Different Types Of Urinary Stones Research Articles

The key role of major and trace elements in the formation of five common urinary stones

BackgroundUrolithiasis has emerged as a global affliction, recognized as one of the most excruciating medical issues. The elemental composition of stones provides crucial information, aiding in understanding the causes, mechanisms, and individual variations in stone formation. By understanding the interactions between elements in various types of stones and exploring the key role of elements in stone formation, insights are provided for the prevention and treatment of urinary stone disease.MethodsThis study collected urinary stone samples from 80 patients in Beijing. The chemical compositions of urinary stones were identified using an infrared spectrometer. The concentrations of major and trace elements in the urinary stones were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. The data were processed using correlation analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods.ResultsUrinary stones are categorized into five types: the calcium oxalate (CO) stone, carbonate apatite (CA) stone, uric acid (UA) stone, mixed CO and CA stone, and mixed CO and UA stone. Ca is the predominant element, with an average content ranging from 2.64 to 27.68% across the five stone groups. Based on geochemical analysis, the high-content elements follow this order: Ca > Mg > Na > K > Zn > Sr. Correlation analysis and PCA suggested significant variations in the interactions between elements for different types of urinary stones. Trace elements with charges and ionic structures similar to Ca may substitute for Ca during the process of stone formation, such as Sr and Pb affecting the Ca in most stone types except mixed stone types. Moreover, the Mg, Zn and Ba can substitute for Ca in the mixed stone types, showing element behavior dependents on the stone types.ConclusionThis study primarily reveals distinct elemental features associated with five types of urinary stones. Additionally, the analysis of these elements indicates that substitutions of trace elements with charges and ion structures similar to Ca (such as Sr and Pb) impact most stone types. This suggests a dependence of stone composition on elemental behavior. The findings of this study will enhance our ability to address the challenges posed by urinary stones to global health and improve the precision of interventions for individuals with different stone compositions.

Urinary stone component identification by energy-resolved X-ray computed tomography

ABSTRACT Urinary stones have four main types of components: calcium, uric acid, ammonium magnesium phosphate, and cystine, and the type of treatment must be selected according to these types. Although X-ray computed tomography (CT) is currently the most promising method for differentiating the component types of urinary stones in vivo, both conventional and dual-energy CTs are subject to limits in this component differentiation. In this paper, we show the usefulness of an energy-resolved CT system for determining urinary stone components. Standard laboratory chemicals were used as substitutes for true urinary stones, and the effective atomic numbers of the chemicals were estimated to see if they could be used to identify the different types of urinary stones.

Elemental and statistical analysis of small individual urinary stones using TXRF spectrometry

AbstractDue to the small quantity of most of the extracted human urinary stone samples, there is an urgent need for an analytical technique that is able to perform a multi‐elemental quantitative analysis for a small fraction of these samples. In the present work, a few milligrams of different types of urinary stones were microwave digested in ultra‐pure nitric acid, and the elemental determination was achieved by total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF). The elements P, S, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, and Sr were detected in most of the different stones. However, the trace elements: K, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, As, Pb, and U were also found in a certain number of samples. Furthermore, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) was used and the elements Mg, Ti, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cd were determined. A good agreement between the results of TXRF and ICP‐OES was obtained with respect to the elements Ti, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Cadmium and magnesium were only determined by ICP‐OES. More attention was given to the existence and the spectral interference of As‐Kα and Pb‐Lα as well as As‐Kβ and Br‐Kα in a limited number of urinary stones. Based on the analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation analysis, an additional statistical analysis study was performed in terms of quantified elements and the types of urinary stones. Calcium has a remarkable positive correction with Ni, Zn, and P, whereas a negative correlation was found with K, S, and Cu. Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis, the square Euclidean showed four main groups of urinary stones starting with high to trace amounts of calcium oxalate. Furthermore, the squared Euclidean showed further subgroups of the urinary stones. The role of certain elements in terms of forming or inhabiting the urinary stone formation was discussed. Uranium was determined in a limited number of urinary stones using TXRF and ICP‐OES. The origin of the uranium may be the drinking and groundwater. Uranium could be accumulated in the urinary stones from these sources. In addition, the divalent uranium compounds can deposit on the surface of hydroxyapatite crystal, which is one of the main compounds in the urinary stones.

Stone composition of renal stone formers from different global regions.

