Different Types Of Side Effects Research Articles

Characterisation of medication side effects in patients with mostly resistant depression in a real-world setting

Objectives This study aimed to identify factors associated with side effects of psychotropic drugs in a real-world setting enriched with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients. Methods A total of 1410 depressed patients were treated in a naturalistic setting. Side effects were measured with the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser Side Effect Rating Scale (UKU); the total score and UKU subscales were considered. Clinical-demographic variables were tested for association with side effects in univariate and then multivariate analyses. Results Total, psychic and neurological side effects were associated with depressive symptom severity, while autonomic side effects were higher in those with somatic comorbidities and other side effects were lower in patients receiving trazodone. In multivariate analyses, depressive symptom severity was associated with psychic and total side effects, while generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) with neurological side effects and somatic comorbidities remained associated with autonomic side effects. Trazodone was associated with lower side effects and with augmentation treatments. Augmentation therapies showed opposite effects depending on response status, i.e. increased or decreased the risk of side effects in responders and non-responders/resistant patients, respectively. Conclusions Psychic side effects may be difficult to distinguish from depressive symptoms and factors associated with different types of side effects are heterogeneous and likely interacting.

IACP-MultiCNN: Multi-channel CNN based anticancer peptides identification

Cancer is one of the most dangerous diseases in the world that often leads to misery and death. Current treatments include different kinds of anticancer therapy which exhibit different types of side effects. Because of certain physicochemical properties, anticancer peptides (ACPs) have opened a new path of treatments for this deadly disease. That is why a well-performed methodology for identifying novel anticancer peptides has great importance in the fight against cancer. In addition to the laboratory techniques, various machine learning and deep learning methodologies have developed in recent years for this task. Although these models have shown reasonable predictive ability, there's still room for improvement in terms of performance and exploring new types of algorithms. In this work, we have proposed a novel multi-channel convolutional neural network (CNN) for identifying anticancer peptides from protein sequences. We have collected data from the existing state-of-the-art methodologies and applied binary encoding for data preprocessing. We have also employed k-fold cross-validation to train our models on benchmark datasets and compared our models' performance on the independent datasets. The comparison has indicated our models' superiority on various evaluation metrics. We think our work can be a valuable asset in finding novel anticancer peptides. We have provided a user-friendly web server for academic purposes and it is publicly available at: http://103.99.176.239/iacp-cnn/.

Synthesis of 29H,31H-phthalocyanine and chloro (29H,31H-phthalocyaninato) aluminum derivatives showed anti-cancer and anti-bacterial actions

Continuous administration of most chemotherapeutic drugs can induce different types of side effects. There has been growing interest in exploring an alternative approach to synthesizing compounds that are most effective and have fewer side effects. We synthesized 29H,31H-Phthalocyanine, and Chloro (29H,31H- phthalocyaninato) aluminum at low temperatures using lithium in the present study with diisopropylamide as the nucleophile. The physical characteristics of 29H,31H-Phthalocyanine, and Chloro (29H,31H- phthalocyaninato) aluminum were confirmed by FT-IR method, XRD, SEM, and the impact of these compounds on human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) and human cervical cells (HeLa) was examined. Treatment with 29H,31H-Phthalocyanine significantly decreased cancer cell growth and proliferation, as determined by MTT and DAPI staining analysis. In contrast, Chloro (29H,31H- phthalocyaninato) aluminum treatment did not show any inhibitory action on colon or cervical cancer cells. We also calculated the inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 29H,31H-Phthalocyanine, which was 30 µg/ml (HCT-116) and 33 µg/ml (HeLa cells). The antibacterial effectiveness of 29H,31H-Phthalocyanine, and chloro (29H,31H- phthalocyaninato) aluminum was studied using Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). The CFU (colony frequency unit) assay confirmed significant activity against the test bacterium after treatment with 29H,31H-Phthalocyanine. However, no activity was seen upon treatment with chloro (29H,31H- phthalocyaninato) aluminum against E. faecalis.

Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Intralesional Minoxidil Injection Alone and in Combination versus the Standard Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection in the Treatment of Alopecia Areata

Abstract Background Alopecia areata (AA) is a common, inflammatory, non-scarring type of hair loss. Although hair loss can affect all hair bearing sites, patchy alopecia affecting the scalp is the most common type. Hair loss may progress to alopecia totalis (AT) which is complete balding at the scalp, or to alopecia universalis (AU), describing loss of all hairs on the scalp and body. Consequently, this can cause a devastating emotions effects on patients and may be expose them to psychological comorbidities such as depression, anxiety and social phobia. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of intradermal delivery of minoxidil 5% alone and in combination with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of alopecia areata. Patients and Methods This study is prospective randomized intra-patients comparative control clinical trail that include 20 Egyptian patients suffering from multiple patches of AA during December 2017 till November 2018 which approved by The Dermatology Research Ethical Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University. Each patient had at least 5 scalp patches of approximately similar size (minimally 3 cm2) with a severity of alopecia tool (SALT) score up to S2 (less than 50% of scalp involvement) either in stable or progressive course. Patients were recruited from outpatient clinic of Dermatology, Ain Shams University Hospital and Al-houd Al-marsoud Hospital and informed written consent was obtained from all of them after explanations the study objective before enrollment in it. Results Considering the side effects of the treatment, all patients in all groups develop different types of side effects only the intolerable pain of injection was common between them and it was statistically not significant in comparison between the treatment groups. All the treatment groups showed significant reduction in dermoscopic finding of AA after treatment except in control group. Conclusion Standard intralesional corticosteroids are the mainstay first line treatment of patchy alopecia that involving less than 50% of the scalp and for cosmetics areas such as beard and eyebrows.

Structure-function relationship of the posterior subthalamic area with directional deep brain stimulation for essential tremor

Deep Brain Stimulation of the posterior subthalamic area is an emergent target for the treatment of Essential Tremor. Due to the heterogeneous and complex anatomy of the posterior subthalamic area, it remains unclear which specific structures mediate tremor suppression and different side effects. The objective of the current work was to yield a better understanding of what anatomical structures mediate the different clinical effects observed during directional deep brain stimulation of that area.We analysed a consecutive series of 12 essential tremor patients. Imaging analysis and systematic clinical testing performed 4–6 months postoperatively yielded location, clinical efficacy and corresponding therapeutic windows for 160 directional contacts. Overlap ratios between individual activation volumes and neighbouring thalamic and subthalamic nuclei as well as individual fiber tracts were calculated. Further, we generated stimulation heatmaps to assess the area of activity and structures stimulated during tremor suppression and occurrence of side effects.Stimulation of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract and the zona incerta was most consistently correlated with tremor suppression. Both individual and group analysis demonstrated a similar pattern of activation for tremor suppression and different sorts of side-effects. Unlike current clinical concepts, induction of spasms and paresthesia were not correlated with stimulation of the corticospinal tract and the medial lemniscus. Furthermore, we noticed a significant difference in the therapeutic window between the best and worst directional contacts. The best directional contacts did not provide significantly larger therapeutic windows than omnidirectional stimulation at the same level.Deep brain stimulation of the posterior subthalamic area effectively suppresses all aspects of ET but can be associated with concomitant side effects limiting the therapeutic window. Activation patterns for tremor suppression and side effects were similar and predominantly involved the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract and the zona incerta. We found no different activation patterns between different types of side effects and no clear correlation between structure and function. Future studies with use of more sophisticated modelling of activation volumes taking into account fiber heterogeneity and orientation may eventually better delineate these different clusters, which may allow for a refined targeting and programming within this area.

The side effects of platinum-based chemotherapy drugs: a review for chemists.

