Different Types Of Ionic Liquids Research Articles

Superior compatibility of silicon nanowire anodes in ionic liquid electrolytes

Silicon nanowire anodes were investigated in lithium-metal cells using different electrolyte formulations based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and N -trimethyl-N -butyl-ammonium bis(fluoro sulfonyl)imide ionic liquids. The lithium insertion process in the silicon anode was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry measurements, performed at different scan rates and for prolonged cycles, combined with impedance spectroscopy analysis. A galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling test was performed to analyze the electrochemical performances using different types of ionic liquids. A study of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase layer on the silicon nanowire electrode surface was carried out through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In general, the silicon anodes in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide-based electrolytes show very good reversibility, reproducibility, and efficiency in the lithiation process, even at high scan rates, and exhibit a reversible capacity exceeding 1,000 mA h g-1 after 2,000 charge-discharge cycles, corresponding to 46% of the initial value.

Ionic Liquid@ HT- Clay Combination for Baylis -Hillman Reaction and Lactone Ceramide Analog Synthesis

Abstract: This study investigates the use of ionic liquids (ILs) immobilized on HT-clay as catalysts for the Baylis-Hillman reaction. The catalytic system comprised three different types of ILs ([HIM]Im, [BIM]Im, [EIM]Im) and exhibited high reactivity, and the B-H products were obtained in good yield, which is superior to previously reported catalytic systems, whether they were heterogeneous or homogeneous. The HT-clay immobilized with ILs also allowed for easy recovery from the reaction mass and could be recycled for up to 7 consecutive runs with only a slight decrease in activity. Moreover, the scope of our catalytic system was extended to synthesize biologically active lactone ceramide analogs using the Baylis-Hillman reaction at room temperature with (S-) Garner aldehyde and methyl acrylate. The synthesis was successful, and we obtained good yields of the desired products, highlighting the versatility of the ionic liquid immobilized HT-clay catalytic system. This study demonstrates the potential of ionic liquid immobilized HT-clay as a promising catalyst for various organic reactions. Our findings emphasize the importance of developing efficient and environmentally friendly methods for synthesizing valuable organic compounds. The results obtained from this study provide a significant contribution to the ongoing research in the field of catalysis and will be useful for developing new approaches to the synthesis of complex organic molecules.

On isobaric heat capacity of ionanofluids with carbon nanotubes – An experimental study

Ionanofluids (INFs) are defined as ionic liquids (ILs) with therein dispersed nanoparticles. The addition of nanoparticles results in an increase in the thermal conductivity of INFs. In terms of specific isobaric heat capacity (cp) this influence is not yet clear due to contradictory results published up to date. In this work, we assessed the influence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the cp of INFs by means of DSC. We selected 13 different types of ILs and two mixtures of them as the base for INFs. 9 different types of CNTs were chosen: (singlewalled carbon nanotubes) SWCNTs, helical CNTs, Nanocyl multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and in-house 16h MWCNTs, MWCNTs functionalized with carboxylic groups (COOH), hydroxylic groups (OH), C18n-alkyl chain or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Functionalized MWCNTs have never been investigated in terms of the cp of INFs. A total of 43 INFs were obtained and studied. The influence of CNTs on the cp of INFs was critically analyzed with consideration to the cp of base liquid and its agreement with data available in the literature, and with consideration to measurement uncertainty. Also, the cp of some pristine CNTs (as a bulk material), namely Nanocyl MWCNTs and in-house 16h MWCNTs, was examined. In the most of systems, the addition of CNTs did not affect the cp of INFs. In the others, the effects were minor and not greater than 3.1 %. In the end, the model proposed to estimate the cp of nanofluid, including the existence of nanolayer of IL on the CNT, was critically examined.