To study urinary stone composition patterns in different populations around the world. Data were collected by reviewing charts of 1204 adult patients of 10 countries with renal or ureteral stones (> 18 years) in whom a stone analysis was done and available. Any method of stone analysis was accepted, but the methodology had to be registered. In total, we observed 710 (59%) patients with calcium oxalate, 31 (1%) with calcium phosphate, 161 (13%) with mixed calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate, 15 (1%) with carbapatite, 110 (9%) with uric acid, 7 (< 1%) with urate (ammonium or sodium), 100 (9%) with mixed with uric acid/ calcium oxalate, 56 (5%) with struvite and 14 (1%) with cystine stones. Calciumcontaining stones were the most common in all countries ranging from 43 to 91%. Oxalate stones were more common than phosphate or mixed phosphate/oxalate stones in most countries except Egypt and India. The rate of uric acid containing stones ranged from 4 to 34%, being higher in Egypt, India, Pakistan, Iraq, Poland and Bulgaria. Struvite stones occurred in less than 5% in all countries except India (23%) and Pakistan (16%). Cystine stones occurred in 1% of cases. The frequency of different types of urinary stones varies from country to country. Calcium-containing stones are prevalent in all countries. The frequency of uric acid containing stones seems to depend mainly on climatic factors, being higher in countries with desert or tropical climates. Dietary patterns can also lead to an increase in the frequency of uric acid containing stones in association with high obesity rates. Struvite stones are decreasing in most countries due to improved health conditions.

Time changes in the spectrum of urinary stone composition: a role for climate variations?

BackgroundAn increase of the frequency of uric acid urinary stones compared to calcium-containing ones has been recently described. This study was aimed at assessing the frequency of different types of urinary stones in the population of northern Italy in the period 2016–18 compared to 2001–2003.MethodsAnalyses by infrared spectroscopy of 1007 stones endoscopically removed at two institutions in the area of Milan (Northern Italy) were retrospectively considered. Stones were classified as calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and dihydrate (COD), mixed uric acid/calcium oxalate (UC); uric acid (UA), struvite (ST); apatite (CAP); mixed calcium oxalate / apatite (CAPOX); others. The patients were divided into two groups: 2001–2003 and 2016–2018. The average temperature values of the region over the two time periods were obtained by the national statistical institute.ResultsThe average age of the 2001–2003 group (45.8+/− 15.4 years) was significantly lower than the average age of the 2016–18 group (57.9+/− 14.8) (0.000). M / F ratio was similar in the two groups: 119 / 69 (1,0.58) in 2001–2003 and 527 / 292 (1,0.55) in 2016–18 (p = 0.862). COM stones tended to more frequent in 2016–18 group than in 2001–03. COD stones were significantly more frequent in 2001–03 than in 2016–18. ST stone frequency was increased from 2001 to 03 to 2016–18. No increase of uric acid containing stones was observed in 2016–18. Results were confirmed after adjustment by age. Averages annual regional temperatures increased from 14 °C to 15.4 °C during the two observation periods.ConclusionsNo increase of UA stones was observed, probably due to the limited impact of the global warming in our temperate climate.

Phase and microstructural study of urinary stones

In this paper we present the phase and morphological characteristics of urinary stones from Serbian patients. The study included for the first time the determination of the phase composition and a statistical analysis of the presence of different types of urinary stones in both men and women in Serbia. The main goal of study was representation of collected data for the first time. For past three years, more than 600 samples were collected from Serbian patients. The phase composition of all samples of urinary stones was investigated using XRD analysis. Morphology and chemical composition of phases in some characteristic samples was determinate by the SEM-EDS analysis. Results indicate that there are several different types of urinary stones that vary in mineral composition, chemistry and morphology. It was found that 312 (52%) of the 600 stones were composed of calcium oxalate minerals (CaOx): 17.3% of which were pure calcium oxalate monohydrate COM, 4% were pure calcium oxalate dihydrate COD; 200 (33.3%) were a mixture of CaOx and Hydroxyapatite HA, 19 (3.1%) were uric acid (uricite) UA and uric acid dihydrate UAD, 17 (2.8%) were a combination of UA and CaOx minerals, 41 (6.8%) were combination of CaP minerals and CaOx, 11 (1.9%) were cystine (Cy) stones. The obtained data shows the diversity of types of urinary stones. Morphological, chemical and XRPD analysis give us statistical data which shows that the most common urinary stones from Serbian patients are from CaOx group and in most of cases are associated with CaP.

Electron probe micro-analysis reveals the complexity of mineral deposition mechanisms in urinary stones.

Urinary stones are complex mineralogical formations in the urinary system often impairing the kidney function. Several studies have attempted to understand the mechanisms of stone formation and growth; however, it remains to be fully explored. Here, we present a detailed investigation on the morphological and mineralogical characterizations of urinary stones. Structural properties of different types of urinary stones were done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) analyses. X-ray maps of major and the trace elements were obtained using electron microprobe (EPMA) technique. Basic metabolic panel and urinary parameters of the patients were used for comparing mineral compositions among stone types. The study included five major types of stones identified based on the FTIR spectra. FTIR and XRD helped in identifying the major components of these stones. FE-SEM images revealed distinct microstructure and morphology of the stones among the stone types. EPMA analysis showed the presence of many metals other than calcium and certain non-metals within the urinary stone matrix at measurable levels, sometimes with distinct distribution patterns. The study demonstrates the characteristic micro-structure, morphology, distribution, and composition of elements in different stone types. Findings of the study provide scope for understanding the complex mechanisms involved in the urolithogenesis and association of trace elements in it.

