Different Types Of Effluents Research Articles

Low temperature sulfonated biochar from Macauba’s endocarp for lead adsorption from wastewater

Lead is a heavy metal that can be present in different types of effluents. This toxic ion is harmful both to human health and to other species. Therefore, it is necessary to study materials that can be used to remove lead from aquatic environments. In this context, the use of modified biomass residues for the production of efficient adsorbents for this purpose stands out. In this work was synthesized a new type of adsorbent material, sulfonated carbon, from macauba oil extraction residue for application in the removal of lead ions from aqueous media. The sulfonated carbons were produced from the reaction of macauba endocarp with concentrated sulfuric acid at 100 °C at 1, 2 and 4 h. The materials were characterized by XRD, MS-TG, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, SEM, potential titration, elemental analysis and by N2 adsorption/desorption. All synthetic conditions were efficient to produce functionalized carbonaceous materials with amorphous characteristics and good thermal stability. Although the material carbonized for 4 h had a low specific surface area (2 m2.g−1), it showed the higher efficiency for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solution. The adsorption occurred due to interactions of these ions with the functional groups present on the surface of the coal. The greatest lead removal occurred at pH 5.0 (83.8%), where –COOH and SO3H groups are in the deprotonated form, what favors the electrostatic attraction of Pb2+ ions. The experimental results were fitted using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. A high concentration of lead ions was removed in the first 40 min, and the removal percentage was 97.5% for the less concentrated solution (10 mg·L−1) and 55.0% for the solution with the highest concentration (100 mg·L−1). The increase in the concentration of adsorbent provided an increase in the removal of this contaminant. The isotherm of adsorption was adjusted by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The better adjust was obtained by Langmuir and the maximum adsorption capacity by this model was 104.2 mg·g−1. The best lead removal conditions were: adsorbent concentration: 0.5 g.L−1; pH 5; Pb2+ concentration 80 mg.L−1 and time 2 h.

Microbial community composition in urban riverbank sediments: response to municipal effluents over spatial gradient.

Municipal effluents have adverse impacts on the aquatic ecosystem and especially the microbial community. This study described the compositions of sediment bacterial communities in the urban riverbank over the spatial gradient. Sediments were collected from seven sampling sites of the Macha River. The physicochemical parameters of sediment samples were determined. The bacterial communities in sediments were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that these sites were affected by different types of effluents, leading to regional variations in the bacterial community. The higher microbial richness and biodiversity at SM2 and SD1 sites were correlated with the levels of NH4+-N, organic matter, effective sulphur, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids (p < 0.01). Organic matter, total nitrogen, NH4+-N, NO3-N, pH, and effective sulphur were identified to be important drivers for bacterial community distribution. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria (32.8-71.7%) was predominant in sediments, and at the genus level, Serratia appeared at all sampling sites and accounted for the dominant genus. Sulphate-reducing bacteria, nitrifiers, and denitrifiers were detected and closely related to contaminants. This study expanded our understanding of municipal effluents on microbial communities in riverbank sediments, and also provided valuable information for further exploration of microbial community functions.

Trimethoprim adsorption using graphene oxide-carboxymethylcellulose film coated on polyethylene terephthalate as a supporter

In wastewater treatment, adsorption has become a popular application. Adsorbents have been widely developed for the treatment of different types of effluents. In the present study, graphene oxide-carboxymethylcellulose film (GOF) was coated on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) supporter. The adsorption capability of GOF-PET to remove trimethoprim was examined using batch and fixed-bed techniques. The batch adsorption behavior of trimethoprim was investigated as a function of contact time, film content, initial pH value, initial concentration, and temperature. The effects of initial concentration, flow rate, and bed height on the adsorption system's breakthrough characteristics were determined for fixed-bed adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity was 209.75 mg g−1 at 30°C. For fixed-bed adsorption, the highest bed capacity of 175.98 mg g−1 was achieved using 15 cm bed height, 50 mg L−1 initial concentration, and 10 mL min−1 flow rate. The results suggest that GOF-PET is an effective adsorbent for the adsorption of trimethoprim.

Advanced oxidation processes perspective regarding swine wastewater treatment

Pork production involves the generation of wastewater containing a high pollutant load. Besides, the intensive use of pharmaceutical products is leading to the effluents rich on these compounds. The traditional treatments involving biological depuration are effective on the removal of the organic load of swine wastewater. However, the time and space required along with the low efficiency on abating persistent contaminants such as pharmaceutical compounds lead to the need of pursuing alternative technologies. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely used in the treatment of different types of effluents. AOPs are very efficient and require a short period of treatment time when compared to traditional processes without the production of biological sludge. This review addresses different treatment approaches for swine wastewater treatment focusing on pharmaceuticals removal. The performance of AOPs such as Fenton (H 2 O 2 and Fe +2 ions), photo-Fenton, ozone (O 3 ), electrooxidation and photocatalysis are compared with electrocoagulation and biological systems. A promising alternative is the combination of different technologies taking advantage of their synergies. Finally, an approach to future challenges is discussed. • Pork meat, the second most consumed, is associated with a very problematic effluent • Antibiotics and non-biodegradable contaminants inhibit total effluent bio-treatment • Advanced oxidation processes appear as a non-selective and efficient alternative • Integration of oxidation and biological treatments improves efficiency • Water and other resources recovery may be a suitable management strategy

Sustainable Development of Innovative Green Construction Materials: A Study for Economical Eco-Friendly Recycled Aggregate Based Geopolymer Concrete.

Green revolution and high carbon footprint concepts have attracted the development of a green and sustainable environment. This work endeavors to investigate the behavior of recycled aggregate geopolymer concrete (RAGC) developed with four different types of effluents to develop sustainability in the construction industry and to produce an eco-friendly environment. Each of the types of effluents was used by completely replacing the freshwater in RAGC to examine its influence on compressive strength (CS), chloride ion migration (CIM), split tensile strength (STS), and resistance to the sulfuric acid attack of RAGC at various testing ages. The test outputs portray that the effluent obtained from the textile mill performed well for the CS (25% higher than the control mix) and STS (17% higher than the control mix) of RAGC. Similarly, the highest mass loss of RAGC due to the acid attack (41% higher than control mix) and the highest CIM (29% higher than control mix) were represented by the RAGC mix made with effluent obtained from fertilizer mill. The statistical analysis indicated no significant influence of using textile mill effluent (TE), fertilizer mill effluent (FE), and sugar mill effluent (SE) on the STS, CIM, and mass loss due to acid attack while it presented a significant influence on the CS of various mixes. Therefore, this investigation solidly substantiates the acceptability of studied types of effluents for the fabrication of eco-friendly green materials.

EVALUATION OF TREATMENT OF TEXTILE EFFLUENT BY ELECTROFLOCULATION WITH MONITORING AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL CONSIDERING A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE USE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION

Electroflocculation is a technique for liquid effluent treatment that has been widely used due to simplicity in operation and to the possibility of application in different types of effluents. This study aimed to evaluate the electroflocculation treatment efficiency, monitoring and controlling an effluent automatically from the textile industry, also considering a feasibility study to photovoltaic generation application. The electrofloculation tests were performed with raw effluent, in a batch reactor containing aluminum electrodes and glass vat. Sensors and a microcontroller make up the electronic system, which monitors and controls voltage, temperature, and time variables and also processes and sends the data to the computer. The tests consist of applying 1 and 2A current in a 3 liters volume taking aliquots in 5, 10, 15 min. The parameters analyzed were: pH, conductivity, turbidity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and absorbance sweep in 200 to 800 nm range. The samples presented in the visible region a band with the maximum absorbance at 670nm; thus, it was decided to evaluate the system at this wavelength. The results of the electroflocculation tests showed that the best removal of turbidity, COD, and absorbance at 670nm occurred in the conditions of 2A / 10min, with average efficiency above 70%. A photovoltaic system was projected to meeting the demand for the energy electroflocculation system, whose analysis found that the best strategy is connecting the photovoltaic system to the electric power grid. Through financial simulation, It was identified as a significant energy-saving which offsets costs related to system installation. in conclusion, the system developed is efficient in textile effluent treatment and that the photovoltaic system meets the demand for energy from the electroflocculation system, ensuring project sustainability.

Reuso de águas cinzas: estudo de caso da eficiência de dois tipos de filtros intermitentes de areia no tratamento de água cinza sintética

A água é um recurso renovável e limitado, no entanto sua potabilidade constitui-se um fator imprescindível, visto que devido ao aumento da população de forma desordenada atrelado ao uso indiscriminado de tal recurso promoveu uma ameaça à qualidade da mesma. Afim de buscar soluções simples, sustentáveis e com baixo custo, diversos países, como Estados Unidos, Japão e alguns países europeus tem estudado formas viáveis para tratar os diferentes tipos de efluentes, principalmente o doméstico, ganhando visibilidade a reutilização de águas cinzas. Este trabalho foi realizado nos Estados Unidos, em Macon – GA, e teve como objetivo criar dois grupos de filtros intermitentes de areia e analisar sua eficiência no tratamento de água cinza sintética, avaliando os parâmetros químicos de DBO e DQO, e partir dos resultados verificar a viabilidade para reuso urbano não potável e incentivando, através dos resultados, um tipo de estudo promissor para realização no Brasil. O estudo apresentou resultados satisfatórios quanto aos aspectos químicos analisados, atuando na redução da DBO e DQO com eficiência acima de 90% para o grupo 1 e acima de 80% para o grupo 2, além de ter apresentado filtros de efluente com valores médios de DBO aceitáveis, segundo a legislação prevista pela USEPA.

A study of olive mill waste water removal by a biosorbent prepared by olive stones

In this work, olive mill wastewater (OMW) such as dyes is very toxic even present as traces in industrial wastewater effluents. It may constitute a potential pollution source of ground waters and hence it has to be eliminated. Various low cost adsorbents have been studied for their applicability in treatment of different types of effluents. In this study, the potential of activated carbon derived from Olive Stones was studied for the removal of OMW. The biosorption of OMW from aqueous solutions by Olive Stones (OLS) as a low-cost, natural and eco-friendly biosorbent was investigated and by KOH and H3PO4 treated Olive Stones (AOLS). Biosorption kinetic data were properly fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich isotherm equations. The best fit was obtained by the Langmuir model with a Langmuir maximum monolayer biosorption capacity of 189,83 mg/g for OMW. The biosorption was exothermic in nature (H° = -105,54 kJ/mol). The reaction was accompanied by a decrease in entropy. The Gibbs energy (G°) increased when the temperature was increased from 303 to 320 °K indicating a decrease in feasibility of biosorption at higher temperatures. The results have established good potentiality for the Olive Stones to be used as a sorbent for the removal of olive mill wastewater.

Impact of different treatments on Escherichia coli during storage of cattle slurry

There are different types of effluents from farming operations including untreated slurry (a mixture of manure, urine, split feed, and water), and treated slurry that normally is filtered to separate the solid fraction from the liquid fraction. With the amount of slurry applied on the soils as fertiliser every year, there are necessary to measure the leaching of microbial capable of transmitting infective agents that can be normally on slurry, because slurry can be a potential biohazard capable of transmitting infective agents. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and survival of Escherichia coli (E. coli) on liquid fraction of dairy slurry, with the addition of different treatments during storage, such as addition of Biochar, beneficial microorganisms, sulphuric acid and the combinations of them. All the applied treatments to slurry show statistically significant differences (P < 0.001), according to the different sampling dates. Results showed that there are conditions and treatments that benefit the survival probability of E. coli, the treatments that include the acidification of slurry have the highest averages of CFU/ml (243288.3 at 37 °C; 136584 at 44 °C). These results can contribute to the improvement of the quality of slurry applied on soils, beneficiating agriculture but also public health.

A review of the existing and emerging technologies in the combination of AOPs and biological processes in industrial textile wastewater treatment

The textile industry is known as releasing huge amounts of wastewater contaminated by a large spectrum of chemicals. There are several units (e.g. printers, mercerizing machines, finishing machines, dyers) within a dye house that generate different types of effluents, some of which (mostly dyers) work in batch mode. As a result, the wastewater composition varies significantly in concentration and time. Due to this, textile wastewater treatment can be very complicated. The recent trend in the textile industry is on-site wastewater treatment and the process water recycling. This review paper presents the recent developments in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), biological processes and their combinations for industrial textile wastewater. Most studies only investigated the mixed wastewater originating from the plants, without a deeper consideration on the effluents generated by different units within the dye house. Due to an extreme variation of the textile wastewater quality, the strategy of the division of the wastewater into separated streams according to their biodegradability is highly recommended. Particular attention has been paid in this review to the comparison of cost effectiveness of wastewater treatment processes. The presented considerations are based not only on a literature survey of the last 20 years but also on exemplified industrial cases of the application of AOPs and biological process in textile factories in Poland.

