Different Types Of Dictionaries Research Articles

Exploring Translation Students’ Dictionary Use, Preferences, and Attitudes in Translation Courses

The study aimed to explore translation students’ dictionary use, and preferences in their translation courses. Moreover, it aimed to explore the students’ attitudes toward the dictionary while using it as a major tool in the translation process. To achieve the purpose of the study, a questionnaire was prepared in advance by the researcher. It consisted of 35 items. The quantitative method based on a questionnaire was used in this study. Data were collected by administrating the questionnaire to 84 students, who were purposefully chosen at Isra University in the first semester of the academic year 2023/2024. The results revealed that the participants agreed that they knew how to use an online and a book dictionary in their translation tasks and lessons. Moreover, the results indicated that the majority of them preferred using an online dictionary in their tasks because it was a quick and easy tool that students could deal with in a perfect way to look for difficult or unknown words. In addition, the analysis showed that the majority of the participants agreed that they had a positive attitude toward using different types of dictionaries because they were helpful in doing different tasks in their translation lessons. Finally, the study recommended that students should be provided with enough training and practice on how to use online as well as book dictionaries. In addition, students must be encouraged to depend on the context first to guess the meaning of the new words before they start looking for their meanings using different types of dictionaries.

Семантика глаголов сквозь призму «пассивных» и «активных» словарей

The paper compares the meanings of the verbs zhit’ (to live), delat’ (to do), and idti (to go) as presented in dictionaries of different types. The dictionaries used include three types: (1) the traditional “passive” dictionaries by V. I. Dal’ and T. F. Efremova, (2) the “active” dictionary by Yu. D. Apresyan, and (3) the associative databases RAS (Russian Associative Dictionary) and SIBAS (Russian Regional Associative Database of Siberia and the Far East). The first and second types of dictionaries are based on textual materials. The third type reflects associative-verbal networks modeled on the data of free mass associative experiments conducted in the USSR and Russia in the 1990s (RAS) and 2000s (SIBAS). The assumptions are corroborated that the mental meaning of a word differs from its linguistic meaning and that associative thesauri reflect the language consciousness of an average Russian speaker. Thus, the order of meanings of the verb zhit’ given in the first and second types of dictionaries does not match the “ranks” of these meanings in the native speakers’ language consciousness depicted in RAS and SIBAS. Dialogic responses, traces of precedent phenomena, and visual images present in RAD and SIBAS supplement the image of active linguistic consciousness processing the speaker’s experience of interacting with reality. Conversely, the first and second types of dictionaries provide more information about different meanings and contexts that exclude ambiguity of interpretation of meanings. It is concluded that a comprehensive study of linguistic personality requires the complementary use of different types of dictionaries.

Comparative Characteristics of the Main Symbols Indicated in the Explanatory Dictionaries of the Kazakh and Turkish Languages

Conditional notes are one of the main language components that determine the nature of the word. We all know that there is no dictionary that does not use a conditional note. Obviously, the use of conditional notes (шартты белгі, условный знак) in the practice of lexicography was a great achievement of lexicography. In lexicography, the function of a conditional note is great. All dictionaries have a certain degree of semantic, stylistic, functional, etc. symbols are encountered. Common conventions include the terms symbol, label, conditional note and reference. Today we cannot represent different types of dictionaries in different languages ​​without conditional notes. For example, in the explanatory dictionary of the Kazakh and Turkish languages, conditional notes are often used. Conditional notes play an important role in revealing the meaning of headwords, in supplementing their meanings. The study focuses on the definitions and classification of conditional notes by Kazakh, Russian and English scientists, and also considers the types of symbols, in particular, dictionary, stylistic symbols, symbols, links. The explanatory dictionary of the Kazakh and Turkish languages ​​analyzes and reveals features and similarities, giving examples of different types of symbols.

Words of Japanese origin in Romanian dictionaries of recent words

In this study, we discuss the status and features of the words of Japanese origin in Romanian, based on Romanian dictionaries of neologisms and recent words. Several studies on different types of dictionaries of European languages show that, in recent decades, most borrowings into Western languages from a language outside the Western cultural space come from Japanese. A careful analysis demonstrates that this tendency can be also identified in the recent lexical dynamics of the Romanian language. First, we outline the context and objectives of the paper and discuss some terminological issues. This is followed by a short historical background and a presentation of the Romanian dictionaries used to collect the corpus. Quantitative information is provided regarding the data from each dictionary. Finally, we proceed to a qualitative analysis of the data.

Концепт Гродно: словарные дефиниции и ассоциации

The paper reports on a study of the national-geographical cultural concept Grodno, using data from 33 different types of dictionaries published between 1907 and 2014, as well as an associative experiment. The study aimed to collect and analyze information about the lexeme Grodno presented in dictionaries and determine the main characteristics of the concept. The structure of the concept was found to include core, value, image, and conceptual components. Only 10 dictionaries recorded the lexeme Grodno, but the study was able to create its own word-formation nest with the lexeme, comprising 8 units. The results of the associative experiment helped identify the concept Grodno in the language picture of the world of 100 Grodno citizens. The paper examines the concept Grodno, its structure, and its linguistic representation, considering cognitive and linguacultural aspects. The study used a complex method of analysis, employing a range of general scientific and linguistic methods. Based on the analysis of dictionary definitions and the associative experiment, a generalized model of the concept Grodno and its components is presented, including the city and its location, the first mention of the city, the number of inhabitants, history, people related to Grodno, architecture, industrial sectors and enterprises, infrastructure, environmental condition, and evaluation (fame). The paper highlights the importance of the concept Grodno as a fundamental concept of Belarusian culture, reflecting the idea of the city in the linguistic picture of the world of Russian-speaking people.

Dictionaries as instruments of exclusion and inclusion: some South African dictionaries as case in point

Abstract As utility tools dictionaries should convey data in an impartial way. Lexicographers should not impose either their subjective view or some prevailing ideologies on the users of the dictionary. This paper focuses on aspects of exclusion and othering in some South African dictionaries. Different types of exclusion in different types of dictionaries are shown but it is also shown how dictionaries contribute to processes of inclusion. The treatment of a single offensive racist word in different dictionaries is discussed and the lack of countering the insulting impact of the use of the word is criticized. A positive response to this problem by means of a policy for the treatment of sensitive words is also discussed.

Temporal Labels and Specifications in Monolingual English Dictionaries

Abstract The article examines the temporal labels and other specifications of time affixed to twenty-five words in monolingual dictionaries of English. The selection of works studied includes learners’, collegiate, and general-purpose dictionaries, both British and American. In addition, the treatment of the lexemes in the Oxford English Dictionary is noted. The analysis reveals some clear differences between the different types of dictionaries in the overall propensity to furnish temporal labels and other specifications of time. The terminology employed to convey such information varies from one group of dictionaries to another. There is also plenty of variation between the individual volumes inside each group. The target audience of the works examined varies, which explains some of the differences in the treatment of particular lexemes. In general, Osselton’s calls for more consistent terminology in the labelling of old words, presented several decades ago, are still valid. The differences between the labels are not always clear, and the explanations in the front matter of the dictionary may be lacking or unhelpful.

Lexicographic portrait of the noun “age”

Lexicography actively studies the integral description of words in order to understand not only the historical change in definition of the work, but also the functionality of certain words. This article describes the lexicographic portrait of the noun “age”, as well as examines the use of co-occurrence denoting the age of a person in the modern Russian language. Working with different types of dictionaries (historical, explanatory, word-forming, associative, and synonym), the author analyzes the changes in the semantics, development of word-formation and co-occurrence capacity of the linguistic unit based on the integral description. The noun “age” has numerous co-occurrence as it has appeared in the Russian language long ago, which also entailed changes in its definition. This author examines co-occurrence of the noun “age” used in dictionaries, as well as conducts their classification by biological, social, psychological, and mixed characteristics. Leaning on the Russian National Corpus, the article examines the use of the noun “age” in the modern Russian language, and its classification by the aforementioned characteristics. The conclusion is made on the frequency of the use of these characteristics.

The comparison of Türk Lügati dictionary with different types of dictionaries and an attempt on ıts arrangement

Hüseyin Kazım Kadrȋ, Türk Lügatini geniş hacimli bir sözlük olarak hazırlamıştır. Kökenbilim, mukayese ve edebi örnekler içerir. Örneklerin edebi ve seçkin olması, başka sözlüklerde olmayan kelimelerin, deyimlerin, tanımların ve çeşitliliğin bulunması araştırmacılar tarafından vurgulanan ve sözlüğün beğenilen özellikleridir. Öte yandan örneklerin dikkatsiz ve yanlış yazımı, bazı lehçelerle ilgili eksik ve yanlış bilgilerin bulunması, sözlük tekniği bakımından zayıf olması vb. durumlar sözlükbilimi açısından yerilmesine sebep olmuştur. Sözlük üzerine son zamanlarda çalışılmaya başlanmış, tezler yapılmıştır. Sözlüğün basımı 2010 yılında TDK’nin gündemine girmiş, fakat kayda değer bir sonuç çıkmamıştır. Geniş hacimli eserler önce doğru okunuşu/şekli ile ortaya konmalı, sözlükbilimi tekniği bilgisayar ortamında uygulanmalı ve sözlük kullanıcılarının isteğine göre de eser okuyucusuyla buluşmalıdır. Bu çalışmada Türk Lügatinden örnek olarak alınan kelimeler; genel sözlük, etimoloji sözlüğü, lehçebilim sözlüğü, deyim ve atasözleri sözlüğü vb. sözlüklerdeki kelimelerle madde başı ve iç madde yönünden karşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırmada araştırmacıların sözlük üzerine yaptığı olumlu ve olumsuz tenkitler de dikkate alınmıştır. Sözlükbilimcilerin dikkati ve gayretiyle bu eserdeki eksiklerin giderilmesinin ve yanlışların düzeltilmesinin mümkün olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Veritabanı geniş olan bu sözlüğün sözvarlığı, sözlükbilim tekniğine göre, farklı dizimler ile düzenlenip kullanıcıya sunulduğu takdirde, kolay kullanımlı bir sözlük ortaya konmuş olacaktır.

ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИЯТА – ИСТОРИЯ, ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА / LEXICOGRAPHY – HISTORY, THEORY AND PRACTICE

The papers featured in Issue 2/2021 of the Journal deal with major topics in the theory and practice of lexicography – both in a contemporary and historical perspective. The authors address problems of onomastic lexicography, neography, explanatory lexicography and the history of Bulgarian dictionary crafting. One of the papers sheds light on some aspects of the lexicographic practice in Poland. The issue is dedicated to one of the most eminent representatives of contemporary Bulgarian academic lexicography – Prof. DSc Maria Choroleeva – on the occasion of her forthcoming jubilee. Boris Parashkevov’s paper outlines a project for the creation of a dictionary of Bulgarian surnames. The concept of the dictionary envisages the organisation of family names in nests based on semantic equivalence (correspondence), associative reference and shared structural membership, thus making it possible to reveal the structural and semantic relations among the names under study. In addition, the dictionary entries document the derivational paradigm of the respective surnames, including short forms, diminutives and suffixal derivatives. Sia Kolkovska addresses some peculiarities in the lexicographic description of Bulgarian neologisms motivated by specific types of polysemy and synonymy. The author comments on the lexicographic description of the semantic structure of new polysemous loanwords and discusses the criteria for selecting a dominant synonym in synonym sets composed of neologisms. Diana Blagoeva and Sia Kolkovska’s paper also deals with issues in neography. The authors discuss the views on the categorial nature of neologisms of the type бизнесцентър/бизнес център (business centre) in Bulgarian and comment on the reasons for the emergence and establishment of this type of lexemes in the language, while considering the dynamics of their functioning. The paper motivates the necessity for the application of a special approach to the lexicographic description of this type of neologisms. Tsvetelina Georgieva comments on Nayden Gerov’s understanding of the so-called „равнознаменаменователни речи“ and highlights the contribution of the renowned lexicographer of the National Revival and the Post-liberation period to the representation of such names in an explanatory dictionary. The author maintains that these names should be considered not synonyms but heteroyms as they belong to different dialects. Nadezhda Kostova also takes a look at the history of Bulgarian lexicography in her discussion on the arrangement of dictionary entries in different types of dictionaries from the beginning of the 20th century. The author provides a comparative analysis of the peculiarities in the application of the alphabetical-nest arrangement in the lexicographic works under discussion. In his paper Petar Sotirov studies the application of the qualifier colloquially (potoczne) in Polish explanatory lexicography, taking as a point of departure the views on the notion of colloquialism in Polish linguistics. The author concludes that the dominant notion of colloquialism in Polish lexicography is the stylistic one and goes on to identify certain cases of inconsistencies and discrepancies in the use of the qualifier. Mihaela Kuzmova discusses the place of precedent phenomena (in par-ticular, the so-called “winged words”) in phraseology. The author proposes an analysis of several popular expressions of domestic precedent origin which have neither been described in lexicographic works, nor commented in the linguistic literature, and offers some observations on their phraseologisation and usualisation.

