Different Types Of Deposits Research Articles

Indicative meanings of geological sea-level indicators in the Solent region and Sussex coast (south coast of England) and implications for uplift rates

The Solent Region and Sussex coastal plain in southern England have preserved palaeo-sea-level indicators from multiple interglacial periods, with a particularly complete record of deposition throughout the last interglacial. However, as yet, none of the research on these indicators has fully addressed the relationship of the different types of deposits preserved to mean sea-level. In this paper we apply recent approaches to estimating past relative sea-levels based on applying modern analogues to understand the indicative meaning of these indicators. We also apply a synchronous correlation model previously developed on rapidly uplifting coastlines to assess uplift rates. The uplift rates required to match the elevations of sequences suggest a significant decrease in uplift rates between the Late Wolstonian Substage and Ipswichian Stage; that is, the c. 240 and c. 125 ka sea-level highstands, broadly equivalent to marine isotope stages (MIS) 7 and 5e. This coincides in time with the final opening of the Straits of Dover. Supplementary material: Fossil data from sites that have not previously been published are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7172532

Monitoring and estimation of mining and geometric indicators of the deposit

The article presents the results of mining and geometric modeling of indicators of mineral deposits. In order to estimate and monitor them, a wide range of geoinformation systems-based methods and techniques of geometrization is applied. The sequence and stages of mining and geometric estimation of deposits are described considering specific mining and geological conditions. The built models are used at Ukraine’s mining enterprises that develop solid minerals. Much attention is paid to processing initial mining and geological data, providing the basis for mining and geometric modeling. Geostatistical methods give high results when processing and assessing reliability of the input modeling data and processing and presenting modeling results. Different types of deposits require different approaches to geometrization. Deposits with high variability of indicators require accounting, data grouping and zoning. For this purpose, a heuristic algorithm is developed, which is an efficient independent method of modeling and enables considering the high level of heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of mining and geological indicators of the deposit. The results of the modeling can be used for deposit estimation and monitoring, reserves calculation, and mining operations planning.

Tungsten mineralization in the Huangjindong gold deposit, southern China: Insights from scheelite texture, in-situ trace elements and Sr isotope compositions

Scheelite and wolframite are two primary tungsten minerals in nature. The occurrence of tungsten minerals varies in different types of deposits, with scheelite rather than wolframite typically forming in orogenic gold deposits. However, the explanation for this phenomenon remains unclear. Huangjindong deposit, located in the center of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt in southern China, is a typical orogenic gold deposit with scheelite mineralization. Texture, in-situ trace elements and Sr isotope compositions of scheelite from this deposit were investigated to explore the formation process of scheelite and the source of tungsten of similar orogenic gold deposits.Three hydrothermal stages have been identified at this deposit: milky scheelite + quartz (pre-gold Stage I); gold + sericite + sulfide + quartz (syn-gold Stage II); and dolomite + quartz (post-gold Stage III). Scheelite primarily occurs during the initial pre-gold stage. Local color differences in CL image have developed along rims and in domains adjacent to fractures of scheelite due to slight late-stage hydrothermal alteration of scheelite along their fractures. The intense development of sericite and chlorite alteration in the host rocks indicates that the water–rock reaction consumed a large amount of H+. Within the scheelite-quartz veins, the presence of brecciated slate enclaves and localized quartz geodes, indicating that the fluid experienced significant pressure drop. This indicates that the water–rock reaction and the decrease in pressure resulted in the precipitation of scheelite. The dominance of tungsten mineral precipitation due to pressure reduction serves as the main factor driving the development of scheelite over wolframite within the deposit, which also elucidates the reason that tungsten mineralization associated with orogenic gold deposits predominantly features scheelite. The characteristics of scheelite without oscillatory zoning, high Sr (1180–8600 ppm) and low Mo (bdl-0.18 ppm) concentrations, and flat REE pattern are similar to those of scheelite in orogenic gold deposits worldwide. The high 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7539–0.7663) indicates that the tungsten-bearing ore-forming fluids derived from deep-seated metamorphic fluids.

Short wavelength infrared (SWIR) reflectance spectroscopy of alteration minerals of Qibaoshan ore district, Shandong Province, China

Qibaoshan is a recently discovered ore district including a significant epithermal deposit; it has three different types of deposits that have been developed in the Qibaoshan subvolcanic complex, including Jinxiantou copper–gold deposit, Qibaoshan polymetallic epithermal deposit and Diaoyutai pyrite deposit.The characteristics of these deposits and geochronological studies indicate that they may belong to the same mineral system. To study the relationship between the deposits and to determine potential for deposits under cover, surface alteration mapping by short-wave infrared spectroscopy (SWIR) analyses was conducted on the ore field. The results showed that the Jinxiantou copper–gold deposit has illite ＋ chlorite alteration, and the Qibaoshan deposit has illite + chlorite alteration as vein halos and gradually transitions outwards to montmorillonite alteration. Illite alteration is widely developed in the Qibaoshan ore field.Study of the spectral characteristics of illite in the east of the ore district showed it has a lower wavelength Al-OH absorption peak position (Pos2200) and higher illite crystallinity (IC) value and shows a trend of gradually decreasing Pos2200 and increasing IC to the west, indicating that the inferred heat center in the eastern ore district may be the center of hydrothermal activity. The Qibaoshan ore district contains a porphyry-epithermal hydrothermal mineral system, and the east of the ore district may have potential for discovery of porphyry deposits.

A giant porphyry-skarn-epithermal Mo-W-Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag metallogenic system in the Nannihu ore field, southern North China Craton: Constraints from new geochronological and pyrite geochemical data

The southern North China Craton owns substantial Mo, W, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Ag resources, and most of them are hosted in hydrothermal deposits that may co-exist in the same ore field. However, the relationship between the different types of deposits is not well-constrained. To better understand this, here we present a comprehensive geological, geochronological, and pyrite geochemical study on the Nannihu ore field in the Luanchuan district. The Nannihu ore field is largely represented by the Nannihu Mo-W deposit, Luotuoshan Zn-Cu-W deposit, and Lengshuibeigou Pb-Zn-Ag deposit. Mo-W mineralization at Nannihu occurs in the contact zone between the Nannihu intrusion and the wall rocks, showing typical characteristics of the porphyry-type deposit. Three paragenetic stages are recognized at Nannihu, including quartz-potassium feldspar stage, quartz-sulfide stage, and quartz-carbonate stage. The Zn-Cu-W orebodies at Luotuoshan are mainly layered or lens-like, occurring within the skarn zones in the Luanchuan Group. Skarn stage, polymetallic sulfide stage, and carbonate stage are revealed at Luotuoshan. Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization at Lengshuibeigou is characterized by banded sulfide veins that are hosted in the NNE-trending fault zone. Three paragenetic stages are developed at Lengshuibeigou: quartz-pyrite stage, quartz-polymetallic sulfide stage, and quartz-carbonate stage. New geochronological data confirm that the Nannihu intrusion was formed by at least two phases of magmatism including the granite porphyry (zircon U-Pb age of 145 ± 2 Ma) and the porphyritic monzogranite (zircon U-Pb ages of 142 ± 1 Ma and 140 ± 1 Ma), which accompanied by two episodes of Mo mineralization at the Nannihu deposit identified by molybdenite Re-Os dating (144.9 ± 0.7 Ma and 142.8 ± 0.6 Ma). The Luotuoshan deposit and Lengshuibeigou deposit formed at 141 ± 1 Ma to 140 ± 1 Ma and 140 ± 3 Ma to 139 ± 3 Ma revealed by U-Pb dating of garnet and monazite, respectively, which are contemporaneous with the late episode of the Nannihu intrusion and Mo mineralization. Pyrite grains of the three deposits have Co/Ni ratios higher than 1, suggesting a unified magmatic-hydrothermal origin for them. Pyrite from Nannihu and Luotuoshan is enriched in Co, Ni, Se, Mo, Mn, and Bi, whereas pyrite from Lengshuibeigou contains high Zn, Pb, As, Cu, Ag, and Au. The regular elemental distribution of pyrite in the Nannihu ore field is consistent with that of typical porphyry-related systems worldwide.Collectively, the Early Cretaceous magmatic rocks and diverse deposits in the Nannihu ore field make up a giant magmatic-hydrothermal Mo-W-Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag metallogenic system, with the porphyry, skarn, and epithermal types of mineralization displaying a zonation from inside to outside. The multi-episode magmatism and mineralization could result in the remarkable enrichment of mineral resources. The close spatial relationship among different types of mineralization in the Nannihu ore field has a significant implication for porphyry-related mineral prospecting in the southern NCC.

Extracting hydrothermally altered information using WorldView-3 data: a case study of Huitongshan, NW Gansu, China

Introduction: The Huitongshan skarn-type deposits, in which ore bodies primarily occur in the outer contact zone between K-feldspar granite and marble in the Beishan area, are evidently related to hydrothermal alteration of the surrounding rock. Key mineral alteration processes include serpentinization, epidotization, chloritization, carbonatization, jarosite, ferritization, and hematitization.Methods: WorldView-3 (WV-3), a satellite-recorded high-spatial resolution multispectral image, has been widely used in the exploration and prediction of different types of deposits around the world. In this study, WV-3 multispectral images were used to extract the spatial distribution data of the main altered minerals in the Huitongshan area. Dedicated radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction, and image fusion were used to pre-process the extracted spectral information related to hydrothermal alteration. In addition, directed principal component analysis (PCA) and a unique mineral index were designed based on the effective use of the WV-3 data band corresponding to the spectral absorption characteristics of altered minerals.Results: The findings of this study show that the PCA model and mineral index pro-posed herein are reliable both in theory and for practically obtaining extraction information. Additionally, the WV-3 data are well suited for identifying hydroxy-bearing alterations with rich short-wave infrared bands that distinguish Fe-OH–bearing alterations from Mg-OH–bearing alterations. The results obtained were applied to identify potential targets for skarn-type copper deposits and the implementation of prospecting practices.Discussion: This study provides a basis for the application of WV-3 data as an important and effective tool for alteration information extraction and determination of prospecting practice, thereby proving the validity of multispectral remote sensing images in mineral resource exploration.

Constraints on metallogenic temperature and mineralization style from reflection color of sphalerite

The relationship between the color of sphalerite and trace elements has aroused the interest of researchers since a long time, but most of the study is still in the qualitative stage. In this contribution, we made attempt to reveal the relationship between the reflection color and its trace element, in order to discuss the genetic significance of various reflection colors of sphalerite through the quantitative study of reflection color of sphalerite. Based on LA-ICP-MS analysis and microspectrophotometer analysis of sphalerite samples in different types of deposits, the elements with significant correlation with the reflection color index were found and analyzed by factor analysis. Different genetic types of sphalerites have different color index, The average reflection color indices of each type sample are as follows, sphalerite from Mengya’a deposit: λd = 477.3 nm, Pe = 0.046, Rvis = 17.23%; sphalerite from Zhaxikang deposit: λd = 477.2 nm, Pe = 0.043, Rvis = 16.70%; sphalerite from Nanmushu deposit: λd = 476.4 nm, Pe = 0.038, Rvis = 16.55%. The reflection color index of sphalerite is correlated with the content of Mn, Fe, Ga, Ge, Ag, Cd, In, Tl, Pb. The results of factor analysis indicate that sphalerite with high reflectivity is more abundant in Fe, Mn and In, while the sphalerite with low reflectivity is more abundant in Ge, Tl, Pb and Ag. Furthermore, the reflection color index of sphalerite can be used to distinguish the genetic type of deposits. Based on an obvious linear relationship between the reflection color index of sphalerite and its mineralization temperature, we propose a new empirical equation: T(°C) = 61.4*Rvis + 1.1*λd + 6000*Pe-1533 which can be used as a geological thermometer.

Geochemical distribution in residual soils of Iberian Pyrite Belt (Spain)

The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is a volcanic- and shale-hosted massive sulfides world-class province of the Upper Paleozoic age that includes some supergiant ore deposits with a unique mining operations history. An extensive soil (multi-element) geochemical survey in the IPB has been performed to create a geochemical database to increase the knowledge of the studied area. Both univariate and multivariate treatments have been done to manage a large amount of new data. The studied area shows higher background concentrations of several elements (e.b. Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sn, In, Bi, As, or Sb) than in other terrains in Spain due to the IPB volcano-sedimentary ore deposits and their associated mining wastes. Mapping chemical elements help understand their behavior, controls and associations in natural environments. According to this, the mono-elemental contour maps show single-element distributions with geological control (e.g., Na), ore deposit control (e.g., Cu) or a mixture of both. On the other hand, multivariate analysis has been applied to reduce the large geochemical database maintaining the same information. We have chosen Factorial Analysis (FA) and obtained six factors that explain approximately 70% of the variability. Four of these factors (F1, F2, F4 and F5) show an intense geological control that improves the geological information of the IPB, while the other two (F3 and F5) show an ore deposit control. These factors allow distinguishing between different types of deposits in the IPB and help discover new possible exploration targets for future studies.

Trace Element Composition of Molybdenite: Deposit Type Discrimination and Limitations

Molybdenite is a common sulfide hosting many trace elements. Trace elements in molybdenite from individual deposits have been widely used to constrain the source and conditions of ore-forming fluids. However, the relationship between the trace element composition of molybdenite and deposit types has not been well investigated from a large dataset. Here, simple statistics and partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to determine whether different types of deposits can be distinguished by trace elements in molybdenite and what factors control the variations in trace element composition based on published laser ablation ICP–MS data. Molybdenite from porphyry deposits is separated from that from quartz veins, greisen Sn–W, granite vein Mo, and granodiorite Mo deposits. The former is characterized by relatively high Re, Cu, Ag, Se, Pb, Bi, and Te contents, whereas the latter has higher Ni, Co, Sn, Sb and W contents. Molybdenite from the quartz vein Au ± W deposits (Au-dominated), and porphyry Cu–Au–Mo (moderate Au) are separated from other deposits without gold due to positive correlations with Au, Sb, Te, Pb, and Bi for the former. Assemblages of Au–Sb–Te–Pb–Bi in molybdenite are thus useful to discriminate as to whether deposits contain gold and the degree of gold mineralization. Higher oxygen fugacity is responsible for the relative enrichment of W in molybdenite from greisen Sn–W deposits, whereas lower oxygen fugacity results in the relative enrichment of Re in molybdenite from porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au and Mo ± Cu ± Au deposits. There are some limitations to using molybdenite as an indicator mineral because of the complex occurrences of elements in molybdenite, large compositional variations within a specific deposit type, and an imbalanced dataset. To develop molybdenite as an indicator mineral tool, further work should be carried out to overcome these limitations. This study provides an attempt to classify deposit types using molybdenite trace elements and has important implications for ore genesis research and mineral exploration.

Multivariate statistical analysis of trace elements in apatite: Discrimination of apatite with different origins

Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to construct the link between trace element contents of magmatic or hydrothermal apatite and deposit and rock types. Apatite with different origins is discriminated by characteristic chemical composition. In average, ore magmatic apatite has higher light REE and Th, and lower Sr than barren rock apatite, independent of deposit types. Hydrothermal apatite has lower La, Ce, Pr, and Nd contents than magmatic apatite, probably because fluids prefer migrating light rare earth element out of apatite. Hydrothermal apatite from iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) and iron oxide apatite (IOA) deposits is discriminated by high Mn and Sr relative to magmatic apatite, probably because these elements are fluid mobile. Barren magmatic apatite from granitoid-related deposits is well separated from ore magmatic apatite by higher Sr, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, and lower Mn contents, which are likely related to the relatively low degree of differentiation and high aluminum saturation index of parental magma.Magmatic apatite from IOA deposits is discriminated by relatively high Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, and low Mn and U contents, which are possibly related to the crystallization of Mn-compatible magnetite microlites and peraluminous magmas. Magmatic apatite from granitoid-related W deposits is relatively rich in Y, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu. The relative enrichment of Sr in magmatic apatite from granitoid-related Cu-Pb-Zn and Pb-Zn deposits is likely due to less fractionation of Sr-compatible plagioclase. Melt of sediment component accounts for high Mn and Th in magmatic apatite from granitoid-related Mo deposits. Magmatic apatite from porphyry deposits is discriminated by relatively high V, Sr, and Eu contents. Magmatic apatite from porphyry Mo deposits has relatively high Pr, Nd, and Sm and low Sr contents compared to other types of porphyry deposits due to the more evolved magma. Hydrothermal apatite from IOA deposits is discriminated by high V and Sr, whereas those from IOCG deposits have high Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, and U contents, because the lower temperature of IOCG cause precipitation of REE in Cl-rich fluid. Relatively low Gd and Tb in hydrothermal apatite from skarn deposits are possibly due to the crystallization of amphibole.Apatite in carbonatite has high contents of trace elements possibly because high contents of Ca and P in melts cause high apatite-melt partition coefficients of trace elements. Apatite from sedimentary and metamorphic rocks is discriminated by relative enrichment of Sr and Eu. Compared to igneous rocks, apatite from sedimentary rocks has low REE contents, reflecting low REE budget in surface waters. Breakdown of some minerals to release and remobilize REE and U during metamorphism can interpret high heavy REE and U contents in apatite from high-grade metamorphic rocks relative to those from low- and medium-grade metamorphic rocks. The ability to discriminate apatite from different types of deposits and rocks indicates the application potential of apatite chemistry in mineral exploration. A flowchart was proposed to identify apatite with unknown origins.

Analysis of Mineral Pigments from the Gnishikadzor Area, Southeastern Armenia

The territory of the Republic of Armenia is very rich with ores and different types of deposits, including resources of natural mineral pigments. They differ by large variation of colours and are represented by painted ores, clays, and earths, among which the most significant is the group of paints with yellow, red and brown shades (ochre). Vayots Dzor Province in South-Eastern Armenia is among the rich areas where painted earths are widely spread. Presence of red and brown ochre are very well visible in the south-western part of the province, in the gorge of the Gnishik River, which is also known as the Noravank Gorge, due to the monastic complex of Noravank located here. Red colour rocks in the area of the Noravank Gorge (Gnishikazdor) represented by the sedimentary strata of the Upper Devonian and are determined by the Famennian Stage (375-359 million years). The samples analysed were taken from the foothills of the Noravank Monastery and analysed by different techniques: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS); FT-IR spectroscopy; XRD diffraction analysis, which allow to indicate the presence of different elements trough contrast variations (atomic number contrast), to determine spectral ranges where absorption peaks were detected, as well as to perform phase identifications. The results show that the concretion is a hard, compact mass of matter formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in sedimentary rock or soil. It is composed of a carbonate mineral such as calcite; an amorphous or microcrystalline form of silica such as chert, flint, jasper or an iron oxide or hydroxide such as goethite and hematite. Implementation of such kind of study is valuable for the future comparison of similar finds from the nearby prehistoric archaeological contexts, where inhabitants exploited red ochre as a pig.

Application of Machine Learning Algorithms to Classification of Pb–Zn Deposit Types Using LA–ICP–MS Data of Sphalerite

Pb–Zn deposits supply a significant proportion of critical metals, such as In, Ga, Ge, and Co. Due to the growing demand for critical metals, it is urgent to clarify the different types of Pb–Zn deposits to improve exploration. The trace element concentrations of sphalerite can be used to classify the types of Pb–Zn deposits. However, it is difficult to assess the multivariable system through simple data analysis directly. Here, we collected more than 2200 analyses with 14 elements (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Ge, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, and Bi) from 65 deposits, including 48 analyses from carbonate replacement (CR), 684 analyses from distal magmatic-hydrothermal (DMH), 197 analyses from epithermal, 456 analyses from Mississippi Valley-type (MVT), 199 analyses from sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX), 377 analyses from skarn, and 322 analyses from volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) types of Pb–Zn deposits. The critical metals in different types of deposits are summarized. Machine learning algorithms, namely, decision tree (DT), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), naive Bayes (NB), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM), are applied to process and explore the classification. Learning curves show that the DT and RF classifiers are the most suitable for classification. Testing of the DT and RF classifier yielded accuracies of 91.2% and 95.4%, respectively. In the DT classifier, the feature importances of trace elements suggest that Ni (0.22), Mn (0.17), Cd (0.13), Co (0.11), and Fe (0.09) are significant for classification. Furthermore, the visual DT graph shows that the Mn contents of sphalerite allow the division of the seven classes into three groups: (1) depleted in Mn, including MVT and CR types; (2) enriched in Mn, including epithermal, skarn, SEDEX, and VMS deposits; and (3) DMH deposits, which have variable Mn contents. Data mining also reveals that VMS and skarn deposits have distinct Co and Ni contents and that SEDEX and DMH deposits have different Ni and Ge contents. The optimal DT and RF classifiers are deployed at Streamlit cloud workspace. Researchers can select DT or RF classifier and input trace element data of sphalerite to classify the Pb–Zn deposit type.

Deposit mobilization of commercial banks: A Comparative Study with AXIS Ltd and CUB Ltd in India

The present study is deposit mobilization of commercial banks a comparative study with AXIS LTD and CUB LTD. Deposit mobilization is an important part of banking activity. Mobilization of savings through various deposit schemes has been regarded as the major task of banking in India today. Acceptance of deposits is the major function of commercial banks. As such, deposit mobilization is one of the basic innovations in current Indian banking activity. In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the trend and growth in deposit mobilization of AXIS LTD and CUB LTD during the period from 2011-2012 to 2020-2021. Three different types of deposits, namely demand deposit, savings deposit and term deposit is considered for the study. The total amount of deposits mobilized during the years from 2011-2012 to 2020-2021 in all AXIS LTD and CUB LTD in India is gathered from official website of concern bank. The collected time series data are subjected descriptive statistics. Mean, Standard deviation, co-efficient of variance and The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) are calculated for analyzing these data. Finally found that, there has been a remarkable growth in mobilization of all kinds of deposits in AXIS LTD and CUB LTD in India on the whole.

Past vegetation reconstruction maps and paleoclimatic variability inferred by pollen records in southern Patagonia Argentina since the Late Glacial-Holocene transition

Palaeoecological reconstructions document past vegetation distribution with estimates of the communities boundaries shifts. This work presents a compilation of palaeoecological studies from southern Patagonia Argentina as a contribution to a better understanding of the composition and distribution of Andean and extra-Andean plant communities. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions are based on pollen sequences from different types of deposits located in the forest, forest-steppe ecotone and steppes between 46° and 51°S. The comprehension of modern pollen and its relation with the actual vegetation is a critical component of palaeoecological research. Models of the current relationship pollen-vegetation-climate were applied to interpret these sequences. Their integration made it possible to reconstruct the spatio-temporal patterns of vegetation and past climatic changes since the Late Glacial-Holocene transition. Four areas were selected to map past vegetation communities; three lake basins: Pueyrredón, San Martín and Argentino, and the Deseado Massif. The local conditions given by the geomorphology of each site were also taken into account. The vegetation reconstruction during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition came from records located in the Deseado Massif only, and indicated steppes, without modern analogues, linked to arid and cold conditions. During the Holocene, plant communities were sensitive to moisture conditions related to westerly winds or Atlantic-derived precipitation events. Taxa related to the anthropogenic impact of the past centuries were found at all sites, both in Andean and extra-Andean Patagonia.

НОВЫЙ ВЗГЛЯД НА СТРАТИГРАФИЮ СЕЛЕМДЖИНСКОГО И ТОКУРСКОГО ТЕРРЕЙНОВ МОНГОЛО-ОХОТСКОГО ПОЯСА: РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ U-Pb, Lu-Hf, Sm-Nd ИЗОТОПНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ

Results of U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic studies on detrital zircons from metasedimentary rocks in the eastern part of the Selemdzha and Tokur terranes of the Mongol-Okhotsk belt and Sm-Nd isotopic data for whole-rocks are in complete contradiction with existing ideas about the stratigraphy of the region under consideration and indicate the need to revise the traditional principles of mapping within the belt. Two types of deposits have been established, differing in Sm-Nd isotopic characteristics of whole-rocks and Lu-Hf isotopic composition of detrital zircons. Deposits of different types are involved in the formation of the two opposing accretion systems: in front of the Siberian Craton margin (type I) and the Amur superterrane (type II). Among type I deposits, discrete groups are distinguished that differ in the lower age limit: 553–498 Ma, Late Ediacaran-Cambrian; ~373 Ma, Upper Devonian; 333–327 Ma, Upper Mississippian; ~304 Ma, Pennsylvanian. The deposits of tectonic-stratigraphic units show a general pattern of younging from north to south. Thus, we observe a structure typical of accretionary wedge-shaped terranes with a rear part in the north and a frontal part in the south. Tectonic-stratigraphic units formed by type I deposits and previously considered part of the Selemdzha and Tokur terranes, apparently, are components of the Galam terrane of the accretionary wedge.

공탁물 회수청구권 및 공탁물 출급청구권을 둘러싼 법률관계에 관한 소고

Once deposit is made to the deposit office, according to the Article 9 of the Korean Deposit Act, the creditor has the right to receive the deposit and the depositor has the right to recover the deposit. While these are two separate and independent rights over a same deposit, they are also interrelated as exercise of one right extinguishes the other. The legal relationship surrounding the deposit is complex and it also varies per different types of deposit. This article analyzes the legal relationships regarding security deposit and payment deposit by reviewing two recent Korean Supreme Court Cases, namely 2019Da256471 Judgement and 2018Ma5697 Decision, respectively. [2019Da256471 Judgment] With respect to security deposit, as Article 123 of the Korean Civil Procedure Act prescribes that “The creditor has the same right as a pledgee over the deposit.”, there has been a debate over the legal status of the creditor on whether it is a statutory pledge or a preferential reimbursement right. In this case, Supreme Court appears to have taken the view of the latter for two reasons. First, it has recognized the validity of the attachment by the creditor’s creditor on the creditor’s right to receive deposit. Second, it has implied direct receipt of the deposit as a principle method of exercising the creditor’s right. [2018Ma5697 Decision] As regards to payment deposit, the depositor may recover the deposit pursuant to Article 489 of the Korean Civil Act, in which case the deposit is deemed not to have been made and the effect of extinguishing the obligation disappears retroactively. In this case, the Supreme Court has ruled that when a defective payment deposit has been made, the creditor who has a separate right against the depositor may obtain attachment and collection order on the depositor’s right to recover the deposit as a compulsory execution fulling his/her separate right. Considering that such practice is allowed even when the payment deposit is proper, and that unlike German Civil Code there is no prohibition under Korean law, creditor’s right as such cannot be limited.

Characteristics of Trace Elements in Molybdenite and Its Application in Mineral Deposits

Previous studies on molybdenite are mainly focused on Re-Os dating for a deposit, by contrast there have relatively little on trace elements in molybdenite. On the basis of statistical summarizing the previous research results, this paper discusses the variation of trace elements of molybdenite in various deposits and the combination of the different trace elements in molybdenite of different deposits, which is expected to expand its application in mineral deposit science. The results show that Re and W contents in molybdenite have the potential to be used as tracer to trace its sources. Molybdenite in different types of deposits has different trace elements composition and content, which mainly depends on the ore-forming fluids. Trace elements exist in various states in molybdenite, including isomorphic substitution, inclusion, adsorption and so on. Elements such as Re, W, Se, Te and Nb can enter the molybdenite lattice by replacing Mo or S, while Pb, Zr, Fe and REE those elements mainly appear as mineral inclusions. Most trace elements (for Fe, Cu, Te, etc.) are positively correlated, which may indicate that their sources are in similiar among each other. A few trace elements were negatively correlated with each other, which may reflect the different in their sources.

The age and petrogenesis of reduced to weakly oxidized porphyry intrusions at the Marmato gold deposit, Colombia

The Marmato gold deposit is a hybrid between a porphyry gold and a reduced intrusion-hosted gold deposit with epithermal features at shallow levels. It is adjacent to the contemporaneous Aguas Claras porphyry gold deposit. They are located in one of the premier gold-copper belts of Colombia, the Middle Cauca Belt (MCB), and associated with a Late Miocene magmatic arc. The Marmato Porphyry Group (MPG), defined as the Marmato and Aguas Claras Porphyry intrusions, was dated at 6.58 ± 0.07 Ma to 5.74 ± 0.14 Ma by U-Pb LA-ICP-MS in zircon. The MPG is composed of andesitic-dacitic porphyry intrusions which belong to the I-type granite series and the reduced or weakly oxidized ilmenite-series suites, with a calc-alkaline to high K calc-alkaline signature. 87Sr/86Sr ratios between 0.70435 and 0.70513 and 143Nd/144Nd values of 0.512688 to 0.512898 from the MPG suggest partial melting of the mantle wedge as source of the magma. An additional contribution by partial melting involving garnet in the deep crust is suggested by a (Dy/Yb)N ratio of 1 to 1.5 and flat REE diagrams. Crystal fractionation during magma ascent is indicated by high Sr/Y >55 ratios with suppression of plagioclase on the liquidus until the appearance of amphibole shown by EuN/Eu*<1. The presence of ilmenite indicates relatively reduced or weakly oxidized conditions for the magma, probably generated by contamination with carbon-bearing crust in graphitic schists of the Arquía Complex. In addition, high manganese values in the intrusions (~1010 ppm) and in ilmenite (6.2–14.7 wt% Mn) suggest contamination by mafic to ultramafic rocks during magma ascent. The relatively reduced or weakly oxidized conditions created by the degree of interaction of the ascending magma with the crust produced variations in the amount of Mn-ilmenite and magnetite in the MPG porphyries. These conditions influenced the fugacity of the resulting rocks and magmatic-hydrothermal fluids involved in the genesis of different types of deposit in the adjacent Marmato and Aguas Claras gold deposits. This supports a model of interaction in the upper crust rather than a fundamental difference in the initial magma. Compositional similarities of the MPG with intrusions related to other gold deposits in the MCB reflect similar process for the generation of productive intrusions in the Late Miocene. This study highlights the important of the MPG as an example of the features of magmas capable of producing Au deposits in the MCB during the Late Miocene, such as high H2O content, high Sr/Y ratio, I-type granite series and reduced or weakly oxidized ilmenite-series granitoid suite. These features result in variable magnetic susceptibilities, which are important criteria for the interpretation of magnetic surveys for gold exploration in the Middle Cauca Belt.

Trace Elements in Sphalerite from the Dadongla Zn‐Pb Deposit, Western Hunan–Eastern Guizhou Zn‐Pb Metallogenic Belt, South China

AbstractThe western Hunan–eastern Guizhou Zn‐Pb metallogenic belt is one of the important Zn‐Pb mineralization regions in China. The Dadongla deposit, located in the northeast of Guizhou Province, is one of the typical Zn‐Pb deposits in the region and has estimated resources more than 12 million metric tons (Mt) with an average grade of 4.11 wt% Zn+Pb. Its orebodies are hosted in the lower Cambrian Aoxi Formation dolomite, occurring as bedded, para‐bedded in shape, and in conformity with the wall rock. The ore mineral assemblage is simple, dominated by sphalerite with minor pyrite and galena, and the gangue minerals are composed of dolomite, calcite with minor bitumen and barite. In view of the lack of geological and geochemical researches, the genesis of Zn‐Pb ore is still unclear. Laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICPMS) spot and mapping analyses were used to obtain sphalerite trace element chemistry in the Dadongla Zn‐Pb deposit in Guizhou, China, aiming to constrain its ore genesis. The results show that sphalerite is characterized by the enrichment of Cd, Fe, Ge and Hg, corresponding with that of typical MVT deposits. Four zones were identified in the sphalerite crystal from Dadongla from the center to margin according to the color bands, in which the zone in the center, representing the early ore‐stage sphalerite, is characterized by enrichment of Cd relatively, while the zone forming at late ore‐stage is enriched in Ge and Hg relatively. The finding was controlled by differential leached metals content in ore‐forming fluid from its source rock. Notably, critical element Ge trends to be enriched at the late ore‐stage and follows a substitution of 2Zn2+↔ Ge4++□ (vacancy). Moreover, the calculated ore‐forming temperature ranges from 79.9°C to 177.6°C by the empirical formula, which is similar to that of typical Mississippi Valley‐type (MVT) deposits. