Different Types Of Granites Research Articles

MINERALOGICAL AND PETROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITES OF THE SHPOLA-TASHLYK ORE DISTRICT (THE UKRAINIAN SHIELD)

Mineralogical and petrographical research of different types of granites of the Kirovohrad complex, such as of Lypniazhka, Berezivske, Yaroshivka, Dorofiivka, Hlodosy, in the Shpola-Tashlyk ore district of the Ukrainian Shield, has been conducted. It allows to identify them as rare-metal genetic type. The evidence comes from: High silica (SiO2 = 71.70—74.24%), agpaitic index (0.53—0.71) and low iron oxidation (0.16—0.59) in granites. Furthermore, they are enriched with fluorine and boron based on occurrence of accessory fluorite and tourmaline. Characteristic chemical feature of the granites is a prevalence of potassium over sodium. The contents of phosphorus, zirconium, cerium, lanthanum, and lithium in Berezivske granites exceed average contents for such elements of the Ukrainian Shield, due to accessory mineralization — apatite, monazite, and lithium-bearing mica. The most high lithium grades (55 ppm) are specific for Lypniazhka and Yaroshivka granites where at their exocontact zone the lithium deposits and occurrences of niobium, tantalum, and stannum were discovered. Based on structure and texture features, massive, porphyroblastic, gneiss-like, and aplite-pegmatoid types with gradual transitions were distinguished; it is an evidence of their genetic relation. It was defined that Lypniashka granites related to the lithium pegmatite deposit have mineralogical features comparing to other types of granites, such as: a) highest ВаО (0.44—0.53 %) content in microclines; b) most ferrous biotite (f = 0.64 %) with the highest content of fluorine (0.16 %). Isotopic and geochemical research of monazite was conducted. The granites age ranges from 2026 to 2042 Ma. The granites related to rare-metal mineralization yielded ages from 2026 to 2037 Ma comparing to the oreless granites (Smoline urban-type settlement) with age 2042 Ma. On biotite-garnet geothermometer study the granites’ formation temperatures were defined, such as: Dorofiivka granite — 625°С, Berezivske granite — 640ºС, Hlodosy granite — 640ºС, and Yaroshivka granite (Т = 640—750ºС, Р = 500—700 MPa). Considering field observations and facts mentioned above the Berezivske granites belong to rare-metal granite complex of S-type.

Granite classification using machine learning and edge computing.

The outlook and the aura of any place are highly dependent on how a place is decorated and what materials are used in designing it. Granite is such a kind of rock which is vastly used for this purpose. Granite flooring and countershave a major influence on the interior d ´ecor which is essential to set the moodand ambience of a house. A system is needed to help the end users differentiatebetween granites, which enhance the grandeur of their house and also check thefrauds of different color granite being sent by the merchant as compared to whatwas selected by the end user. Several models have been developed for this causeusing CNN and other image processing techniques. However, a solution for thispurpose must be precise and computationally efficient. For this purpose,researchers in this work developed a machine learning based granite classifier us-ing Edge Computing and a website to help users in choosing which granite wouldgo well with their d ´ecor is also built. The developed system consists of a colorsensor [TCS3200] integrated with an ESP8266 board. The data pertaining to RGBcontrasts of different rocks is acquired by using the color sensor from a dealership.This data is used to train a Machine Learning algorithm to classify the rock intodifferent granite types from a granite dealer and yield the category prediction. Re-sults: The proposed system yields a result of 94% accuracy when classified usingRandom Forest Algorithm. Thus, this system provides an upper handfor the end users in differentiating between different types of granites.

