Different Types Of Neoplasia Research Articles

Results of Immunohistochemical Studies of Expression of Markers of Cell Cycle Regulation, Proliferation and Apoptosis in Different Types of Neoplasia of the Accessory Lub of the Mammary Gland

Results of Immunohistochemical Studies of Expression of Markers of Cell Cycle Regulation, Proliferation and Apoptosis in Different Types of Neoplasia of the Accessory Lub of the Mammary Gland

Prediction model of adnexal masses with complex ultrasound morphology.

Based on the ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system (O-RADS), we constructed a nomogram model to predict the malignancy potential of adnexal masses with sophisticated ultrasound morphology. In a multicenter retrospective study, a total of 430 subjects with masses were collected in the adnexal region through an electronic medical record system at the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University during the period of January 2019-April 2023. A total of 157 subjects were included in the exception validation cohort from Harbin Medical University Tumor Hospital. The pathological tumor findings were invoked as the gold standard to classify the subjects into benign and malignant groups. All patients were randomly allocated to the validation set and training set in a ratio of 7:3. A stepwise regression analysis was utilized for filtering variables. Logistic regression was conducted to construct a nomogram prediction model, which was further validated in the training set. The forest plot, C-index, calibration curve, and clinical decision curve were utilized to verify the model and assess its accuracy and validity, which were further compared with existing adnexal lesion models (O-RADS US) and assessments of different types of neoplasia in the adnexa (ADNEX). Four predictors as independent risk factors for malignancy were followed in the preparation of the diagnostic model: O-RADS classification, HE4 level, acoustic shadow, and protrusion blood flow score (all p < 0.05). The model showed moderate predictive power in the training set with a C-index of 0.959 (95%CI: 0.940-0.977), 0.929 (95%CI: 0.884-0.974) in the validation set, and 0.892 (95%CI: 0.843-0.940) in the external validation set. It showed that the predicted consequences of the nomogram agreed well with the actual results of the calibration curve, and the novel nomogram was clinically beneficial in decision curve analysis. The risk of the nomogram of adnexal masses with complex ultrasound morphology contained four characteristics that showed a suitable predictive ability and provided better risk stratification. Its diagnostic performance significantly exceeded that of the ADNEX model and O-RADS US, and its screening performance was essentially equivalent to that of the ADNEX model and O-RADS US classification.

Three-dimensional nuclear telomere architecture and differential expression of aurora kinase genes in chronic myeloid leukemia to measure cell transformation

BackgroundTelomere dysfunction results in aneuploidy, and ongoing chromosomal abnormalities. The three-dimensional (3D) nuclear organization of telomeres allows for a distinction between normal and tumor cells. On the other hand, aurora kinase genes (AURKA and AURKB) play an important role regulating the cell cycle. A correlation between overexpression of aurora kinase genes and clinical aggressiveness has been demonstrated in different types of neoplasias. To better understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of CML evolution, it was examined telomere dysfunction (alterations in the 3D nuclear telomere architecture), and the expression levels of AURKA and AURKB genes in two clinical distinct subgroups of CML samples, from the same patient.MethodsEighteen CML patients, in total, 36 bone marrow samples (18 patients, chronic vs. accelerated/blast phase) were eligible for 3D telomeric investigations. Quantitative 3D imaging, cytologic diagnosis and cytogenetic determination of additional chromosomal abnormalities were assessed according to standard protocols.ResultsUsing TeloView software, two CML subgroups were defined based on their 3D telomeric profiles, reflecting the different stages of the disease (chronic vs. accelerated/blast phase). Statistical analyses showed significant differences between the CML subgroups (p < 0.001). We also found that AURKA and AURKB mRNA were expressed at significantly higher levels in both CML subgroups, when compared with healthy donors. Our findings suggest that the evolution of CML progresses from a low to a high level of telomere dysfunction, that is, from an early stage to a more aggressive stage, followed by disease transformation, as demonstrated by telomere, additional chromosomal abnormalities, and gene expression profile dynamics.ConclusionsThus, we demonstrated that 3D telomere organization, in accordance with the genomic instability observed in CML samples were able to distinguish subgroup CML patients. Classifying CML patients based on these characteristics might represent an important strategy to define better therapeutic strategies.