V11-12 HOLMIUM LASER SETTINGS DURING LITHOTRIPSY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF KIDNEY STONES

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrolithiasis1 Apr 2017V11-12 HOLMIUM LASER SETTINGS DURING LITHOTRIPSY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF KIDNEY STONES Oriol Angerri, Juan Manuel López, Pavel Gavrilov, Francisco Sánchez-Martín, Félix Millán, and Humberto Villavicencio Oriol AngerriOriol Angerri More articles by this author , Juan Manuel LópezJuan Manuel López More articles by this author , Pavel GavrilovPavel Gavrilov More articles by this author , Francisco Sánchez-MartínFrancisco Sánchez-Martín More articles by this author , Félix MillánFélix Millán More articles by this author , and Humberto VillavicencioHumberto Villavicencio More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.3001AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Currently, holmium laser is the most versatile energy source for the treatment of intrarenal stones by intracorporeal lithotripsy since it may be used with both flexible and rigid endoscopes, permitting access to all parts of the kidney. High-power laser enables the destruction of all kinds of stones, but the settings most suitable for the treatment of individual types remain to be defined. METHODS In the operation theatre we used a pelvic trainer into which we introduced six different types of urinary stones from our stone library: uric acid, cystine, struvite, brushite, calcium oxalate monohydrate, and calcium oxalate dihydrate. Ex vivo lithotripsy was performed by means of continuous serum irrigation with the Lumenis VersaPulse 120 W high-power laser, with a 550-micron fibre. Power, frequency, and potency parameters, as well as the short-pulse/long-pulse variable, were varied among the six different types of stones. RESULTS In all cases lithotripsy was commenced using low power and frequency: 0.2 J and 10 Hz. Power and frequency were raised up to a maximum of 3 J and 40 Hz, according to the type of stone, and until maximum potencies close to 120 W were obtained. The difference in hardness of the investigated types of stones required differing power settings according to whether fragmentation into large pieces or pulverisation was desired. The different power settings used for the various types of stones are described, and the fragmentation ability and speed of the holmium laser are appraised. CONCLUSIONS High-power laser is useful for destruction of any type of urinary stone. The harder the stone, the greater is the potency needed; however, the frequency is not so important. Low power is able to yield good results on soft stones, and excellent pulverisation can be obtained by increasing the pulse frequency. The long pulse is very useful for lowering the stone retropulsion and increasing pulverisation, particularly in the case of softer stones. © 2017FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 197Issue 4SApril 2017Page: e1285 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2017MetricsAuthor Information Oriol Angerri More articles by this author Juan Manuel López More articles by this author Pavel Gavrilov More articles by this author Francisco Sánchez-Martín More articles by this author Félix Millán More articles by this author Humberto Villavicencio More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Evaluation of Urinary Stone Composition and Differentiation between Urinary Stones and Phleboliths Using Single-source Dual-energy Computed Tomography.

The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of single-source dual-energy computed tomography (SS-DECT) composition analysis in characterizing different types of urinary stones and differentiating them from phleboliths. This study included 29 patients with urinary stones who were scheduled for surgery. All patients were scanned, first using single-energy computed tomography acquisition and then DECT acquisition on SS-DECT. Dual-energy data were archived to a Gemstone spectral imaging (GSI) viewer (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA). Hounsfield units (HU) and effective atomic numbers (Zeff) were estimated using the GSI viewer. The results of dual-energy analysis were compared with the biochemical constitution of the stones. The chemical analysis determined that the stones included 32 calcium-based, 6 cystine and 1 struvite stone. Both HU and Zeff values were helpful in differentiating calcium-based stones from cystine and struvite stones and phleboliths. The Zeff values of phleboliths were significantly higher than those for struvite and cystine stones, whereas it was difficult to distinguish phleboliths from struvite and cystine stones using the HU values. Composition analysis using SS-DECT is helpful for distinguishing urinary stone types and discriminating phleboliths from urinary stones. Zeff values may be more useful than HU values for differentiating urinary stones from phleboliths.