The platinum-based drugs cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin are regularly prescribed in the treatment of cancer and while they are effective, their use is limited by their severe, dose-limiting side effects (also referred to as adverse effects/events). In total, a cancer patient can experience any combination of around 40 specific side effects. The dose-limiting side effect for cisplatin is nephrotoxicity, for carboplatin it is myelosuppression, and for oxaliplatin it is neurotoxicity. Other common side effects include anaphylaxis, cytopenias (including leukopenia and neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anaemia), hepatotoxicity, ototoxicity, cardiotoxicity, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, mucositis, stomatitis, pain, alopecia, anorexia, cachexia, and asthenia. The side effects may require patients to be prescribed dose reductions in their platinum drugs of between 25 and 100%. Furthermore, patients require extensive monitoring of their biochemistries, kidney and liver function, and depending on the drug, hearing tests. Finally, patients are commonly co-prescribed additional non-chemotherapy based drugs to treat the side effects which can include antiemetics, antibiotics and myeloid growth factors, mannitol, propafenone, saline hyperhydration, magnesium supplements, monoclonal antibody cytokine blockers, and antioxidants.

Predicting Drug Side Effects Using Data Analytics and the Integration of Multiple Data Sources

The development of automated approaches employing computational methods using data from publicly available drugs datasets for the prediction of drug side effects has been proposed. This paper presents the use of a hybrid machine learning approach to construct side effect classifiers using an appropriate set of data features. The presented approach utilizes the perspective of data analytics to investigate the effect of drug distribution in the feature space, categorize side effects into several intervals, adopt suitable strategies for each interval, and construct data models accordingly. To verify the applicability of the presented method in side effect prediction, a series of experiments were conducted. The results showed that this approach was able to take into account the characteristics of different types of side effects, thereby achieve better predictive performance. Moreover, different feature selection schemes were coupled with the modeling methods to examine the corresponding effects. In addition, analyses were performed to investigate the task difficulty in terms of data distance and similarity. Examples of visualized networks of associations between drugs and side effects are also discussed to further evaluate the results.

Reversing the side-effect effect: the power of salient norms

In the last decade, experimental philosophers have documented systematic asymmetries in the attributions of mental attitudes to agents who produce different types of side effects. We argue that this effect is driven not simply by the violation of a norm, but by salient-norm violation. As evidence for this hypothesis, we present two new studies in which two conflicting norms are present, and one or both of them is raised to salience. Expanding one’s view to these additional cases presents, we argue, a fuller conception of the side-effect effect, which can be reversed by reversing which norm is salient.

Side-effect analysis of sunitinib (S) in patients treated with metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC): Single center experience in the National Institute of Oncology, Hungary—Influence of dose reduction/modification and application schedule on the efficacy of S.

e15530 Background: S, an active and relatively well tolerated treatment for mRCC, based on the result of a global phase III study. Methods: Retrospectively, 383 patient’s data with clear cell mRCC were collected, who were treated with S in our department between 01/nov/2005 and 31/dec/2012. S was used in 1st or 2 nd line setting. The first few dozen subjects were involved in a clinal trial after progression on first line INF therapy. In Hungary S became reimbursed by the public health insurence from 01/jan/2008 in second line, and from 01/feb/2010 in first line. All patients had definitely favorable or intermediate risk based on MSKCC risk group criteria. The starting dose of S was mostly 50 mg (schedule 4 weeks on followed by 2 weeks off). Results: We investigated the prevalence of necessity of dose reduction/modification or pretence to follow an out of ordinary application form. We registered the frequency and modality of the different types of side effects, we also studied the outcome of patients. Incidence of grade 3+4 side effects was nearly 60%. The most common side effects were fatigue (63%), mucositis/stomatitis (40,2%), hand-foot syndome (16,1%), diarrhea (34%), hypertension (34%), nausea (2%), anaemia (8,6%), leukopenia (4,6%), thrombopenia (20%) and hypothyreosis (20%). Objective response rate based on RECIST and progression-free survival (PFS) were also recorded. The efficacy of treatment was nearly similar to the global clinical trial results. CR was rare (4,2%), most of our patients had PR (31,1%) or SD (51,2%) as best response. In first line setting the results were even better (CR 10,5%, PR 44% and SD 57,5). Conclusions: S is effective and safe agent to treat patients with mRCC. Due to side effects, dose reduction / modification is often needed but rarely requires treatment discontinuation. The early detection and right management of side effects is crucial to maintain the patients on the treatment. Unfortunately the deviation from the standard care may bias the efficacy.

Cutaneous side effects associated with sunitinib: an analysis of 8 cases

Sunitinib is an antineoplastic agent, specifically a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Thanks to its targeted action, this drug is relatively well tolerated. The main side effects are asthenia, gastrointestinal disturbances, and dermatological effects. The aim of our study was to collect information about dermatological side effects and assess them in patients treated with sunitinib. A retrospective study was performed on 8 patients treated with sunitinib between January 2006 and July 2009. Twelve different types of side effects were observed: genital lesion (9), cutaneous eruption (7), hand-foot syndrome (6), yellow discoloration of skin (4), hair depigmentation (4), xerosis (4), pigmented lesion (4), vascular lesion (3), erythema (3), splinter haemorrhage of fingernails (1), facial oedema (1), and pruritus (1). To date vascular and pigmented lesions associated with sunitinib have not been recorded in literature, genital lesions have only been described in the scrotal region. These genital lesions led to discontinuation of treatment by 4 patients in our study. Although the risk/benefit ratio is favourable for sunitinib, all health care professionals must be aware of the risk of such adverse events. When genital lesions are observed, dose adjustment is recommended. Thorough clinical examination and patient interviews are necessary to detect these effects.

Patient-Reported Side Effects of Intradetrusor Botulinum Toxin Type A for Idiopathic Overactive Bladder Syndrome

Objective: The aim of the study was a prospective assessment of patient-reported side effects in an open-label study after intradetrusor botulinum toxin injections for idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB). Patients and Methods: Botulinum toxin A injection was performed in 56 patients with idiopathic OAB. Patients were followed up for 6 months concerning side effects and patients’ satisfaction. Results: Different types of side effects were assessed such as dry mouth (19.6%), arm weakness (8.9%), eyelid weakness (8.9%), leg weakness (7.1%), torso weakness (5.4%), impaired vision (5.4%) and dysphagia (5.4%). In all cases, symptoms were mild and transient. Urological complications such as gross hematuria (17.9%), acute urinary retention (8.9%) and acute urinary tract infection (7.1%) were noticed. In all cases, acute urinary retention was transient and treated with temporary intermittent self-catheterization. There was no statistically significant correlation between dosage and observed side effects. Patients’ satisfaction rate was high (71.4%). Conclusion: Intradetrusor injection of botulinum toxin was associated with a high rate of neurourological side effects. In general, side effects were transient, mild and did not require special treatment.

The side-effects to CPAP treatment inventory: the development and initial validation of a new tool for the measurement of side-effects to CPAP treatment

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the treatment of choice for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS), but side-effects are common. No validated self-rating scale measuring side-effects to CPAP treatment exists today. The aim was to develop the side-effects to CPAP treatment inventory (SECI), and investigate the validity and reliability of the instrument among patients with OSAS. SECI was developed on the basis of: (1) in-depth interviews with 23 patients; (2) examination of the scientific literature and (3) consensus agreement of a multi-professional expert panel. This yielded 15 different types of side-effects related to CPAP treatment. Each side-effect has three sub-questions (scales): perceived frequency (a) and magnitude (b) of the side-effect, as well as its perceived impact on CPAP use (c). A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. A total of 329 patients with OSAS with an average use of CPAP treatment for 39 months (2 weeks to 182 months) were recruited. Data were collected with SECI, and obtained from medical records (clinical variables and data related to CPAP treatment). Construct validity was confirmed with factor analysis (principal component analysis with orthogonal rotation). A logical two-factor solution, the device subscale and symptom subscale, emerged across all three scales. The symptom subscale describing physical and psychological side-effects and the device subscale described mask and device-related side-effects. Internal consistency reliability of the three scales was good (Cronbach's α = 0.74-0.86) and acceptable for the subscales (Cronbach's α = 0.62-0.86). The satisfactory measurement properties of this new instrument are promising and indicate that SECI can be used to measure side-effects to CPAP treatment.