Multi-layer perceptron's neural network with optimization algorithm for greenhouse gas forecasting systems

China, India, and the United States consume the most energy and emit the most CO2. According to datacommons.org, India's CO2 emission is 1.80 tnes per capita, which is harmful to living beings: hence, this study exhibits India's harmful CO2 emission effect and forecasts CO2 emission for the next ten years using univariate time-series data from 1980 to 2019. A multilayer perceptron is used in this study to analyse 2099 experimental data of binary systems made up of CO2 and ionic liquids and predict solubility. 33 different types of ionic liquids are represented in the dataset, which spans a wide variety of solubilities, pressures, and temperatures. In recent decades, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have caused air pollution and environmental problems in several countries. A precise prediction is essential for managing and planning for the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the Modified Coyote Optimization Algorithm was used to extract required properties. The empirical data revealed that predictions obtained from Multi-Layer Perceptron's Neural Network (MPNN) were more accurate than those derived from other models. The MPNN-MCOA identified a link between CO2 emissions, economic growth, and entrepreneurship. Government, personal liberty, education, and pollution all have a negative correlation. We conclude by emphasising the critical role of machine learning in achieving carbon neutrality, from global-scale energy management to the revolutionary potential of atomic-scale MPNN-MCOA simulations for application development. As a result, one of the most reliable approaches for estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural regions and companies was recommended: the MPNN-MCOA model. The Artificial neural network is trained with three input combinations with three combinations of thermodynamic variables such as temperature (T), pressure (P), critical temperature (Tc), critical pressure, the critical compressibility factor (Zc), and the acentric factor (w). Moreover, the proposed MPNN–MCOA model demonstrates an improvement in the forecasting accuracy obtained from the LSTM, KNN, CNN, and MPNN–MCOA models by 50.82%, 34.91%, 44.19%, and 29.77% decrease in mean square error, respectively.

Application of ionic liquids in CO2 capture and electrochemical reduction: A review

As a new type of green solvent with non-volatility, high thermal stability, high conductivity and various adjustable properties, ionic liquid (IL) has been widely used in the capture and electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2). To date, many studies have been made to investigate CO2 capture by using different types of ILs and CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2ER) with ILs as either electrolyte or other catalytic active components. Some structure–activity relationships between the structure and adsorption or catalytic properties of ILs have been found. Herein, the absorption performances and mechanisms of conventional ILs, amino-functionalized ILs, non-amino functionalized ILs and supported ILs for CO2 capture, as well as the performances and action mechanisms of ILs as the electrolyte, electrolyte additive, and/or electrode modifier in the process of CO2ER are summarized. Many researches indicate that the unique interaction between the anion or cation of IL and CO2 has a significant contribution to promote the absorption and conversion of CO2. However, the ILs used for CO2 capture and electrochemical reduction should be further explored. Especially, a more in-depth investigation of the adsorption and catalytic mechanisms with the help of quantum chemical calculation, molecular simulation, and in situ characterization techniques is necessary. It is expected to design and develop more efficient ILs used for CO2 capture and conversion on a large scale.

Multilevel Comparison of Ionic Liquid Separation of a Methanol/Methyl Acetate/Water Mixture

This paper aimed to investigate whether ionic liquids (ILs) with excellent phase equilibrium abilities were also economically superior at the process level. Comprehensive comparisons of seven different types of ILs for the separation of a methanol/methyl acetate/water mixture were performed from molecular, phase equilibrium, to the process level. The validated NRTL model was used for phase equilibria and process simulation and COSMO-based sigma profiles for mechanism analysis. Energy consumption, energy cost, and total annual cost (TAC) were carried out to quantify process performances. Heat pump-assisted IL-extractive distillation processes were proposed. The results indicated that the heat pump-assisted schemes saved the TAC up to 51.2%. The process economic performances of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][Ac]), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate were equally well, while that of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide was the worst at all levels. The TAC savings of the [EMIM][Ac] process ranged from 3.4 to 48.2% compared with the latter six ILs. The order of performance of ILs in terms of relative volatility or binary phase diagram was nearly the same as the process level, while using the minimum amount of ILs required to break azeotropes as an indicator was of a different order.