The Characteristics of Five Ceramics and Two Granites as Solid Dielectrics for An Ozone Generator

The utilization of ozone is commonly applied in various fields, for instance, it is used as a disinfectant for water treatment, disinfecting, sterilizing medical devices and preserving foodstuffs. Ozone is a nearly colorless gas with a characteristic odor that can be detected by humans up to 0.01 ppm. It can be produced by the dielectric barrier discharge method,which is generally used as a method of generating ozone supplied by high voltage or also called high voltage plasma generators. High voltage plasma occurs in the dielectric barrier discharge air gap, as a result of the air failed in maintaining its insulator properties. The power supply used in this study is a parallel resonant pushpull inverter using a flyback transformer. Furthermore, this study did not use an additional magnetic loudspeaker and used ceramic dielectrics instead. 5 types of ceramics and 2 different types of granite and combined the range of air gap were used during examination and research. The research indicates that the best plasma was found in ceramics 3, 5, granite 1 and 2 with an air gap of 2mm. The current discharge in ceramic 1 with an air gap of 2 mm was higher than the others. The highest voltage discharge was on granite 2 with an air gap of 2 mm. Ceramics 3, 5, granite 1 and 2 with an air gap of 2mm had better ozone concentrations than ceramics 1, 2 and 4.

Specific cutting energy reduction of granite using plasma treatment: A feasibility study for future geothermal drilling

Geothermal Energy is one of the most consistent and viable sources of renewable energy. However, harnessing this energy has proved to be a challenge mainly due to the difficulty in drilling hard igneous rock formations that occur in and around geothermal wells. Therefore, an energy efficient method that can drill hard rocks needs to be developed. In this paper, the effect of micro-scale energy delivery, in the form of plasma, to weaken rock by inducing micro-cracks is studied. Two different types of granite (igneous rock) were sampled and used in this study, out of which the one control group was treated with five, 40kV, 80J pulses of plasma while the other was left uncracked. The effect of the cracks is quantified by conducting facing tests on the plasma cracked and uncracked samples and measuring a reduction in the specific cutting energy. Two different methods were used to estimate the specific cutting energy, where the first method considered the entire cutting process and the second method considered only the stable cutting region. The plasma treatment showed a maximum of 65% and a minimum of 15% reduction in specific cutting energy and was regarded as being dependent on mainly the hardness and size of the samples. All results in this study are validated using statistical analysis.

Experimental investigation of reactions between two-mica granite and boron-rich fluids: Implications for the formation of tourmaline granite

The genetic relationship between different types of granite is critical for understanding the formation and evolution of granitic magma. Fluid-rock interaction experiments between two-mica leucogranite and boron-rich fluids were carried out at 600–700°C and 200 MPa to investigate the effects of boron content in fluid and temperature on the reaction products. Our experimental results show that tourmaline granite can be produced by reactions between boron-rich fluid and two-mica granite. At 700°C, the addition of boron-rich fluid resulted in partial melting of two-mica granite and crystallization of tourmaline from the boron-rich partial melt. Increasing boron concentration in fluid promotes the melting of two-mica granite and the growth of tourmaline. No melt was produced in experiments at 600°C, in which Fe, Mg and Al released from biotite decomposition combined with boron from the fluid to form tourmaline under subsolidus conditions. The Na required for tourmaline crystallization derived from Na/K exchange between feldspar and the K released by biotite decomposition. The produced tourmaline generally has core-rim structures, indicating that the composition of melt or fluid evolved during tourmaline crystallization. Based on the experimental results, we propose that tourmaline granite veins or dikes can be formed by the reactions between boron-rich fluids, presumably produced by devolatilization of boron-bearing granitic magma, and incompletely crystallized granite at the top of the magma chamber. This “self-metasomatism” involving boron-rich fluid in the late stage of magma crystallization could be an important mechanism for the formation of tourmaline granite.

Geotouristic trail in the Senhor da Boa Sentença Cemetery, João Pessoa, State of Paraíba (PB), Northeastern Brazil

The inclusion of elements of the natural landscape, particularly abiotic heritage, and cultural heritage, to touristic activity as a result of a more demanding market ultimately provides the rise of geotourism, an integrated activity between geosciences, culture, and history of the place in which they operate. The cemeterial tourism is a part of the urban geotourism now rising in Brazil, wherein observation and analysis of the esthetics and of the georesources used in tombs make many tourists and scholars start to patronize this new touristic niche. Thus, this paper proposes a geotouristic trail in Senhor da Boa Sentenca Cemetery, the oldest at the Paraiba capital, northeastern Brazil, inaugurated in 1856, by mapping the stone materials used in the gravestones, which serve as tools for sociological, architectural, and geosciences studies. Thirteen different types of granites, as well as other types of rocks, have been identified, as well as various architectural styles; the trail can thus be used both by geotourists and scholars from various fields, being the cemetery an open-air museum.

