Different Types Of Income Research Articles

Can farmland transfer reduce vulnerability as expected poverty? Evidence from smallholder households in rural China

IntroductionExtant literature has extensively explored farmland transfer ‘s impacts, confirming its essential role in poverty alleviation. How-ever, most studies focus on poverty measures that exclusively emphasize current poverty status without adequately addressing the potential of falling into or remaining in poverty. Furthermore, the role of farmland transfer in helping the smallholder house-holds in rural areas appears to be underexamined in the literature.MethodsTo address this knowledge gap, this study investigates whether farmland transfer can reduce household vulnerability to poverty. A theoretical framework is developed to capture the mechanism by which farmland transfer has a vital role in smallholder households and impacts the probability of being poor in the future. The China Family Panel Studies Survey data set from 2010 to 2018 is used to explore this issue.Results and DiscussionThe results show that land transfer-out households are seemingly the most effective at reducing vulnerability, whereas the reduction effect is not obvious among transfer-in households. Specifically, the vulnerability of transfer-out households is reduced by about 39.52%. Furthermore, we analyze the reasons for heterogeneity in the poverty reduction effects and find that the key mechanism is on the labor resource allocation decision the heterogeneity of the effects of different types of income. Actually, for transfer-out households, farmland transfer can increase the probability of migrant work and business opportunities, as well as the labor input for non-agricultural production, which helps to reduce vulnerability to poverty. On the other hand, for transfer-in households, they will invest more labor in agricultural production and increase agricultural inputs, whereas increased inputs to agricultural production do not actually reduce vulnerability to poverty. Transferring out land can significantly increase farmers’ wage income and thus compensate for the loss of farm income; however, the increase in farm income generated by transferring in land roughly offsets the loss of wage income for farmers. This study provides a new research perspective on the long-term effects of farmland transfer on rural poverty.

La actividad financiera del Monasterio de Silos en el siglo XVIII a la luz de sus libros de cuentas

El artículo, tras sintetizar las características del gobierno de los monasterios benedictinos, respecto a su actividad económica en general, analiza la actividad financiera desarrollada por el Monasterio de Silos en la Edad Moderna, y más en concreto durante el período comprendido entre 1665-1835. La riqueza documental de su Archivo, en cuanto a Libros de Cuentas se refiere, ha permitido el análisis, cuantificación e interpretación de dicha actividad. Se han podido extraer conclusiones acerca de la importancia absoluta y relativa de la misma en el conjunto de aportaciones que contribuyeron al desarrollo económico del Monasterio y su entorno durante el mencionado periodo. Para ello, en primer lugar, se ha analizado la principal operación financiera vinculada a una buena parte de la propiedad laica libre, cual fue la concesión y redención de créditos hipotecarios mediante censos. Esta información se ha extraído de los registros del Libro de Censos y sus correspondientes escrituras públicas notariales conservadas en el Archivo. Igualmente, y con el propósito de determinar la contribución y representatividad de esta actividad financiera sobre el total de rentas del Monasterio, se han estudiado los diferentes tipos de ingresos existentes, tanto los procedentes de la administración y gestión económica de los bienes propiedad del Monasterio –rentas de los censos, rentas de las tierras cedidas en explotación y productos de tierras y ganados obtenidos mediante la explotación directa-, como los procedentes de su condición eclesiástica y actividad religiosa –diezmos, sacristía y extraordinarios-. Este análisis se ha podido efectuar a partir de los registros y anotaciones efectuadas en los Libros de Mayordomía y Depósito. Por último, tras revisar los Libros de Consejos, seargumentan las razones que podrían justificar la permanencia de la actividad financiera en esta institución eclesiástica, así como las causas que pudieran explicar la necesidad de endeudamiento de los campesinos.