Ionic liquids enhance the electrocatalysis of lignin model compounds towards generating valuable aromatic molecules

The valuable exploitation of lignin depends mainly on the conversion strategy of lignin, of which the conversion of lignin into valuable aromatic molecules is a critical approach. In this study, three lignin model compounds, veratrylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (VG), 4-phenoxyphenol (PP), 4-ethoxyphenol (EP), are comparatively degraded by electrochemical oxidation in an aprotic ionic liquid (IL), [Bmim][OTf], and two protic ILs, [PrSO3Hmim][OTf] and [BSO3Hmim][HSO4]. The protic ILs are more favorable for the degradation of lignin-derived substrates compared to aprotic ILs. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the O2 atmosphere generates reactive oxygen species (ROSs) that play an indirect oxidation effect on substrates, which is stronger for the protic ILs. In addition, the different types of ILs allow modulating the distribution of degradation products. Combined with the identification of products and CV curves, the microscopic mechanisms of the degradation process for lignin model compounds are further elucidated.

Application of a Single Multilayer Perceptron Model to Predict the Solubility of CO2 in Different Ionic Liquids for Gas Removal Processes

In this work, 2099 experimental data of binary systems composed of CO2 and ionic liquids are studied to predict solubility using a multilayer perceptron. The dataset includes 33 different types of ionic liquids over a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and solubilities. The main objective of this work is to propose a procedure for the prediction of CO2 solubility in ionic liquids by establishing four stages to determine the model parameters: (1) selection of the learning algorithm, (2) optimization of the first hidden layer, (3) optimization of the second hidden layer, and (4) selection of the input combination. In this study, a bound is set on the number of model parameters: the number of model parameters must be less than the amount of predicted data. Eight different learning algorithms with (4,m,n,1)-type hidden two-layer architectures (m = 2, 4, …, 10 and n = 2, 3, …, 10) are studied, and the artificial neural network is trained with three input combinations with three combinations of thermodynamic variables such as temperature (T), pressure (P), critical temperature (Tc), critical pressure, the critical compressibility factor (Zc), and the acentric factor (ω). The results show that the 4-6-8-1 architecture with the input combination T-P-Tc-Pc and the Levenberg–Marquard learning algorithm is a very acceptable and simple model (95 parameters) with the best prediction and a maximum absolute deviation close to 10%.

Ionic liquid dissolution utilized for biomass conversion into biofuels, value-added chemicals and advanced materials: A comprehensive review

Lignocellulosic and algal biomass feedstocks are the most plentiful and cost-effective renewable sources of biofuels (sugar, bioethanol, biodiesel, and bio-oil), value-added chemicals (organic compounds), and advanced materials (hydrogels and composites). The lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose complex's recalcitrance, which leads to ineffective conversion into valuable compounds, is one of the most significant challenges in biomass valorization. Some ionic liquids (ILs) have been shown to be efficient decomposers of lignocellulosic and algal biomass. In reality, ILs offer a unique green alternative compared to harmful volatile organic solvents and severe process conditions. Enhanced productivity in the conversion of biomass feedstocks could result from advancements in IL-based pretreatment technologies. The capability of the different types of ILs for conversion, as well as the impact of different properties and operating parameters, are comprehensively reviewed and discussed in this paper. The known methods for the dissolution of three main components of lignocellulosic and algal biomass with ILs are also described. Furthermore, the challenges to be addressed when utilizing IL for biomass pretreatment and processing on a commercial scale are highlighted. The significantpromise of ionic liquids for this objective is anticipated to stimulate research and lead to considerable technological advancements in this field.