Understanding the mechanisms of gallbladder lesions: A systematic review.

The gallbladder undergoes different types of pathologies, ranging from inflammatory to preneoplasia and finally to malignant lesions. Gallbladder carcinoma can be highly invasive, and it is known that chronic inflammation of the gallbladder can lead to preneoplastic abnormalities and subsequently malignant phenotypes. Gallbladder neoplasia has a low incidence but is associated with a very poor prognosis. An early diagnosis is therefore extremely important in order to improve the prognosis of patients. Immunohistochemical markers of the mucin family can distinguish between different types of gallbladder lesions. Mucins are glycoproteins that can be attached to threonine residues that are O-glycosylated (due to the hydroxyl group of this amino acid). Mucins are divided into two types: those that bind to the membrane, such as MUC1, and those that form gels or are secreted, such as MUC5AC. Various alterations in mucin expression have been revealed to be associated with the development of neoplasia, as they modulate cell growth, karyokinetic transformation, dedifferentiation, adhesion, invasion and immune surveillance. p53 is a tumor suppressor gene and is linked to the development of different types of neoplasia. The incidence of the p53 gene is variable in the pathophysiology of gallbladder cancer. Several studies have revealed an incidence of ~50% of the p53 gene in gallbladder tumors. Studying the immunohistochemical profile of mucins and the presence of different gene mutations in neoplastic lesions of the gallbladder and surrounding mucosa may contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and the mechanisms involved in tumor development, allowing the identification of patients at increased risk of developing neoplasia, thus leading to improved management.

Guide to diagnosing and treating neoplasia in ferrets

Background: Statistics for the actual incidence of neoplasia in pet ferrets are not currently available; however, multiple case reports of different types of neoplasia in this species are described in the literature. The majority of tumours are seen in animals older than three years of age, and multiple types of neoplasia can occur in the same ferret.Aim of the article: This article provides an overview of the most common ferret neoplasms seen by general veterinary practitioners, and aims to help practitioners approach these cases with more confidence. The endocrine, haemolymphatic and integumentary systems are most commonly affected, with adrenocortical tumours and insulinoma at the top of the list.

Role of Circular RNAs in the Regulation of Immune Cells in Response to Cancer Therapies.

Circular RNAs (CircRNAs) are a class of small endogenous noncoding RNA that are formed by means of either the spliceosome or lariat-type splicing. CircRNAs have multiple regulatory functions and have been detected in different cell types, like normal, tumor and immune cells. CircRNAs have been suggested to regulate T cell functions in response to cancer. CircRNAs can enter into T cells and promote the expression of molecules that either trigger antitumoral responses or promote suppression and the consequent evasion to the immune response. Additionally, circRNAs may promote tumor progression and resistance to anticancer treatment in different types of neoplasias. In this minireview we discuss the impact of circRNAs and its function in the regulation of the T-cells in immune response caused by cancer therapies.

POS-494 GLOMERULOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH NEOPLASIA

Renal involvement during neoplasia’s is varied. Glomerular involvement remains frequent and diverse. The main objective of this study is to describe the clinical manifestations and histological lesions encountered during glomerulopathies associated with different types of neoplasia.

Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with vaginal cancer in the period 1995 to 2017

Purpose: Vaginal cancer is a rare malignancy that is approximately 3% of all malignant neoplasms of the female genital tract and accounting for approximately 20 new diagnoses each year in Slovenia. The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics of patients with vaginal cancer and to analyse the epidemiologyand describe clinical features, types of treatments applied and factors affecting occurrence of the disease.&#x0D; Methods: A retrospective study of all vaginal cancers in patients residing in northeastern Slovenia during the years 1995 and 2017 was performed. Patient demographics, disease characteristics, clinical features, referring cytology and histological findings and type of therapy were recorded. Associations among various demographic factors, tumour characteristics, treatments and risk factors of vaginal cancer were evaluated.&#x0D; Results: A total of 33 patients aged 38–87 years were identified over the 23-year period. The mean age of patients was 64 years. Altogether, we found five different types of neoplasia and 97% of affected patients were between 50 and 80 years old. The most common histologic type of vaginal malignancy was squamous cell carcinoma (78%).&#x0D; Conclusion: Our results suggested that in eastern Slovenian population, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common vaginal malignancy; it affected primarily older women. This research is first of its kind in the field of vaginal malignancies in the reported region. Retrieval of data from other medical centres of Slovenia would allow more valuable conclusions.