Translation Trainees’ Uses of and Attitudes towards Different Types of Dictionaries: A Case Study

The focus of most studies on dictionary users has been on foreign and second language learners, with seldom attention paid to translation trainees. Given that the dictionary is an indispensable tool used by translators and translators in the making alike, research in this regard is crucial to uncover the uses and attitudes of this group of dictionary users’ towards different forms of dictionaries. Revealing translation trainees’ practices facilitates the correction of wrong ones and helps in guiding students towards the efficient use of dictionaries. The ultimate goal is, thus, informing translation pedagogy. Hence, the present study aims at investigating translation trainees’ uses of dictionaries and their attitudes towards different types of dictionaries. The focus is on uncovering the uses and attitudes of Saudi undergraduate female translation trainees towards the different forms of dictionaries available for them today. The article in hand specifically reports on the quantitative phase of a two-phase, mixed-methods case study. A group of 95 undergraduate students answered a multi-item, online questionnaire, with the aim of revealing their dictionary uses and preferences. The results confirmed the participants’ preference for and heavy reliance on electronic dictionaries, due to their convenience, comprehensiveness, portability and being up-to-date. The results further indicated the participants’ preference for bilingual over monolingual dictionaries. Surprisingly, the results also showed that a high number of the respondents reported using Google Translate frequently. Despite these findings, the survey results revealed that the participants have good knowledge of and do in fact use a wide selection of bilingual and monolingual dictionaries, including paper and electronic ones.

ЎЗБЕК ТИЛИНИНГ ИЗОҲЛИ ЛУҒАТЛАРИДА АВИАЦИЯ СОҲАСИГА ОИД АТАМАЛАРНИНГ БЕРИЛИШИ

In interpreting the meaning of aviation terms, it is expedient to make effective use of lexicographic traditions in Uzbek linguistics, which reached one of its highest peaks in the twentieth century. This article discusses the definition of terms in the field of aviation in the explanatory dictionaries of Uzbek language, and offers suggestions for the interpretationof the meanings of words inUzbek dictionary in different types of dictionaries.

Лексикографические средства и способы определения научного термина в современных онлайн-словарях

The article tackles the problem of lexicographical description of scientific terminology in modern special and general-purpose online dictionaries. The authors reveal specificity of a term definition in the general-purpose and terminological dictionary, consider linguistic characteristics of special vocabulary in different types of dictionaries, identify and describe the basic means of an economic term semantization using the logical-conceptual analysis of the term system. The data of the empirical material allow concluding that the generic notion of a term varies in terminological and general-purpose dictionaries.

A comparison between representing word meanings in two advanced learner’s dictionaries

Human beings can communicate through utilizing various types of languages in the world. However those languages are internationally or locally used by utterances. Undoubtedly, different types of dictionaries are available in English language as a global language in order to support second language learners in realizing word meanings. In this study two different types of advanced learner’s dictionaries are highlighted regarding to the way of expressing or representing word meanings, which are Macmillan and Cambridge advanced learner’s dictionaries. The objective of this study is trying to recognize if there is any difference between these two dictionaries in demonstrating word meanings. Selecting as the most effective one for advanced learners can be count as the second aim of this study. The methodology in this study is purely theoretical. Different features are selected for investigation in both elected dictionaries, such as providing common words, phonetic transcription of the headwords by phonetic symbols. Moreover, the result show that the Macmillan Dictionary provides effective definitions for advanced learners because it lays out the meanings of simple and common words at the same time. Drawing pictures or just by making sketch are the other two ways that followed by both dictionaries and makes word meanings more clear.

Die behandeling van die funksie dekodering in verskillende tipes woordeboeke

The Treatment of the Function Decoding in Different Types of Dictionaries.Dictionaries are especially consulted for the function of decoding. This article provides a systematic description of the influence that this function has on the dictionary structures and data types in different types of dictionaries. In this discussion attention is paid to structures which appear in both printed and online dictionaries. Although the most important data type for decoding is meaning explanations/translation equivalents in multilingual dictionaries, this article focuses especially on the role of data types such as pronunciation guidance, collocations, labels, illustrations and etymological data. In printed dictionaries there is a resemblance in terms of frame structures (at least a lemma list and usage guidance), data distribution structure and access structure, while differences are more on the level of the macrostructure (quantity of lemmata and different ordering) and microstructure (indicator types and quantity of data).

Dictionary’ Use Among Second Year Students Of English At The University Of Constantine 1

Despite the dynamic growth of research into dictionary use, we are still far from getting definitive answers to many important questions regarding dictionary use. We still do not know much about how dictionaries are perceived and used by students. We are also ignorant of the problems students encounter while using them. So, this paper seeks to gather information about dictionary use among second year students of English at the University of Constantine 1. The results of the study revealed that the dictionary is an elementary tool for learners. The Participants use different types of dictionaries in particular monolingual electronic ones. However, they lack the skills to use their dictionaries effectively because most of them have not received any instruction on dictionary use. Teachers, therefore, have to equip students with the necessary reference skills, which in turn will have a positive influence on students ‘dictionary use.

TOPONYMIC LEXICS AND ITS CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA

The design of noncontradictory principles of the onomastic lexis description as well as the search for their classification criteria are the main problems of modem linguistic studies in the field. Their solution will provide the background for the development of lexicographic description of toponyms in different types of dictionaries. The linguists have developed 6 classifications of toponymic lexis for today, proposed by F. Palyacki, F. Mikloshich, S. Grabets, L. Gumetsky, C. Pospond and V. Zhuchkevich. The issue of the unified universal classification development, which will cover all the problems of toponymy, is currently considered debatable. It can be explained by the process of the toponymy formation as science. The complexity of universal classification and its formation are explained by the ambiguous attitude of various researchers towards this problem, as well as by the various goals that are being put into our research. The ideal version of the unified classification should be tripled, that is, to be interested not only for linguists, but also for geographers and historians. This article focuses on these problems and represents the author ’s scheme of the toponyms classification.

The concept of the russian-ukrainian academic dictionary by A. Krymskyy and S. Yefremov

Background. In the period from 1920 to 1933, the political situation was very prosperous for the Ukrainian language and lexicography development in particular. The need for new dictionaries was very large because of formation of the one variant of the Ukrainian literary language, formation of the orthography, appearance of many new words. From 1920 to 1933, about 180 dictionaries were published; however, they have been researched only partially. Therefore, there is a need to study the concepts of dictionaries of the above-mentioned period, especially the concept of the Russian-Ukrainian academic dictionary by A. Krymskkyy and S. Yefremov as the first academic dictionary of the Ukrainian language.Purpose. Our goal here is to describe and analyze the concept of the Russian-Ukrainian academic dictionary by A. Krymskkyy and S. Yefremov.Methods. In our study, we mainly use a descriptive method.Results. Results of our study suggest that the Russian-Ukrainian academic dictionary by A. Krymskkyy and S. Yefremov is the dictionary of a mixed type. Being a translation dictionary, it also holds the features of explanatory, synonymic, and phraseological dictionaries. Publication of such a dictionary was determined by the large quantity of the material and the need to create a large dictionary, which could be an authoritative source of information for many users. Thereby, the Russian-Ukrainian academic dictionary by A. Krymskkyy and S. Yefremov was aimed to realize norms of the new orthography of the Ukraininan language, make stylistic differentiation of the words, as well as give explanations and idioms.Discussion. Qualities of different types of dictionaries developed in Russian-Ukrainian academic dictionary unequally because the concept of the dictionary has changed after the beginning of the work. Its volumes were edited by many different editors, and the chief editor had no opportunity to verify all the text before the publishing. Subsequent researches of the concept of the Russian-Ukrainian academic dictionary will allow to determine the influence this dictionary has had on the forthcoming translation, explanatory, synonymic, and phraseological dictionaries, and the way this dictionary was used while working on the forthcoming dictionaries.

Using Dictionaries in Metaphor Identification

Metaphor has been the focus of cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, applied linguistics, corpus linguistics, and metaphor identification lays a solid foundation for metaphor research. Since Lakoff and Johnson (1980) proposed the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, much attention has been given to the conceptual and cognitive dimensions of metaphor, leaving linguistic dimension secondary. However, when MIP was introduced in 2007, which aims to identify metaphorically used lexical units in natural discourses, metaphor researchers have developed a systematic and reliable methodology for identifying linguistic metaphor instead of working with intuition and subjective criteria, which enables them to focus their research on different levels-linguistic forms, conceptual structure and cognitive processing. As MIP requires metaphor analysts to work through five steps, in which they depend heavily on dictionaries to determine lexical units and specify the basic and contextual senses, the use of dictionaries becomes the critical element in MIP. The Pagglejaz Group chose Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners a reference, while MIPVU, the elaborated version of MIP, used Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English and Oxford English Dictionary apart from Macmillan dictionary. The author, by demonstrating the use of different types of dictionaries in MIP, tries to show that together with learners’ dictionaries, historical dictionaries, collocation dictionaries and specialized dictionaries can also be used for cross reference to guarantee the reliability of linguistic metaphor identification.

Using different types of dictionaries for improving reading comprehension and vocabulary acquisition in English as a foreign language programs

Using different types of dictionaries for improving reading comprehension and vocabulary acquisition in English as a foreign language programs