Decolourization of Acid Orange 7 Dye from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on NaOH Treated Eggshells in Continuous Fixed Bed Reactor Application using Response Surface Methodology: Optimization by Box–Behnken Design.

NaOH Treated Eggshells (TES) was investigated for the removal of Acide Orange 7 (AO7) from aqueous solution using the continuous method was modeled by response surface methodology (RSM) and was optimized using Box–Behnken design (BBD) . Fixed bed adsorption has become a frequently used in wastewater treatment processes. Various low cost adsorbents have been studied for their applicability in treatment of different types of effluents. In this work, the intention of the study was to explore the efficacy and feasibility for azo dye, AO7 adsorption onto fixed bed column of TES. The effect of operating parameters such as flow rate, initial dye concentration, and bed height were exploited in this study. The studies confirmed that the breakthrough curves were dependent on flow rate, initial dye concentration solution of AO7 and bed depth.The precision of the equation obtained by Box–Behnken design (BBD) utility for modeling and optimization by response surface methodology RSM was confirmed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and calculation of correlation coefficient relating the predicted and the experimental values of removal of dye. The results revealed a good agreement between the predicted values, as obtained by the model, and the experimental values for AO7. The optimum conditions proposed by Box–Behnken design (BBD) to reach the maximum dye removal through adsorption process. Under the optimum conditions, the removal efficiency of AO7 were 89.89%.The application of response surface methodology in order to optimize using Box–Behnken design (BBD) . The research on modeling adsorption by RSM has been highly developed and The TES was shown to be suitable adsorbent for adsorption of AO7 using fixed-bed adsorption column.

Modeling Total Organic Carbon Variation in a Photocatalytic Process via Stochastic Differential Equations

Advanced oxidative processes (AOP) are an important alternative in the treatment of industrial effluents. Several studies in the literature report that the kinetic profile of organic matter oxidation presents behavior typical of pseudo-first-order reactions. Recent work indicates a conversion rate in two phases: (1) a rapid initial phase described in pseudo-first-order kinetics and (2) a decelerated phase described as pseudo-first order. Previously published work proposed an empirical stochastic model that reproduced these behaviors. In the present study, we found the average conversion degradation calculated by the stochastic model can approximate this dual-reaction rate behavior. This model thus presents a method for estimating the apparent kinetics constant from the model parameters without the need to arbitrarily separate the two conversion stages in the same oxidation process. Additionally, the model's capability to describe the conversion of organic load for different types of effluents and processes showed that this model satisfactorily describes total organic carbon conversion for three different waste (leachate, dairy, and a synthetic one involving benzoic acid) handled by different AOP. Thus, this work evidenced that the proposed model can describe diversified oxidation processes combined with the carbonaceous charge degradation contained in complex industrial effluents.

Fixed Bed Adsorption Column Studies for the Removal of Aqueous Phenol from Activated Carbon Prepared from Sugarcane Bagasse

Fixed bed adsorption has become a frequently used industrial application in wastewater treatment processes. Various low cost adsorbents have been studied for their applicability in treatment of different types of effluents. In this study, the potential of activated carbon derived from sugarcane bagasse was studied for the removal of aqueous phenol in a fixed column. Sugarcane bagasse was thermally activated under 600°C in absence of air. A series of batch experiments were performed in order to identify the appropriate adsorption isotherm. Both Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium isotherms were analyzed according to the experiment data and related parameters were estimated. Results revealed that the Langmuir isotherm provides the best fit with experimental data. Fixed bed experiments were performed and, breakthrough curves were drawn by varying activated carbon bed height. Accordingly the ideal breakthrough curves (IBC) were prepared and bed capacity (BC), length of the unused bed (LUB), the time required for full bed exhaustion at infinite rapid adsorption TS and the breakthrough times Tb were calculated for each scenarios.

Identification of estrogenic activity change in sewage, industrial and livestock effluents by gamma-irradiation

In this study, reduction of estrogenic activity in three different types of effluents from sewage, industrial and livestock wastewater treatment plants by gamma-irradiation was investigated using the yeast two-hybrid assay. After gamma-ray treatment at a dose of 10kGy, estrogenic activities of sewage, industrial and livestock effluents decreased from 4.4 to 3.0, 1.5 to 1.0 and 16 to 9.9ng-EEQL−1, respectively. The substantial reduction of estrogenic activity in livestock effluent was attributable to the degradation of 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2). Although bisphenol A (BPA) was found at the highest concentration in all effluents, its contribution to the estrogenic activity was not significant due to its low relative estrogenic potency. Meanwhile, the calculated estrogenic activity based on concentrations of E2, E1, EE2 and BPA in the effluents significantly differed from the measured ones. Overestimation may have resulted by dissolved organic matters in effluents inhibiting the estrogenic activity of E2, E1, EE2 and BPA, whereas underestimation was likely due to estrogenic by-products generated by gamma-irradiation.

Produção de lodo e comportamento químico de sais de ferro empregados no pós-tratamento de esgoto sanitário por precipitação química

A combinação de processos físico-químicos e biológicos no tratamento de esgotos sanitários tem se apresentado como uma alternativa na remoção de fósforo. No entanto, uma das limitações é a sua maior produção de lodo. Desse modo, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a produção de lodo resultante da aplicação de sais de ferro para diferentes tipos de efluentes, bem como estudar o impacto de sua aplicação nas características físico-químicas dos efluentes estudados. Concluiu-se que os valores médios de produção de lodo resultante da formação do hidróxido férrico situaram-se em torno de 1,80; 1,95 e 1,34 mg lodo/mg Fe+3 para esgoto bruto, efluente aeróbio e anaeróbio tratado, respectivamente, indicando que as características da fase líquida não influenciaram os mecanismos de precipitação dos íons férricos.

Influence of standard wastewater parameters and pre-flocculation on the fouling capacity during dead end membrane filtration of wastewater treatment effluents

Dead end membrane filtration is an efficient technology for the polishing of effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The filtration characteristics largely depend on the composition of WWTP effluent. In this study, the potential of various standard wastewater parameters to predict membrane filtration performance and fouling was investigated. In addition, the impact of pre-treatment by flocculation with Fe(III) on the effluent was studied. The modified fouling index (MFI) was used as a characterisation method to evaluate the fouling potential of different types of effluents collected from local wastewater treatment plants. It was found that COD showed good correlation with the MFI. However, the optical density (OD) determined after 20 min settling is of even higher significance for the fouling potential. It was also shown that the origin of the samples had no significant impact on the correlations. This indicates that the specific plant configuration had little influence on the filterability of the effluent. On the basis of the results it is concluded that the available standard parameters provide a valuable data source for the design of a dead end membrane filtration process treating WWTP effluent. Moreover, it is suggested to use on-line measurement of turbidity or OD to control flocculant dosage. This, in turn, would minimise fouling and result in optimum cost efficiency.

Comparative animal and plant toxicities of 10 treated effluents discharged to near‐coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico

The chemical quality and acute and chronic toxicities of 10 effluents discharged to near‐coastal areas in Northwest Florida were determined using standard and nonstandard toxicity tests. The primary objectives of the study were to evaluate and compare the toxicities of different types of effluents and to assess the ability of a variety of toxicity tests to differentiate effluent‐specific effects. Focus was placed on animal–plant sensitivity comparisons because phytotoxicity is rarely determined for effluents discharged to coastal estuaries. The standard toxicity test organisms included two algae, two invertebrates, and two fish. In addition, effluent toxicity was evaluated using three rapid bioassays and an early‐seedling‐growth toxicity test. Most concentrations of potentially toxic inorganic and organic contaminants in the effluents were low, a finding that contrasted with the sometimes elevated biochemical oxygen demand and nutrient concentrations. With the exception of their effects on algae, the toxicities of most effluents were considered moderate. Chronic effects on Ceriodaphnia dubia and Mysidopsis bahia were observed consistently for five effluents; the lowest first‐effect levels were typically 35 or 71% effluent. Inhibitory effects on fish and macrophyte seedling growth were infrequent, as were those determined using the three rapid bioassays. Nine of the ten effluents were either phytotoxic or phytostimulatory to algae; first effects were noted in some cases at effluent concentrations less than 6%. Overall, the results indicate the importance of using invertebrates, but more so algae, as test species in the hazard‐evaluation process for effluents discharged to Gulf of Mexico near‐coastal areas, which are frequently nutrient‐affected. Furthermore, additional development of tests using rooted aquatic plants is needed because the effects of effluents in this coastal area on plant‐dominated coastal habitats (wetlands) and on plant species at risk (sea grasses) are not well understood.