Cellulose electrospinning from ionic liquids: The effects of ionic liquid removal on the fiber morphology

The importance of the cellulose cycle has been increasing during the last decade along the ambitious targets of bioeconomy, however many novel fabrication processes yet lack of technological robustness. We present the optimization process for the fabrication of cellulose fibrous matrix by wet electrospinning via the controlled removal of the ionic liquids in order to avoid the formation of film-like structures. Fibers were produced on a bespoke wet-type electrospinning rig from cotton cellulose solutions of 3% in different types of ionic liquids (BMIMAc/C10MIMCl/EMIMAc). Three stage elution with a range of elution ratios using deionized water were applied to coagulate cellulose and remove residuals of ionic liquid. A variety of fibrous morphologies has been obtained. In case of a high water/IL ratio, the median fiber width across all ionic liquids was 0.4 μm, with the porosity at 92.3% and the pore diameter at 155 μm. The increasing elution ratio positively affected separate cellulose fiber formation, crystallinity, and mechanical strength of formed structures.

Ionic liquid‐assisted synthesis of 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐4H‐chromenes: A sustainable overview

AbstractIn advanced research, the role of ionic liquid is gradually enhanced as an alternative finding. For a long time, many strategies have been developed based on the ionic liquid conveying the role of greener solvents or catalysts. In the case of multi‐component synthesis, ionic liquids have a wide range of applications to revise a method in a sustainable and greener approach. The last two decades have given a number of methods to achieve the 4H‐chromene derivatives by applying different types of ionic liquids. Especially, 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐4H‐chromene moiety that exhibits pharmacological and biological activity, have been synthesized using simple or functionalized ionic liquids such as basic, acidic, neural, metal‐tagged, or carbon‐oriented ionic liquid. In this review, we have concised the multicomponent reactions that have been reported to synthesize the 4H‐chromene derivatives following the versatility of ionic liquids.

Copper recovery by slurry electrolysis using ionic liquids from waste printed circuit boards

<p>The regulatory framework of heavy metal pollution associated with electronic waste is prevalent all over the world. As a result of technological advancement and change in consumer patterns, the life span of electrical and electronic products has been shortened. This has contributed to the emergence of massive amounts of electronic waste that needs to be handled. With the exponential growth of the telecommunications sector, the recycling of useful resources from electronic waste devices, especially mobile phones, is of great significance. Besides, the presence of valuable metals enables the recycling of electronic waste potentially appealing. In this research, numerous types of ionic liquids like Butyl methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Bmim][PF6], Butyl methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim][Cl], Ethyl methylimidazolium chloride [Emim][Cl] and Butyl methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [Bmim][BF4] were used to analyze the copper leaching behavior of electronic mobile handset devices. Several influential aspects on the leaching efficiency of copper including different types of ionic liquid, temperature and leaching time have been examined. The findings showed [Bmim][PF6] and [Emim][Cl] were better ionic liquids in appropriate conditions for high copper leaching rates.</p>

Two Series of Main-Group Heterometallic Selenides Synthesized in Two Different Types of Ionic Liquids.

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids have been widely applied in the synthesis of organic hybrid chalcogenidometalates, while the other types of ionic liquids are rarely tried. Reported here is the first application of a pyridinium-based ionic liquid in the preparation of two main-group heterometallic selenides featuring isomorphic three-dimensional frameworks. Of particular interest is that three gallium-tin selenides possessing another type of three-dimensional framework have been prepared by replacing the pyridinium-based ionic liquid with imidalolium-based ionic liquids under the same reaction conditions.