The systematic classification of urinary stones combine-using FTIR and SEM-EDAX

BackgroundTo explore underlying mechanism of urinary stones formation, the composition and microstructure of urinary stones were analyzed systematically with a large sample study from China. Materials and methodsA total of 2437 urinary stones were obtained from the urology department at our Hospital. The composition of the stones was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Meanwhile, the microstructure and element distribution were observed with scanning electron microscopy combined with element distribution analysis (SEM-EDAX). ResultsUrinary stones were classified into eight types, that were consisted of calcium oxalate stones (1301/2437, 53.39%), calcium phosphate stones (131/2437, 5.38%), anhydrous uric acid stones (434/2437, 17.81%), magnesium ammonium phosphate stones (12/2437, 0.49%), sodium urate stones (5/2437, 0.21%), brushite stones (4/2437, 0.16%), cystine stones (3/2437, 0.12%) and mixed stones (547/2437, 22.45%, ten subtypes were included). Under SEM, they displayed distinct microstructures: plank-like, brick-like, polyhedron or paliform crystals for calcium oxalate stones, similar sized echin-sphere or rough bulbiform or tree bark-like crystals for calcium phosphate stones, rotten-wood-like or petrous crystals for anhydrous uric acid stones, globular or gallet-like crystals for magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, sawdust-like crystals for sodium urate stones, broken-wood-like crystals for brushite stones, stacking hexagonal cystine crystals for cystine stones, and two or more of the above crystals for mixed stones. Meanwhile, they also presented distinct elemental composition and distribution by EDAX. ConclusionsUrinary stones can be classified into eight types, and exhibit a diversity of microstructure and elemental compositions in China. The formation process of different types of urinary stones may be diverse.

Lithotripsy of Different Urinary Tract Stones by Using Seeds of Carum copticum

It has been a well-known practice to use seeds and the essential oil of Carum copticum as a strongly antiseptic , antispasmodic , aromatic , bitter , diaphoretic , digestive , diuretic , expectorant and tonic. Also used for cure influenza, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. To our knowledge it will be the first time to use the seeds of this herb as a urinary tract stone lithotripsy.This research aimed to the use of these seeds as a lithotripsian against different types of urinary stones and determine the efficiency of these preparation against which types of stone.A liquid solution was prepared from dissolving the seeds powder in cow milk and then concentration this preparation was done by boiling at 100°C to reduce the volume of solution to the half.The treatment was given via oral administration for successive 9 days before breakfast. 350 patients with urinary stone of different type took part in this research. All patients were subjected to ultrasonography and intravenous pyelography examinations to localized the position and detect diameter of stone. The above examination and also biochemical tests for diagnosis of stones ingredients were repeated after the administration of treatment and excretion of stone fragments in urine. The results were so promising especially against pure ca-oxalate stone.

Mineralogy and chemistry of urinary stones: patients from North Jordan

Urinary stone diseases are increasing in the Middle East. The majority of urinary stone cases are found in the northern part of the country. Stone samples taken from patients living in the Irbid area were collected from Princess Basma Hospital. The present study concentrates on the mineralogical and chemical composition of the urinary stones and on the effective environmental factors that assist in developing the different types of urinary stones. Using X-ray diffraction techniques, the mineralogical composition of the urinary stones was found to be as follows: oxalate, cholesten, and uric acid, with cystine stones occuring more frequently than the others. Cholesten and calcium oxalate stones are the most dominant types of stones. Calcium oxalate is the most common type of oxalate stone. Calcium oxalate is represented in: whewellite, wheddellite, and calcium carbonate oxalate hydrate minerals, in addition to other minerals such as brushite, ammonium phosphate, vaterite, valleriite, and bobierrite from other types of stones. Bobierrite (phosphate group) is a new mineral reported in urinary stones, and this has not been determined in any previous study worldwide. Apatite (calcium phosphate) is deduced using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The SEM technique determined crystal forms and systems, shapes, morphological features, and the names of the minerals forming urine stones, while optical properties are studied by polarizing microscope. X-ray fluorescence technique determined the concentrations of major and some trace elements. It revealed that Ca is the main constituent of the urinary stones, especially those composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. The concentration of trace elements was Ba = 1.57, P = 3.61, Fe = 1.78, S = 2.08, Zr = 4.63, Mo = 3.92, Cu = 1.89, Co = 1.56, and F = 4.2% and was higher in the urinary stones of Jordanian patients than in foreigners in the country. Questionnaires completed by patients suggest that the most significant factors directly effecting the formation of stones are water, climate conditions, food rich in protein and rich in different chemicals. Moreover, some drugs and diseases might also help in developing other stones.

NUTRITION AND UROLITHIASIS.

The exact role of diet in the formation of different types of urinary stones in man is uncertain. However, under some circumstances, diet seems to exert a modifying influence on their production. A relationship between nutrition and urolithiasis is suggested by two major factors: (1) Urinary stones are composed of materials found in food, and (2) they can be experimentally produced by certain manipulations of the diet.