The influence of different types of granite on indoor radon concentrations of dwellings in the South African West Coast Peninsula

ABSTRACTGranite commonly contains high concentrations of uranium, with subsequent high exhalation of radon gas. The geology of the West Coast Peninsula of South Africa is dominated by granite. No m...

Granites of Salamanca. A perfect example for the recognition of natural stone as a heritage resource and their use in restoration

In the province of Salamanca (Spain) there are several quarries that used to be the source of natural stone used in the construction of historic buildings and that are today recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. In this study we investigated the granites used in the construction and restoration of the lower ashlars of the walls of different buildings in Salamanca, Alba de Tormes, Ciudad Rodrigo, and Ledesma. The characterization of the different types of granite and their current state of preservation may serve to adopt specific measures for their possible use in the restoration of the architectural heritage of the province if this should become necessary. Despite the variety of materials observed in the lower parts of the buildings (ranging from sandstone to conglomerate to granite), the stone most frequently used was the granite from Los Santos and the Martinamor granite, followed by the vaugneritic granites from Ledesma. In general, the granite materials are in good condition, but the existence of certain pathologies that have given rise to processes of flaking and discoloration of the rock suggests that it will be necessary to make a consistent assessment when deciding about possible actions aimed at replacing materials in these historic buildings. Moreover, the various granites differ from one another, and pieces should not be replaced without perfect identification of the specific type to which they belong. A detailed study of these granites is crucial for the nomination of some of them as candidates for the denomination Global Heritage Stone Resource and the whole set of Salamanca province lithologies as a Global Heritage Stone Province.

Lithostratigraphy of the Mesoproterozoic Kliphoek Granite

The Kliphoek Granite is a mesocratic, porphyritic post-tectonic granite in the western Namaqualand sector of the Mesoproterozoic Namaqua-Natal Belt. It was mapped as one of 26 different types of granite of the Spektakel Suite by Council for Geoscience geologists. The granite is differentiated from other members of the suite on grounds of its greenish colour, dark-brown weathering outcrops and stubby phenocrysts. Its composition is that of a lesser evolved, shoshonitic monzogranite with no evidence of metamorphism. It has been dated at 1078 ± 5 Ma and 1060 ± 9 Ma. The granite is mined for dimension stone (Verde Bitterfontein).

Deterioration Types of Stones Used in Suleymaniye Mosque (Istanbul, Turkey)

Suleymaniye Mosque located in the historic peninsula of Istanbul, is one of the most important monument of classical Ottoman Architecture. Different types of natural stones having varied lithological characteristics were used in the mosque. Chemical composition, mineralogical, petrographic characteristics and external conditions such as atmospheric effects, earthquake and human impacts have deteriorated these stones over time. The aim of this study is to investigate different natural stones and their deterioration types used in Suleymaniye Mosque. According to the results obtained, generally different types of granites, marbles, limestones, pudding stones, porphyry, serpentinite were used in Suleymaniye Mosque. Detachment, material loss, biological colonization, discoloration and deposits have been determined as a deterioration types on these stones.

Assessment of Imaging Spectroscopy for rock identification in the Karkonosze Mountains, Poland

Abstract Based on laboratory, field and airborne-acquired hyperspectral data, this paper aims to analyse the dominant minerals and rocks found in the Polish Karkonosze Mountains. Laboratory spectral characteristics were measured with the ASD FieldSpec 3 spectrometer and images were obtained from VITO’s Airborne Prism EXperiment (APEX) scanner. The terrain is covered mainly by lichens or vascular plants creating significant difficulties for rock identification. However, hyperspectral airborne imagery allowed for subpixel classifications of different types of granites, hornfels and mica schist within the research area. The hyperspectral data enabled geological mapping of bare ground that had been masked out using three advanced algorithms: Spectral Angle Mapper, Linear Spectral Unmixing and Matched Filtering. Though all three methods produced positive results, the Matched Filtering method proved to be the most effective. The result of this study was a set of maps and post classification statistical data of rock distribution in the area, one for each method of classification.

Evaluation of the stress sensitivity in tight reservoirs

Abstract The expressions of three types of stress sensitivity coefficients ( S, α, β ) are obtained on the basis of analysis of the empirical models and theoretical models on the relationships between permeability and effective stress, and the stress sensitivity evaluation standard is proposed considering experiment data and rock micro-structural features. Then the empirical models and theoretical models were used to fit experiment data of low-permeability and tight sandstones and different types of granites, which promotes the understanding of the empirical models and the physical meanings of the stress sensitivity coefficients. According to the study of the three types of stress sensitivity coefficients and the relationship of effective stress and permeability, it is found that the stress sensitive coefficient S is suitable for evaluating the stress sensitivity (strong stress sensitivity: S >0.40; low stress sensitivity: S S ≤0.4). Meanwhile, it is also found that strong-stress-sensitivity cores are more suitable to be characterized by the logarithmic model, while the exponential model (or binomial model) occurred more frequently in low-stress-sensitivity cores, and medium-stress-sensitivity cores are more likely to be described with the power model. Finally, the evaluation standard is discussed based on the micro-structure in the low-permeability and tight sandstones. The results show that the crack-like pores in the strong-stress-sensitivity cores are obvious, but low-stress-sensitivity cores have the characteristics of porous rocks; moreover, the types of cemented clay minerals, the size of rock grain and lithology have impact on stress sensitivity.

Influence of the Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Granites

AbstractStone masonry buildings provide evidence of the cultural and historical values at the time. Therefore, it is important to preserve the stone of these buildings to harmful environment conditions like freeze-thaw and salt crystallization cycles, air pollution, and excessive and frequent rain or snowfall, which can lead to decay processes that endanger the future of architectural heritage. Thus, it is important to understand how environmental actions act on the physical and mechanical properties of building stones. In Portugal, the most used building stone, particularly in the north region, is granite, both in the vernacular and historical buildings. Therefore, this research aims at evaluating the performance of different types of granite, characteristic of the northeastern region of Portugal to the action of freeze-thaw cycles, for which this environmental action is relevant, given the wide temperature range and the possibility of occurrence of negative temperatures. Frost resistance is important fo...

Characterisation of granites from the Midyan terrain, NW Saudi Arabia

Five, Neoproterozoic, poorly studied felsic intrusives from NW Saudi Arabia have been subjected to a detailed geological, geochemical and mineralogical study to identify their characteristics and to understand their processes of formation. The results have indicated that the individual plutons in the region are each subtly different. This is mainly displayed by the existence of different types of granites, based on chemistry and petrography (peralkaline, alkaline and calc-alkaline) and mineralogy (particularly the presence of different types of amphibole, both sodic and calcic). The granites were most likely derived by low-pressure, partial melting of crustal rocks with possible crustal contamination, followed by fractional crystallization and later sub-solidus alteration by fluids. The geochemical differences between the granites could be related to their formation during different stages of the region’s evolution. The granites contain relatively high contents of rare earth elements and rare metals, mostly hosted by phosphates (monazite-Ce and xenotime), Nb oxide (fergusonite-Y) and possible rare earth carbonates (synchysite). Further detailed geochemical study would determine the economic significance of the studied granitoids and allow understanding how the plutons were fit into tectonic setting of the region.

Recycling of abrasives in abrasive water jet cutting with different types of granite

The cost of abrasives has restricted usage of abrasive water jet (AWJ) technology in natural stone cutting applications. However, recycling of the abrasives makes the technology more economical, effective, and environmentally friendly. In this study, significant rock properties affecting the recycling of abrasives in AWJ cutting of granites are investigated. Abrasive mass percentage above 106 μm (AMP106μm) is considered as a performance criterion in terms of recycling of abrasives since these abrasives can be effectively reused in the rock cutting applications. The study reveals that a considerable amount of used abrasives is in a reusable form. Among the rock properties, the microhardness is statistically determined as the most significant rock property affecting the AMP106μm. It is also concluded that theAMP106μm can be explained with high accuracy by the proposed model including the microhardness, the quartz content, and the plagioclase content.

Petrophysical and geochemical characteristics of late Variscan granites in the Karlovy Vary Massif (Czech Republic) - implications for gravity and magnetic interpretation in shallow depths

* �Correspondingauthor The Karlovy Vary Massif (KVM) in northern Bohemia is a composite granite body built up of Late Variscan biotite, two-mica and lithium mica granites. We summarize the available whole-rock geochemical and petrological data and correlate them with similar information from three boreholes in the northern and southwestern parts of the Massif. The aim of the study was to determine whether various types of granites differ in their physical and chemical properties, and whether any differences in physical characteristics affect the accuracy of geophysical interpretation. In accord with the earlier studies, we distinguish two geochemically and petrophysically contrasting granite suites - the Older Intrusive Complex (OIC) and Younger Intrusive Complex (YIC). The geochemical data show that the OIC and YIC granites differ significantly in the content of most major-element oxides (like SiO 2 , TiO 2 , FeO, Fe 2 O 3 tot , MgO and CaO). As to physi- cal parameters, the granites differ markedly in magnetic susceptibilities and in the contents of radioactive elements (U and Th). From gravity and magnetic data we compiled a 22 km long geophysical profile, which crosses two of the three studied boreholes. For the construction of geological model along this profile, we used the data on the petrophysical properties measured on samples from the boreholes. Densities of the individual granite types are very similar to each other and thus the distinction of the OIC and YIC granites based on gravity data is not possible. Magnetic susceptibility differs markedly for the OIC and YIC granites in the drill logs, but absolute values of magnetic susceptibilities are very low. Modelling showed that neither gravimetry nor magnetometry are suitable methods for distinguishing between the different types of granites. On the other hand, it proved that the spatial distribution of individual granite intrusions does not affect the overall interpretation of the shape, size and depth of the whole granite body.

Evolved granitic systems as a source of rare-element deposits: The Ponte Segade case (Galicia, NW Spain)

In the Ponte Segade area (Galicia, NW Spain) strongly differentiated granites, often associated with rare-element mineralization (Sn–Ta–Nb–Li–Be–Cs) that could be of economic interest, have recently been discovered. These granites appear in the northern sector of the Ollo de Sapo Antiform (Central Iberian Zone, Variscan Orogen). Three different muscovite-rich synkinematic and peraluminous types of leucogranite (leucogranites s.s., albite-rich leucogranites I and albite-rich leucogranites II) and two pegmatite types associated with the albite-rich leucogranites (zoned and banded) have been identified in the studied area. The geochemistry of whole rock leucogranites indicates an enrichment in incompatible elements (lithium, rubidium, beryllium, cesium and hafnium), Al2O3 and Na2O, and an impoverishment in barium, strontium, zirconium, cerium, yttrium and SiO2. Geochemical studies of zircon, muscovite, K-feldspar and tourmaline in the different types of granites and pegmatites indicate the grade of evolution of the granitic system. With differentiation of the system, the zircon is enriched in hafnium and uranium and is impoverished in zirconium. In muscovite and K-feldspar there is an increase in cesium and rubidium. The opposite behavior is observed with regards to the Mg, Fe and Ti contents. In the case of tourmaline, the increase in Li is the best indicator of the grade of evolution. By contrast, Fe and Mg decrease. The sequence of evolution of the granitic system obtained from the geochemical studies indicates that the leucogranites s.s. are the least differentiated, evolving gradually, in accordance with field relationships, to albite-rich leucogranites I. The albite-rich leucogranites II are the most evolved, but no direct relationship between them and leucogranites s.s. has been found. The banded pegmatites associated with the albite-rich leucogranites II are more differentiated than the zoned pegmatites associated with the albite-rich leucogranites I, but are the poorest in Sn, Ta and Nb.

Natural radionuclide concentrations in granite rocks in Aswan and Central-Southern Eastern Desert, Egypt and their radiological implications

Different types of granites, used extensively in local construction, were collected from five localities in Egypt, namely: Abu Ziran (Central Eastern Desert), Gabal El Maesala (Aswan) and three areas from Wadi Allaqi, (Gabal Abu Marw, Gabal Haumor and Gabal um Shalman), in the South Eastern Desert. Granite samples were studied radiologically, petrographically and geochemically. The contents of natural radionuclides ((226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K) were measured in investigated samples by using gamma spectrometry [NaI (Tl) 3'×3']. The activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K in the selected granite samples ranged from 9±0.5 to 111±7, 8±1 to 75±4 and 100±6 to 790±40 Bq kg(-1), respectively. The external hazard index (H(ex)), absorbed dose and annual effective dose rate were evaluated to assess the radiation hazard for people living in dwellings made of the materials studied. The calculated radium equivalents were lower than the values recommended for construction materials (370 Bq kg(-1)). The excess lifetime cancer risks were also calculated. Petrographically, the granites studied are varied in the form of potash-feldspar, quartz, plagioclase, mica and hornblende. The accessory minerals are zircon, apatite and allanite. Geochemically, the chemical composition of the granite is studied especially for major oxides. They are characterized to have SiO(2), K(2)O, Na(2)O and Al(2)O(3) with depletion in CaO, MgO, TiO(2) and P(2)O(5).

COMMINUTION OF DIFFERENT GRANITE SAMPLES OF SOUTH EAST DESSERT OF EGYPT

Granite is commonly and widely occurring type of intrusive felsic igneous rock. Granite particles, obtained from comminution and concentration processes, may be used for many industrial applications. For example, granite chippings and cullet are mixing with the red mud to produce glass-ceramics materials via melting and crystallization [1]. Granites with suitable lithium grades are added to the glass and ceramics industries [2]. Feldspar in granite rock is largely used as raw material in the ceramic and glass industry [3]. The aim of current work is to study and compare the comminution characteristics of different granite samples obtained from South Eastern desert of Egypt. The samples under study were classified according to their compositions as different types of granite, i.e. diorite, tonalite, monzogranite and granodiorite. The main constituents of samples are plagioclase, quartz, and orthoclase. The results assure that tonalite has the highest ability of comminution while monzogranite has the lowest compared with other samples. The percent of quartz has no effect on the comminution of tonalite and monzogranite. Crushing and grinding processes increased from monzogranite through granodiorite, diorite to tonalite as the plagioclase percent increased. The percent of quartz has a significant effect on the crushing of diorite and granodiorite. Although the difference in quartz percent did not exceed 12.3%, the difference in their values of x50 reached to 278.6 μm (36.1%). The difference was about 354.6 μm (31.6%) between their values of MPSD. The percent of quartz has no significant effect on the grinding of these two materials. Although the difference in quartz percent reached to 12.3%, the difference in their values of x50 did not exceed 4.6 μm (2.1%). The difference between their values of MPSD was about 16.5 μm (5.0%). The results revealed also that the percent of quartz has no significant effect on the grinding of all materials understudy. The comminution of different studied granites decreased with increasing the compressive strength and decreasing the abrasion

Mode I Fracture Surface of Granite: Measurements and Correlations with Mechanical Properties

This paper deals with the experimental characterization of the fracture surface of granite, obtained from direct tensile tests. The objective is to address the dependence of Mode I fracture energy on the fracture surface's roughness, as well as to analyze the fracture propagation process based on the surface features. In addition, the influence of microstructural aspects on the fracture surface is also discussed. Different types of granites were studied, similar to the ones used in the fabric of ancient buildings, with distinct petrographical characteristics. The fracture surfaces were inspected with a novel 3D laser topographical inspection system aiming at acquiring the texture of fracture surface profiles at various locations on the surface. The relief of the fracture surfaces was characterized by means of classical parameters, namely, mean roughness and root-mean-square roughness. A deeper analysis was carried out by the separation of micro- and macroroughness regimes. This study reveals a clear linear trend between fracture energy and mean microroughness. Additionally, it was found that microstructural aspects, like planar anisotropy and grain size, as well as weathering state, influence the fracture surface. The results allow further understanding of the fracture process in quasi-brittle materials and contribute to the assessment of the mechanical characterization of granite under tension.