Influence of ionic liquid pretreatment on coal desulfurization

ABSTRACT Combining ionic liquid pretreatment with H2O2 oxidation desulfurization to remove sulfur from coal is a very valuable subject. In this work, three different types of ionic liquid were used to pretreat coal samples, and then the pretreated coal was treated by 30% H2O2 with the assistance of ultrasound, which is compared with the desulfurization effect of raw coal with the same method. The swelling characteristics and contact angle changes of coal samples before and after pretreatment were measured, and the samples before and after pretreatment were characterized by BET, SEM, TG. And the form sulfur changes of coal samples before and after being treated were determined by chemical methods, FT-IR and XPS were used to determine the sulfur-containing functional groups and the sulfur morphological change of coal samples before and after treatment, and different types of ionic liquid recovery experiments were also carried out. The results show that the ionic liquid pretreatment had a swelling effect on the coal samples and improved the wettability of the coal samples. The ionic liquid pretreatment increased the specific surface area and average pore size of the coal sample, as well as the coal particle gap increases, cracks developed on the coal surface. The characterization of the desulfurized samples find that the desulfurization rate of the ionic liquid pretreated coal treated by H2O2 with the assistance of ultrasound was significantly increased compared to the raw coal under the same conditions. Ionic liquid pretreatment promoted coal desulfurization, and more sulfur in coal was removed. The ionic liquid recovery experiments reveal that ionic liquid could be stably recovered, the FT-IR characterization experiment of ionic liquids indicate that the recovered ionic liquid had no obvious change of structural properties compared to the fresh ionic liquid.

Green solvents: A suitable alternative for sustainable chemistry

Worries have arisen in the area of chemical processing due to huge quantities of inflammable and toxic solvents are used every day. Continuous use of solvents has a harmful effect on all living plants and animals, destroying most organs. In spite of the fact that organic solvents, like acetone, DMSO, DMF as well as aromatic compounds e.g. benzene, toluene and chlorinated solvents contribute to the environmental pollution, they are still used in large amounts. The most important intention of green chemistry is to decrease the use of solvents or substituting them with less toxic ones. Ionic liquids, water, supercritical fluids, non-toxic liquid polymers like PEG are part of the class of green solvents. They are classified by convenient accessibility, low toxicity and option of reuse. Among all, ionic liquids (ILs) are most popular among all scientists because of their versatile behavior like: high stability, biodegradability, low vapor pressure and low toxicity etc. Due to these properties ILs are the best replacement of traditional chemicals and reflected as green solvents. The present review article mainly emphasizes on different types of ILs and their role in environmental pollution control and also in medical applications.

A Comparison of Cobalt and Platinum Extraction in Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids: Implication for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Recycling

Starting from a real Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) leachate, separation of the strategic metals platinum(IV) and cobalt(II) was carried out using two distinct strategies applying ionic liquids (ILs), either via solvent extraction (SX) or acidic aqueous biphasic system (AcABS). The versatility of ILs and their ability to provide original solutions to common issues in the field of used device recycling is illustrated, with both approaches critically compared. The highly hydrophobic tetradecylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C14 pyr][NTf2]) was synthesized and applied to the separation of Pt/Co. This solvent was able to selectively extract over 98% of Pt(IV) from the PEMFC leachate in one step, while leaving Co(II) in the aqueous phase, and exhibited the highest reported partition of Pt(IV) in a [NTf2]-based IL. In a second approach, the AcABS, based on the fully water-miscible tributyltetradecylphosphonium chloride ([P44414]Cl), HCl, and water, is compatible with the concentrated nature of the leachate and extracts both platinum(IV) and cobalt(II) quantitatively. In a second stage, a selective precipitation step enabled the recovery of platinum(IV) in the form of an organometallic complex while leaving the coextracted cobalt(II) in solution. This work represents the first utilization of an AcABS for the recycling of a real waste technological object. These two different types of ILs in both cases resulted in an efficient separation of Pt(IV) from Co(II), using two very different pathways. The merit and transferability of each approach is critically compared, and suggestions are made as to the suitable condition range for each technique.

A review of the recovery of precious metals using ionic liquid extractants in hydrometallurgical processes

A large amount of industrial waste containing precious metals (PMs) has become a significant issue for the recovery of PMs. The success of PM extractions via hydrometallurgical processes using various types of ionic liquid (IL) extractants has been widely reported. An understanding of their extraction mechanisms and influencing factors is advantageous for further development and design, especially future utilization in industries. This review focuses on the extraction mechanisms of PMs using ILs as extractants in the liquid-liquid extraction or solvent extraction process. Factors influencing their extraction mechanisms and efficiency are described. Different types of ILs used in the extractions of gold (Au(III)), silver (Ag(I)), palladium (Pd(II)) and platinum (Pt(IV)) have been promoted. Moreover, the correlation of calculating parameters with the PM extractions is presented. Finally, their future aspects are recommended.