Inhibition of retinoic acid receptor \u03b1 phosphorylation represses the progression of triple-negative breast cancer via transactivating miR-3074-5p to target DHRS3

BackgroundRetinoids are promising agents in the treatment of different types of neoplasia including estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers, whereas refractoriness/low sensitivity is observed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype. However, the reason for these diverse retinoid-sensitivity remains elusive.MethodsDeterminants of retinoid sensitivity were investigated using immunohistochemistry of primary patient samples, and identified retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) as a putative factor. The anti-tumor activity of hypo-phosphorylated RARα was investigated in TNBC cell models and a xenograft mouse model. Next, miRNA sequencing analysis was performed to identify the target miRNA of RARα, and luciferase reporter was used to confirm the direct target gene of miR-3074-5p.ResultsWe discovered that serine-77 residue of RARα was constantly phosphorylated, which correlated with TNBC’s resistance to retinoids. Overexpression of a phosphorylation-defective mutant RARαS77A mimicked activated RARα and repressed TNBC cell progression both in vitro and in vivo, via activating cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and cytotoxic autophagy, independent of RARα agonists. We further revealed that the anti-tumor action of RARαS77A was, at least in part, mediated by the up-regulation of miR-3074-5p, which directly targeted DHRS3, a reductase negatively associated with TNBC patient survival. Our results suggest that the inhibition of RARαS77 phosphorylation by either expressing RARαS77A or inhibiting RARα’s phosphokinase CDK7, can bypass RA stimuli to transactivate tumor-suppressive miR-3074-5p and reduce oncogenic DHRS3, thus overcoming the RA-resistance of TNBC.ConclusionThe novel regulatory network, involving RARαS77 phosphorylation, miR-3074-5p, and DHRS3, emerges as a new target for TNBC treatment.

The limits of medical recovery of post stroke patients suffering of different types of neoplasia

IntroductionA stroke represents a major cause of the disability of an adult with various biological, physiological and social implications. Excluding the characteristic neurological pathology, a series of complications may follow and if they are neglected they might compromise the success of medical rehab and the reintegration of the patient back into society.Recent studies have demonstrated that there is a higher rate of incidence of cancer among the survivors of a stroke in comparison with the general population.ObjectivesThe correlation between strokes and oncological disease.MethodsWe have effectuated a prospective study of 6 months at the Neurology Section of Emergency Hospital “Saint Andrei”, Galati, in which we’ve included a total number of 50 patients who were over 60 years old. In this timeline we’ve analyzed the correlation between strokes and the comorbidities of the patient and the influence of these over the plan of medical rehab and the period of recovery after the stroke.ResultsOver these 6 months, of all 468 patients having suffered strokes, 50 of these had been secondarily diagnosed with neurocognitive disorders. 56% of them were male and 44% were female, 37% from rural areas and 63% from the urban areas.ConclusionsThe category of neurocognitive disorders includes the group of disorders in which the principal clinical deficit is located at the cognitive functions level and is usually acquired, not representing a disorder of development.

Exogenous Expression of WNT7A in Leukemia-Derived Cell Lines Induces Resistance to Chemotherapeutic Agents.