SPA and Local Tourist Fees as a Tributes of a Consumption Nature

With the date of liquidation of the Polish local government and the reform of the state budget system, financial supply system of parishes is based on completely different assumptions and the principle of legal and organic unity of the system of public revenues. The different types of income which influence the budgets of national councils and their design are determined uniformly for the whole country by the supreme bodies of state power. Under this system, introduced among other taxes collected for the central budget, and so central taxes and taxes levied for local budgets, which are spontaneous taxes terrain. The disputed interpretation issues arise in the subject of adopting the collection of the spa fee and the tourist (called “local”) fee, due to similarities in the construction of these fees and the optional nature of recovery. The interpretation problems arise in the matter of principles, way and purposefulness of destination of the spa fee by the resort communes for the realization of their own public tasks.

Peculiarities of the forestland taxation system

The Forest resources are multifunctional natural resources. It is difficult to overestimate their importance in the life and development of society. Forest resources are an integral part of the ecosystem, and they are a source of energy and food, a protector against the negative effects of nature and human activity. Therefore, it is advisable to determine the value of forest resources and corresponding land plots. The valuation of land plots takes into account the different functions of forests, as well as the different types of income that can be derived from forestry activities. Thus, in the process of forestland taxation, a system of taxation is applied, which is based on a comprehensive approach, i.e. the forestland tax is a combination of land tax and rent, determined under the tax legislation

The distributional impact of labour market reforms: A model-based assessment

Abstract This paper studies the effects of labour market reforms on the functional distribution of income in a DSGE model (Roeger et al., 2008) with skill differentiation, in which households supply three types of labour: low-, medium- and high-skilled. The households receive income from labour, tangible capital, intangible capital, financial wealth, and transfers. We trace how structural reforms in the labour market affect these different types of income. The quantification of labour market reforms is based on changes in structural indicators that significantly reduce the gap of the EU average income towards the best-performing EU countries. We find a general trade-off between an increase in employment for a particular group and the income of the average group member relative to income per capita. Reforms, which aim at increasing employment of low- and medium-skilled workers, are associated with a fall in low- and medium-skilled wages relative to income per capita. Capital owners generally benefit from labour market reforms, with an increasing share of profits in total income that can be attributed to limited entry into the final goods production sector.

Section 267a and the Taxation of Hybrid Mismatches Under the Code

Hybrid mismatches are differences in tax rules between countries. It has been one of the main tools for multinationals to minimize their tax liabilities. As such, it has been a subject of concern for many legislators, international tax scholarship, and countries worldwide and evoked intriguing intellectual discussions on their legitimacy and how to address them. Indeed, this issue encompasses many complex issues, including the differences between accounting for the legal and economic situations of taxpayers, corporate and individual taxpayers, international tax and international law, distinguishing different types of income and more. These considerations are taken into account to address the conflict between the jurisdictions’ freedom to tax their subjects as they wish and their fight against base erosion and tax competition to ensure their ability to redistribute wealth in their societies. The recently enacted hybrid rules were designed to disallow deductions from payments of interest, royalties, and dividends by or from foreign related parties if such related parties are not already taxed for these payments. The legislative intent, structure of these sections, and the similarities between the first OECD’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting show that these sections are international customary law. As such, this paper seeks to analyze and improve the current law by leaning on international tax principles and recent international tax trends, and argues that a BEAT-like minimum tax approach to these hybrid payments would apply the international tax principles substantially and coherently better as it prevents double non-taxation as well as de-minimis taxation and over taxation. In addition, this approach may reduce the complexity of the current law.

The capacity allocation method of photovoltaic and energy storage hybrid system considering the whole life cycle

In order to make full use of the photovoltaic (PV) resources and solve the inherent problems of PV generation systems, a capacity optimization configuration method of photovoltaic and energy storage hybrid system considering the whole life cycle economic optimization method was established. Firstly, this paper established models for various of revenues and costs, and establish the capacity allocation model of the photovoltaic and energy storage hybrid system considering the constraints of energy storage system (ESS) charge and discharge power. Secondly, the control strategy of the ESS was designed for the capacity allocation model, including ESS action timing judgment and operation mode selection based on the time-of-use electricity price, which ensures a high degree of matching between the control strategy and the capacity allocation. Finally, Particle swarm optimization was used to solve the capacity optimization configuration model of the photovoltaic and energy storage hybrid system to obtain the optimal configuration of the system. In the calculation example, the characteristics and economics of various PV panels and energy storage cells are compared, and the effects of different ESS on capacity allocation and the impact of different types of income on economics are analyzed, and get the optimal configuration scheme of the PV and ESS hybrid system. The results of calculation examples show that with the capacity allocation method proposed in this paper, the benefit of the photovoltaic and energy storage hybrid system is 1.36 times as its investment cost, and the economic benefits brought by energy conservation and emission reduction account for 22.5% of the total revenue. This means that the economic efficiency can be significantly improved while ensuring the demand of the supply load. At the same time, it has a guiding effect on the capacity allocation of PV energy storage power station.

Politicians’ payments in a proportional party system

Abstract Are there monetary returns to politics? This question is approached in this paper, as one of few to quantify the monetary returns to holding political office in a country with proportional representation system. I apply a difference-in-difference setting with a carefully chosen control group to rich data on candidates to the Swedish national parliament. Both short- and long-run effects of being elected on different types of income are estimated. Results show that, yes, mostly thanks to relatively high remuneration while still in office, politics can yield positive monetary returns. In the long-run however, the effect is instead compositional in the sense that ex-politicians receive more pension income and work less.

Sustainable Assets and Strategies Affecting the Forestry Household Income: Empirical Evidence from South Korea

This study aims to identify the factors determining the forestry household income in South Korea. An empirical analysis was conducted on the Korea Forest Service’s 3-year-panel data. Korea Forest Service is an institution responsible for the sustainable management of South Korea’s forest lands. In the study, the hypothesized factors determining the forestry household income are classified into four types of assets and three types of livelihood strategies. The forestry household income (FHI) is divided into three elements: forestry income (FI), non-forestry income (NFI), and transfer income (TI). The influence of household assets and livelihood strategies on each income were also assessed. A random effect model was used as a statistical analysis of the three-year data of 979 forestry households. Based on the analysis, we found that household head’s age, household head’s labor capacity, savings, business type, cultivated land size, and region are significantly associated with FHI. While FI was influenced by labor capacity, cultivated land size, business type, forestry business portfolio, and region, NFI was determined by household head’s age, household head’s gender, forestry business portfolio, and savings. TI was affected by household head’s age, household head’s education level, forestry business portfolio, savings, and region. The effect sizes and directions varied across different types of income (FHI, FI, NFI, and TI). The findings showed that South Korea forestry was highly dependent on sustainable assets and livelihood strategies. Based on our findings, we expect the effectiveness of forest policies in increasing the forestry household income would differ depending on the source of each income. The results of this study draw attention to the need for an income support policy which considers the characteristics of household assets and livelihood strategies in order to enhance FHI in South Korea.

The Distributional Impact of Labour Market Reforms: A Model-Based Assessment

This paper studies the effects of labour market reforms on the functional distribution of income in a DSGE model (Roeger et al., 2008) with skill differentiation, in which households supply three types of labour: low-, medium- and high-skilled. The households receive income from labour, tangible capital, intangible capital, financial wealth and transfers. We trace how structural reforms in the labour market affect these different types of income. The quantification of labour market reforms is based on changes in structural indicators that significantly reduce the gap of the EU average income towards the best-performing EU countries. We find a general trade-off between an increase in employment for a particular group and the income of the average group member relative to income per capita. Reforms that increase employment of low- and medium-skilled workers imply a trade-off between employment and wages in the low- and medium-skilled group, due to the increase in the skill-specific supply of labour. Capital owners generally benefit from labour market reforms, with an increasing share in total income. This can be attributed to limited entry into the final goods production sector, underlining the importance of product market reforms in addition to labour market reforms.

Computing state average marginal income tax rates: An application to Missouri

AbstractUsing filing‐level data, we compute the average marginal income tax rate for the State of Missouri. We have data from 2000 through 2015. We start with a simple experiment: consider the effect that a $10 change in federal adjusted gross income would have on each filer’s tax payment. We find that with deductions, exemptions, and credits, the average marginal income tax rate has been remarkably steady over the years, ranging from 3.50% to 3.66%. This rate is much lower than the top marginal income tax rate, which has been 6% for taxable income greater than $9,000 for the entire sample period. In addition, we compute the average marginal income tax rate for different types of income in order to compare directly with the NBER’s reported state rate.

Under the Rising Wave. How Disaggregated Revenue Sources Can Tell Another Story for Québec’s Top Income Share

Top income investigations usually rely on types of earnings that remain at a tively aggregated level. Using a novel disaggregated dataset for Québec’s top earners, we map the recent evolution of different types of income for the top one percent. Hidden under the steady increase of the top income share, we find that there has been very divergent and sharp rises of different revenue sources at specific moments. When looking at disaggregated data, composition effects and historical counterfactuals in Québec invalidate market-based theories like globalization and skilled biased technical change, but not institution-based theories like financialization, taxation and union strength.

Saving Preferences and Financial Literacy of Self Help Group Members: A Study of Uttar Pradesh

Microfinance is the provision of financial services to the rural and underprivileged sections of the society to engage in income-generating activities for their own growth and progress. This paper examines the income generating activities of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for empowerment of women. It also analyses the saving preferences of SHG members and examines the financial literacy of these members after joining the SHGs. The analysis reveals that the different types of income generating activities started by SHG members include embroidery work, dairy, flower and bangle making, jute work, stitching work, vegetable cultivation and own shop. Among these, ‘own shop’ is the most prominent income generating activity followed by ‘stitching work’. In terms of saving preference, ‘own business development’ is their first saving preference for sustainable livelihood; ‘education of children’ is their saving preference for future of their children and ‘repairing of house’ is their saving preference for immediate expenditure. The analysis in terms of financial literacy reveals that financial literacy of SHG members regarding ration card, voter card, bank account and their phone number has increased after joining of SHGs.

Jointly Optimal Taxes for Different Types of Income

We develop and estimate a model of jointly optimal income taxes for different types of income. Compared to standard optimal tax formulas, optimal schedular income tax rates additionally depend on cross-elasticities between tax bases capturing fiscal externalities. We discuss two applications: the taxation of different income sources such as labor or capital income and the taxation of couples. For these applications, we calculate income type-specific optimal tax rates for Germany using rich panel data from administrative tax records. We first estimate income-type specific elasticities with respect to the next-of-tax rate and show that responses to taxes differ substantially by income source and by gender. Second, we calculate social welfare weights implicit in the German personal income tax schedule which again differ between income sources and by gender. Using these estimates, we consider a tax simplification reform by calculating optimal schedular linear income tax rates. We find that optimal tax rates are significantly lower for labor income than for self-employment and capital income as well as for married women than men.

Politicians' Payments in a Proportional Party System

Is politics a lucrative business? The question is approached in this paper, as one of few to quantify the monetary returns to holding political office in a typical developed democracy where parties are the main political actors. By applying a difference-in-difference setting with a carefully chosen control group to rich data on candidates to the Swedish national parliament, both short and long-run effects of being elected on different types of income are estimated. Results show that, yes, mostly thanks to relatively high remuneration while still in office, politics can be a lucrative business. In the long-run however, the effect is instead compositional in the sense that ex-politicians receive more pension income and work less.

Contribution of various income sources to interregional inequality of the per capita income in the Russian Federation

Research background: The reduction lately observed in interregional differences in the per capita income in Russia requires some clarification of the reasons. One possible way to do this could be decomposition of interregional inequality in personal incomes by income sources, i.e.: wages and salaries, property incomes, social transfers, entrepreneurship incomes and revenues from informal activities.
 Purpose of the article: The objective of this research is identification of the character, direction and degree of influence of various income sources on interregional inequality and convergence of Russian regions by their per capita income in 2001?2014. 
 Methods: We brought personal incomes in the regions to a comparable level using the relative cost of fixed consumer basket. Then we applied the population-weighted Gini coefficient, coefficient of variation, and the Theil index to measure the interregional inequality in personal incomes in dynamics. Further usage of various techniques of inequality decomposition allowed us to evaluate contribution of different types of income to the Russian regions? convergence across time.
 Findings & value added: Various types of income demonstrated different paths of interregional inequality, changes in interaction and in the shares of total income, which altogether influenced spatial inequality. Wages and salaries showed the largest and growing impact on inequality. The contribution of informal incomes to the overall inequality was the second largest, but diminishing and negatively interacting with other unevenly distributed types of income; thereby they provided more than half of the total interregional convergence. Entrepreneurship incomes revealed slightly decreasing influence on inequality, which was mainly neutralized by their reduction in the share of total income. Social transfers demonstrated the largest smoothing effect, however, their contribution to convergence was exhausted. Property incomes evidenced the greatest enhancing impact on inequality especially in the period of recovery. Additionally, informal incomes played the role of substitutes for formal incomes providing self-replicating mechanisms for reducing inequality in Russia.

Personal Income Tax: Comprehensive or Dual? A Comparative Study of the Portuguese and Spanish Systems

Abstract The personal income taxation systems are changing rapidly around the globe. Portugal and Spain share the territory of the Iberian Peninsula for centuries and their economies are intensively interconnected. They have however adopted different tax personal income systems. Portugal introduced in 1989 a comprehensive or unitary system that follows the taxation trends prevailing in many European countries based on the concept of accrued income. The different types of income are taxed together, normally at progressive rates. More recently, many European states have evolved towards semi-dual taxation to adapt taxation on personal income to the challenges of globalization, off shoring and disintermediation. Spain has adopted a dual system model. This research points out the advantages and disadvantages of each model by comparing the solutions adopted in the Iberian countries, Portugal (which levies comprehensive income tax) and Spain (which has a semi-dual income tax). We argue that Portugal should adopt semi-dual income tax. This would simplify personal income tax and be more competitive internationally.

It’s Not All Fiscal: Effects of Income, Fiscal Policy, and Wealth on Private Consumption

We attempt to disentangle income and wealth effects on consumption by disaggregating both the different types of income and wealth. We estimate a consumption function for a panel of quarterly data for 14 advanced economies spanning 1998 to 2012, using an error correction specification. We find a significant long-term relation between consumption and the different components of income and wealth. While fiscal policy had direct effects on consumption, the analysis suggests that wealth effects were sizeable, and therefore need to be kept in mind when analyzing consumption trends going forward.

It's Not All Fiscal: Effects of Income, Fiscal Policy, and Wealth on Private Consumption

We attempt to disentangle income and wealth effects on consumption by disaggregating both the different types of income and wealth. We estimate a consumption function for a panel of quarterly data for 14 advanced economies spanning 1998 to 2012, using an error correction specification. We find a significant long-term relation between consumption and the different components of income and wealth. While fiscal policy had direct effects on consumption, the analysis suggests that wealth effects were sizeable, and therefore need to be kept in mind when analyzing consumption trends going forward.

Noise mitigation action plan of Pisa civil and military airport and its effects on people exposure

The “Galileo Galilei” airport is a civil and military airport quite close to central Pisa. Although the airport brings benefits in terms of tourism and different types of income, the air traffic growth exacerbates the exposition to aircraft noise. This could significantly affect public health. To this day, a small number of studies takes into account the standard indicators of Europe by considering noise emission data for military aircrafts. We estimated the noise impact produced by the airport and we evaluated the related exposed population by using the Integrated Noise Model (INM). The noise power levels of both commercial and military flights have been considered as an input to the model. Predicted levels were validated by means of a noise-monitoring network. A new tracking system (AirNav Radar) that captures Automatic Identification System (AIS) signals emitted by each aircraft has been used to emulate takeoff and landing procedures. This improves the accuracy of the input to the model. We simulated noise maps for present and future scenarios, including those following the application of noise reduction measures. For each situation, we also estimated the exposure of the population and the percentages of highly annoyed and highly sleep disturbed people. We show the utility of AIS data and their specific elaboration to draw up noise abatement measures in order to reduce the noise impact on population and allow the airport development.