which varied from 48.53 to 143.17Mg/ha up to 30-cm depth of soil, was much higher than that in the corresponding upland sites. The difference was much higher in the floodplain wetlands. So the study revealed that wetlands are better carbon sinks than the corresponding reference sites and the carbon sequestration potential varies according to the type of wetlands. A positive correlation was also observed between macrophyte coverage and the amount of C stored in the wetlands.

The Change Pattern and Its Dominant Driving Factors of Wetlands in the Yellow River Delta Based on Sentinel-2 Images

There were significant differences in the dominant driving factors of the change process of different types of wetlands in the Yellow River delta. In addition, to our knowledge, the optimal classification feature sets with the Random Forest algorithm for wetlands in the Yellow River delta were least explored. In this paper, the wetland information in the study area was extracted based on a Random Forest algorithm with de-feature variable redundancy, and then the change process of wetland and its dominant factors from 2015 to 2021 was monitored and analyzed using the Geodetector and gravity center model. The results showed that (1) the optimal variable sets composed of red edge indexes based on the Random Forest algorithm had the highest classification accuracy, with the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of 95.75% and 0.93. (2) During 2015–2021, a large area of natural wetland in the Yellow River delta was transformed into an artificial wetland. The wetlands showed an overall development direction of “northwest–southeast” along the Yellow River. (3) The interaction between vegetation coverage and accumulated temperature had the largest explanatory power of the change in the natural wetland area. The interaction between solar radiation and DEM had the largest explanatory power for the change in the artificial wetland area. The research results could better provide decisions for wetland protection and restoration in the Yellow River delta.

Nutrients in streams draining the different types of wetlands in Western Siberian Plain

Two second order streams were compared to test the influence of peatbog type (minerotrophic vs. oligotrophic) on dissolved nutrient composition and dynamics during several hydrologic years. A significant spatio-temporal variation in the concentration of nutrients in the channel runoff is shown. It depends on the catchment characteristics and the hydrological period of the year. In general, the concentrations of phosphates, nitrates and nitrites are lower in the stream draining an area dominated by a minerotrophic bog that indicates nutrients removal by more intense microbiological activity. This is also confirmed by the greater amount of ammonium nitrogen present in the streamflow. In the annual runoff of both streams, the ammonium form dominates dissolved inorganic nitrogen. The minimum concentration of phosphates is observed in winter, and ammonium in the spring flood. In the territory with a predominance of minerotrophic bogs the stream runoff is enriched in calcium, magnesium and silicon indicating specific major cation-rich groundwater input.

Alpine Wetland Evolution and Their Response to Climate Change in the Yellow-River-Source National Park from 2000 to 2020

Clarifying the response of wetland changes to climate change can improve the scientific conservation and utilization capabilities of wetland ecosystems, which is vital for their sustainable development. In this study, the spatial distribution and area changes of the different types of wetlands in the Yellow-River-Source National Park (YRSNP) were obtained using the object-based classification method for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020. The relationship between wetland change and climate factors was investigated by combining grey relation analysis and correlation analysis. The response of wetland change to different climatic factors was consequently clarified. The results showed that the river wetlands and lake wetlands increased significantly from the year 2000 to 2010 (4.04% and 4.21%, respectively). However, the total wetland area demonstrated a decreasing trend (7.08%), primarily due to the significant decrease in the marsh wetlands (6.81%). The total wetland area demonstrated a slightly increasing trend from the year 2010 to 2020 (0.14%), in which river wetlands and lake wetlands increased by 3.25% and 2.09%, respectively, while the marsh wetlands demonstrated a tendency to be stable. From the year 2000 to 2010, 75.53% of precipitation and 27.68% of temperature demonstrated a significant increase and an obvious warm–humid climate trend. However, from the year 2010 to 2020, the trend of increasing precipitation weakened, the temperature decreased slightly, and the warm–humid climate trend was not significant. From the year 2000 to 2020, the YRSNP river wetlands and lake wetlands were significantly and positively correlated with temperature and precipitation, while the marsh wetlands were most affected by climate warming, especially the warm-season temperatures. The spatial–temporal difference was not obvious in the correlation coefficient between marsh wetlands area change and the precipitation and temperature. The results of the study can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the conservation of wetland ecosystems in the Three-River-Source National Park.

Carbon Pool in Mexican Wetland Soils: Importance of the Environmental Service.

Mexican wetlands are not included in Earth system models around the world, despite being an important carbon store in the wetland soils in the tropics. In this review, five different types of wetlands were observed (marshes, swamps, flooded grasslands, flooded palms and mangroves) in which their carbon pool/carbon sequestrations in Mexican zones were studied. In addition, it was shown that swamps (forested freshwater wetlands) sequestered more carbon in the soil (86.17 ± 35.9 Kg C m−2) than other types of wetlands (p = 0.011); however, these ecosystems are not taken into consideration by the Mexican laws on protection compared with mangroves (34.1 ± 5.2 Kg C m−2). The carbon pool detected for mangrove was statistically similar (p > 0.05) to data of carbon observed in marshes (34.1 ± 5.2 Kg C m−2) and flooded grassland (28.57 ± 1.04 Kg C m−2) ecosystems. The value of carbon in flooded palms (8.0 ± 4.2 Kg C m−2) was lower compared to the other wetland types, but no significant differences were found compared with flooded grasslands (p = 0.99). Thus, the carbon deposits detected in the different wetland types should be taken into account by policy makers and agents of change when making laws for environmental protection, as systematic data on carbon dynamics in tropical wetlands is needed in order to allow their incorporation into global carbon budgets.

Current situation and protection countermeasures of wetland resources in Shaanxi

In order to guide the management, protection and utilization of wetlands in Shaanxi Province, this paper analyzes and summarizes the current situation and existing problems of the protection and utilization of wetland resources in Shaanxi Province, and puts forward suggestions accordingly. There are 4 wetlands and 12 wetland types in Shaanxi Province, 308,500 hectares. The area and proportion of various wetlands are 257,600 hectares of river wetlands, 83.50%; 32,300 hectares of artificial wetlands, 10.46%; 7,600 hectares of lake wetlands, 2.46%; and 11,000 hectares of swamp wetlands, 3.58%. There are 77 families, 207 genera, 341 species and 3 varieties of wild vascular plants in the wetland, including 2 species of key wild protected species at the national level and 4 species at the provincial level. In view of the problems in the protection and utilization, such as the collaborative mechanism has not been established, the resource background has not been completely clear, and the investment is insufficient, we should build a scientific and appropriate wetland evaluation index system in Shaanxi Province, carry out the investigation and evaluation of wetland resources in the province, continue to carry out wetland ecological restoration and reconstruction projects, establish and improve wetland protection management and technical system, and formulate the protection and utilization direction of different types of wetlands.

Spatio-Temporal Variations and Socio-Economic Driving Forces for Wetland Area Changes: Insights from 2008–2017 Data of Yunnan Province, China

An in-depth understanding of the associations between variations in the wetland area and socio-economic driving forces is essential owing to rapid urbanization. However, to date, no study has performed a quantitative study on the relationships between spatio-temporal patterns for wetland area variations and socio-economic driving factors in Yunnan Province. Based on Statistical Yearbook data, we found that during 10 years, different types of wetlands exhibited different change rates, with obvious spatial heterogeneity. The overall increase in wetland area in Yunnan Province was 13.35%, of which the increases in river, lake, and swamp wetland areas were 46.39%, −3.12%, and 295.56%, respectively. At the city level, the maximum decrease and increase in total wetland area were noted in Xishuangbanna (−84.30%) and Diqing (+185.22%), respectively. A total of 9 of 24 factors which were further selected according to collinearity diagnostics might help interpret changes in the wetland area of Yunnan Province according to the regression analysis results (R2 = 0.749, p < 0.01). Moreover, in different city development periods, the key socio-economic factors were different, which should be considered separately when formulating policies. Our results may clarify the socio-economic influencing factors for wetland spatio-temporal changes and help to guide policymakers.

Variations and controlling factors of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in a meadow-rice ecosystem in a semi-arid region

Although previous studies have illustrated the variations in carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes for different types of wetlands, there have been few reports on those of meadow-rice mixed ecosystems in semi-arid regions. In this study, eddy covariance (EC) technique was utilized to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes for a meadow-rice mixed ecosystem during the growing season in 2020 in the Horqin Sandy Land, North China. The results indicated obvious diurnal and seasonal variations in gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco), net CO2 exchange (NEE), and CH4 flux, with high levels during the vigorous growing stage and low levels during the early and late growing stages. The mean daily GPP, Reco, NEE, and CH4 were 11.33 g CO2 m−2 d−1, 6.37 g CO2 m−2 d−1, −4.96 g CO2 m−2 d−1, and 81.97 mg CH4 m−2 d−1, respectively. The accumulated values of GPP, Reco, NEE, and CH4 during the growing season were 1,756.54 g CO2 m−2 (478.62 g C m−2), 987.30 g CO2 m−2 (269.02 g C m−2), −769.24 g CO2 m−2 (−209.60 g C m−2), and 12.7 g CH4 m−2 (9.55 g C m−2), respectively, showing that the meadow-rice mixed ecosystem acted as CO2 sink and CH4 source. Low intensity CH4 emissions were maintained during the dry period and were controlled by soil moisture (SM). The seasonal dynamics of GPP, Reco, and CH4 throughout the growing season were mainly controlled by soil temperature (Ts) and air temperature (Ta).

Effects of water levels in heterogeneous habitats on sexual reproductive allocation of Deyeuxia angustifolia.

Taking Deyeuxia angustifolia as the research object, a representative plant of wetland in Sanjiang Plain, we analyzed the variations of individual size and biomass among the habitats of swamp wetlands, swampy meadows, typical meadows and miscellaneous grass meadows, and the relationship between reproductive components and plant biomass. We explored the effects of water level on individual biomass and reproductive allocation of D. angustifolia in different types of wetlands. The results showed that plant biomass, height and the characteristics of sexual reproduction significantly decreased with the increases of water level. The reproductive thresholds of D. angustifolia in miscellaneous grass meadow, typical meadow, swampy meadow, and swamp wetland were 0.245, 0.149, 0.148 and 0.157 g, respectively. There was a significantly negative correlation between plant size and reproductive allocation in three habitats except swampy meadow. Compared with individual size, soil water content had a stronger effect on reproductive allocation of D. angustifolia. The different investment between individual size and reproductive allocation in different habitats was the basic condition that contributes to the good ecological adaptability of D. angustifolia.

Comparative study of methane emission in the reclamation-restored wetlands and natural marshes in the Hangzhou Bay coastal wetland

Wetlands play a crucial role in reducing global warming potential in response to global climate change. Large-scale reclamation and artificial restoration of coastal wetlands significantly affect the greenhouse gas methane emissions of coastal ecosystems. To comprehensively understand the difference in methane emissions between natural and reclamation-restored wetlands, the natural bare mudflat (BM – bare mudflat) in Hangzhou Bay, three types of natural vegetation wetlands (SM - Scirpus mariqueter, PA – Phragmites australis, and SA – Spartina alterniflora), and four types of reclamation-restored P. australis wetlands with different water levels (RW0 – Water level at 0 cm; RW10 – Water level at 10 cm; RW20 – Water level at 20 cm; RW30 – Water level at 30 cm) were selected to analyze the relationship between methane emissions and environmental factors through field observations and laboratory experiments. The results showed that the methane emission flux and methane production potential (MPP) of reclamation-restored wetlands were notably higher than those of natural wetlands, and the monthly dynamics in the different types of wetlands were consistent with temperature. The methane emission flux increased rapidly from April to July (summer), and reached a monotonic peak in July. Among the natural wetlands, the methane emission flux and MPP of SA were significantly higher, which was mainly driven by the soil organic carbon (SOC). In the reclamation-restored wetlands, the methane emission fluxes did not significantly differ between RW10, RW20, and RW30, but were remarkably higher than those of RW0 and natural wetlands, which was mainly driven by the water level and salinity. The differences in the MPP of the different soil layers were mainly affected by the SOC and water levels. Especially in the 0–5 cm surface soil layer of the reclamation-restored wetlands, the MPP was significantly higher, which was mainly driven by the SOC. Therefore, during the later stages of artificial reclamation-restored wetlands, appropriate water level and salinity management and other effective engineering measures should be explored to manage methane emissions during wetland restoration.

Constructed Wetlands in South Korea: Current Status and Performance Assessment

The efficiency of nature-based facilities is mostly evaluated in terms of their pollutant removal capabilities; however, apart from water purification functions, constructed wetlands also perform ecological, cultural, and environmental education functions. A multi-criteria performance index was developed in this study to evaluate the overall efficiency of constructed wetlands. A total of 54 constructed wetlands installed across South Korea were monitored to evaluate the pollutant removal performance of the facilities. A comparison between the conventional pollutant removal-based evaluation and the developed multi-criteria index was also performed to determine the key changes in the results of evaluation when different methods are employed. Among the different types of wetlands studied, hybrid systems were found to be the most effective in terms of pollutant removal due to their complex configurations and functions. Newly constructed treatment wetlands have unstable performance and thus, a stabilization period ranging from two to five years is required to assess the facility’s pollutant removal capabilities. As compared to the conventional pollutant removal-based efficiency evaluation, the comprehensive evaluation method provided a more strategic tool for identifying the facilities’ strengths and weaknesses. Generally, the multi-criteria performance index developed in this inquiry can be utilized as a general tool for evaluating the sustainability of similar nature-based facilities.

Phylogenetic Diversity of Wetland Plants across China.

Accelerating and severe wetland loss has made wetland restoration increasingly important. Current wetland restorations do not take into consideration the ecological adaptability of wetland plants at large scales, which likely affects their long-term restoration success. We explored the ecological adaptability, including plant life forms and phylogenetic diversity, of plants across 28 wetlands in China. We found that perennial herbs were more common than annual herbs, with the proportion of perennial herbs accounting for 40–50%, 45–65%, 45–70%, 50–60%, and 60–80% of species in coastal wetlands, human-made wetlands, lake wetlands, river wetlands, and marsh wetlands, respectively. A ranking of phylogenetic diversity indices (PDIs) showed an order of marsh < river < coastal < lake < human-made, meaning that human-made wetlands had the highest phylogenetic diversity and marsh wetlands had the lowest phylogenetic diversity. The nearest taxon index (NTI) was positive in 23 out of 28 wetlands, indicating that species were phylogenetically clustered in wetland habitats. Dominant species tended to be distantly related to non-dominant species, as were alien invasive species and native species. Our study indicated that annual herbs and perennial herbs were found in different proportions in different types of wetlands and that species were phylogenetically clustered in wetland habitats. To improve wetland restoration, we suggest screening for native annual herbs and perennial herbs in proportions that occur naturally and the consideration of the phylogenetic similarity to dominant native species.