Dysregulations of the WNT pathway are implicated in the malignant transformation of different types of neoplasia. WNT7A is expressed in normal peripheral lymphocytes, but is decreased in the tumoral counterpart. Furthermore, the treatment of leukemic cells with recombinant WNT7A decreases proliferation, suggesting its possible use as a therapeutic biomolecule. This study aimed to evaluate the concomitant action of WNT7A and different chemotherapeutic agents over proliferation and cell death of leukemia/ lymphoma derived cell lines. Ectopic expression of WNT7A was induced in CEM and BJAB cell lines by using a lentiviral system. RNA expression was analyzed by microarrays and qPCR, and protein expression was determined by Western Blot. Cell proliferation was measured by cell counting, metabolic activity by WST-1 assay, cell death and DNA content by flow cytometry. WNT7A ectopic expression was shown to decrease cell proliferation, but the apoptosis rate of leukemic cells was not altered. Moreover, these cells acquired resistance to doxorubicin, vincristine and MG-132. Cell cycle analysis reveals a decrease in G1 and an increase in S and G2 phases with a further upregulation of senescence- associated genes. Microarray analysis reveals that most gene expression changes were related to cancer and metabolic associated pathways. All those changes appear to be independent of the WNT canonical pathway regulation. WNT7A negatively regulates cell proliferation in leukemic cell lines and promotes resistance to chemotherapeutic agents by inducing a senescence-like phenotype independently of the WNT canonical pathway.

Genetically Engineered Lung Cancer Cells for Analyzing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.

Cell plasticity, defined as the ability to undergo phenotypical transformation in a reversible manner, is a physiological process that also exerts important roles in disease progression. Two forms of cellular plasticity are epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its inverse process, mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET). These processes have been correlated to the poor outcome of different types of neoplasias as well as drug resistance development. Since EMT/MET are transitional processes, we generated and validated a reporter cell line. Specifically, a far-red fluorescent protein was knocked-in in-frame with the mesenchymal gene marker VIMENTIN (VIM) in H2170 lung cancer cells. The vimentin reporter cells (VRCs) are a reliable model for studying EMT and MET showing cellular plasticity upon a series of stimulations. These cells are a robust platform to dissect the molecular mechanisms of these processes, and for drug discovery in vitro and in vivo in the future.

Potenciais Terapêuticos da Quercetina Baseados na Nanotecnologia: Uma Revisão

Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, has attracted considerable interest in its numerous health benefits; nevertheless, some limitations restrict its oral use. Therefore, to improve its bioavailability, investigators are applying nanotechnology, specifically nanocarriers, to direct quercetin to specific sites of action. Studies indicate that cancer is the most investigated disease due to high mortality and poor prognosis around the world, and the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in different types of neoplasia, including breast cancer, have been reported. The greatest interest has also been focused on inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, this review outlines the most relevant development scenarios, highlighting studies using the delivery mechanisms, showing that the studies present promising results.

Emergency Surgical Treatment of Upper Airway Obstruction in Oncological Patients: Bibliographic Review and Proposal for Management Algorithm

Introduction: Tracheostomy is an emergency procedure; however, 85% of cases are due to malignant neoplasms. For different types of neoplasia, till date there are no algorithms in literatures for the management of airway obstruction. Objective of the study: To Generate an algorithm for the management of airway obstruction in head and neck cancer patients. Material and methods: An exhaustive bibliographical search was carried out in PubMed database with the MeSH terms “malignant airway obstruction/surgery”, “airway obstruction/etiology”, “airway management/ standards”. Patients with airway obstruction and its management that included cancer were studied, the most outstanding authors in the subject were identified through the Science Citation Index and the exchange of information was carried out with specialists in the subject. A total of 344 articles were found to be reviewed, of which 11 articles addressing obstruction in the cancer patient were selected for review. Results: A management algorithm is created combining the oncological characteristics of the patient (type of tumor, clinical status, functional status, treatment) anesthetic management as well as surgical treatment. Patients with airway obstruction that can be intubated are preferred cytoreduction with CO2 and biopsy in case of cancer of the larynx, oropharynx or oral cavity; if the patient cannot be intubated, supraglottic devices or facial mask can be used. In case of failure, cricothyrotomy is performed. Once the airway is controlled, the tracheostomy is performed; complementary treatment specifications are made in the different types of tumors (larynx, thyroid, oral cavity and oropharynx). Discussion: Creating a management algorithm is of vital importance since everything is not resolved with “tracheostomy”. For decision making, there are no data available in other literature that groups all the oncological head and neck disorders. Therefore, a management algorithm is proposed based on the bibliographic review and the exchange of information with specialists in head and neck cancer. Conclusion: We propose a management algorithm based on the characteristics of the patients and tumor with the current anesthetic management.

Computational method for unsupervised segmentation of lymphoma histological images based on fuzzy 3-partition entropy and genetic algorithm

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the most common cancer of the lymphatic system and should be considered as a group of several closely related cancers, which can show differences in their growth patterns, their impact on the body and how they are treated. The diagnosis of the different types of neoplasia is made by a specialist through the analysis of histological images. However, these analyses are complex and the same case can lead to different understandings among pathologists, due to the exhaustive analysis of decisions, the time required and the presence of complex histological features. In this context, computational algorithms can be applied as tools to aid specialists through the application of segmentation methods to identify regions of interest that are essential for lymphomas diagnosis. In this paper, an unsupervised method for segmentation of nuclear components of neoplastic cells is proposed to analyze histological images of lymphoma stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The proposed method is based on the association among histogram equalization, Gaussian filter, fuzzy 3-partition entropy, genetic algorithm, morphological techniques and the valley-emphasis method in order to analyze neoplastic nuclear components, improve the contrast and illumination conditions, remove noise, split overlapping cells and refine contours. The results were evaluated through comparisons with those provided by a specialist and techniques available in the literature considering the metrics of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and variation of information. The mean value of accuracy for the proposed method was 81.48%. Although the method obtained sensitivity rates between 41% and 51%, the accuracy values showed relevance when compared to those provided by other studies. Therefore, the novelties presented here may already encourage new studies with a more comprehensive overview of lymphoma segmentation.

Recurrent fusion transcripts in squamous cell carcinomas of the vulva.

Juxtaposition of two different genes or gene parts due to chromosomal rearrangement is a well-known neoplasia-associated pathogenetic mechanism. The detection and characterization of such tumorigenic fusions is of great importance both research-wise, diagnostically because they may be specific for distinct tumor entities, and because they may serve as therapeutic targets for antioncogenic drugs that interact directly with the molecular changes responsible for neoplastic transformation.At present, more than 10,000 fusion transcripts have been reported in different types of neoplasia, with one tenth of them being identified in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of different locations. No recurrent fusion gene has to date been identified in SCC of the vulva.We performed high-throughput paired-end RNA-sequencing of 12 vulvar SCC and found two recurrent fusions with the STIP1-CREB3L1 and ZDHHC5-GPR137 being present in two tumors each. The transcripts were detected only in the tumor samples, not in normal vulvar tissue from healthy donors used as control. The CREB3L1 and ZDHHC5 genes encode proteins involved in transcription suggesting that the chimeras may alter downstream events in their respective pathways. Expression analysis of the CREB3L1 gene showed the presence of two distinct groups of tumors, one having fusion and downregulation of the gene and the other showing upregulation of CREB3L1.

Cystic ovaries and ovarian neoplasia in the female dog - a systematic review.

Most common ovarian diseases appear to be cystic or ovarian tumours. These conditions may affect health, fertility or even the life of the animal. Literature related to ovarian cysts and neoplasia in dogs was assessed to summarize studies and case series on ovarian cysts and primary ovarian tumours in regard to epidemiologic, clinical and fertility aspects. Two research papers on histopathological examination of ovarian cysts could be identified. Seven research papers on ovarian tumours were also assessed, showing inconsistent results on the frequency of occurrence of different types of neoplasia. This might be due to different definitions of diseases and different diagnostic procedures. In conclusion, scarce research has been performed on ovarian diseases in the bitch in the last decades. Many publications are based on case reports. Most quality criteria of study methodology like blinding, randomization, sensitivity and specificity of test methods are not considered in papers on ovarian diseases. In the future, a multicentre data collection of cases could help to gather more data on the incidence, clinical relevance, treatment options and prognosis of ovarian diseases.

Curcumin Stimulates the Antioxidant Mechanisms in Mouse Skin Exposed to Fractionated γ-Irradiation.

Fractionated irradiation is one of the important radiotherapy regimens to treat different types of neoplasia. Despite of the immense therapeutic gains accrued by delivering fractionated irradiation to tumors, the radiation burden on skin increases significantly. Low doses of irradiation to skin adversely affect its molecular and metabolic status. The use of antioxidant/s may help to alleviate the radiation-induced changes in the skin and allow delivering a higher dose of radiation to attain better therapeutic gains. Curcumin is an antioxidant and a free radical scavenging dietary supplement, commonly used as a flavoring agent in curries. Therefore, the effect of 100 mg/kg body weight curcumin was studied on the antioxidant status of mice skin exposed to a total dose of 10, 20 and 40 Gy γ-radiation below the rib cage delivered as a single fraction of 2 Gy per day for 5, 10 or 20 days. Skin biopsies from both the curcumin treated or untreated irradiated groups were collected for the biochemical estimations at various post-irradiation times. The irradiation of animals caused a dose dependent decline in the glutathione concentration, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities and increased the lipid peroxidation in the irradiated skin. Curcumin treatment before irradiation resulted in a significant rise in the glutathione concentration and activities of both the glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in mouse skin, whereas lipid peroxidation declined significantly. The present study indicates that curcumin treatment increased the antioxidant status of mouse exposed to different doses of fractionated γ-radiation.

Development of experimental protocol for photodynamic therapy on colorectal tumors: determination of irradiation by fluorescence spectroscopy

In the last decades, there was a significant improvement in traditional techniques such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy used to treat different types of neoplasias. Such therapies have intense side effects because they are not selective to the tumor tissue and these limitations and disadvantages have led to the search and development of new therapeutic alternatives to treat cancer, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) which, according to several studies conducted in the last two decades, have proved effective in malignant and pre‐malignant conditions, such as head and neck tumors, lung cancer, prostate cancer, brain tumors, duodenal and colorectal tumors. However, there is difficulty in determining the optimal protocol of PDT considering the main variables involved such as laser and photosensitive drugs. Kinects by fluorescence spectroscopy in tumors can be a useful tool to verify the ideal period of irradiation after photosensitive administration. This work developed a new protocol of kinects by fluorescence spectroscopy in colorectal tumor in Wistar rats to support the photodynamic therapy. For this protocol it was used chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate and aluminum phthalocyanine chloride incorporated into liposomes as photosensitive drugs. The kinetics of both drugs was performed by means of fluorescence spectroscopy during 48h monitoring of chemically induced colorectal tumors in Wistar rats. The best irradiation period indicated by kinetics for both drugs was between 22 and 26 hours and the fluorescence spectroscopy has been showed useful to determine the PDT irradiation.

Multiple evolutionary origins of bat papillomaviruses

Infection by papillomaviruses (PVs) has been linked to different types of neoplasias, in both human and non-human hosts. Knowledge about PV diversity is essential to reliably infer the evolutionary history of these pathogens and to elucidate the link between infection and disease. We cloned and sequenced the complete genome of a novel PV, EhelPV1, isolated from hair bulbs from a captive straw-colored fruit bat Eidolon helvum (Pteropodidae, Chiroptera). We also retrieved partial sequences of the E1 and L1 genes from hair bulbs from a captive Indian flying fox Pteropus giganteus (Pteropodidae, Chiroptera). The detected virus (PgigPV1) presumably corresponded to a novel type as well. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses were conducted using a representative collection of 132 PVs. EhelPV1 belonged to the Lambda+Mu-PV crown group and was most closely related to another bat PV, MschPV2. Both fragments of PgigPV1 were placed alongside with EhelPV1. The novel PVs were phylogenetically distant from other previously described bat PVs, namely MrPV1, MschPV1 and RaPV1. We have further characterized the sequence patterns of the E2-binding sites occurring in the upstream regulatory region of Lambda+Mu-PVs. Common fingerprints within this region are shared by certain PVs. However, there is not a sharp correspondence between the repertoire of transcription factor binding sites in the viral regulatory region and host range, tissue tropism or viral life style. Our results reinforce the hypothesis that PVs have undergone an initial radiation prior to the divergence of the mammalian hosts, giving rise to the present-day PV crown groups.