Enhanced ionic conductivity in poly(vinylidene fluoride) electrospun separator membranes blended with different ionic liquids for lithium ion batteries

Electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) fiber membranes doped with different ionic liquids (ILs) and sharing the same anion were produced and their potential as separator membranes for battery applications was evaluated. Different types of ILs containing the same anion, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [TFSI]−, were used with IL concentrations ranging between 0 and 15 wt% The morphology, microstructure, thermal and electrical properties (ionic conductivity and electrochemical window) of the membranes were evaluated. The presence of ILs in the PVDF polymer matrix influences the fiber diameter and the content of the polar β phase within the polymer, as well as the degree of crystallinity. The thermal stability of the membranes decreases with the incorporation of IL. Impedance spectroscopy tests show a maximum ionic conductivity of 2.8 mS.cm−1 for 15% of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Emim][TFSI]) at room temperature. The electrochemical stability of the samples ranges from 0.0 to 6.0 V. When evaluated as battery separator membranes in C-LiFePO4 half-cells, a maximum discharge capacity of 119 mAh.g−1 at C-rate was obtained for the PVDF membrane with 15% [Emim][TFSI], with a coulombic efficiency close to 100%. The results demonstrate that the produced electrospun membranes are suitable for applications as separators for lithium ion batteries (LIBs).

Deep desulfurization of fuels using supported ionic liquid-polyoxometalate hybrid as catalyst: A comparison of different types of ionic liquids

In this work, polyoxometalates-based monomer ionic liquid, dimer ionic liquid and polyionic liquid were designed and prepared. Then supported catalysts were synthesized by loading polyoxometalate derivatives on the surface of graphene oxide (GO). The catalysts before and after loading were characterized via many tests such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and so on. The influences of ionic liquid type and carrier on desulfurization activity were carried out. The result shows that supported catalyst-based polyionic liquid (P[Vim]POM/GO) performed high activity and excellent recyclability in extraction-oxidation desulfurization (EODS) due to unique state of polyoxometalate and the support of graphene oxide. In addition, the possible mechanism of oxidation dibenzothiophene (DBT) with H2O2 was proposed according to the kinetic study and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC–MS) result.

CO2 separation from flue gas mixture using [BMIM][BF4]/MOF composites: Linking high-throughput computational screening with experiments

In this study, we combined experiments with high-throughput molecular simulation methods to unlock CO2/N2 separation performances of 1085 different types of ionic liquid (IL)/metal organic framework (MOF) composites. We first validated the accuracy of our proposed computational methodology by synthesizing and characterizing three different IL/MOF composites composed of [BMIM][BF4] (1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) and by comparing their experimental CO2, N2 adsorption and separation performances with the simulation results. Motivated from the good agreement between experiments and simulations, we performed a high-throughput computational screening of 1085 different types of MOFs and their [BMIM][BF4]-incorporated counterparts to compute adsorption of CO2/N2 mixture in each material. Adsorbent performance evaluation metrics of [BMIM][BF4]/MOF composites including selectivity, working capacity, adsorbent performance score, and regenerability were calculated and compared with those of pristine MOFs to assess adsorption-based CO2/N2 separation performance limits of the composite materials. Our results revealed that [BMIM][BF4] incorporation remarkably increases CO2 selectivity, CO2 working capacity, and adsorption performance score of very large numbers of MOFs, resulting in excellent adsorbent candidates for separation of flue gas mixture. Analysis of the structure-performance relations showed that composites having narrow pore sizes, low porosities, and high IL loadings offer high CO2/N2 selectivities. These results will be useful in guiding and accelerating the design and development of new IL/MOF composites having exceptional CO2 capture performances from flue gas mixtures.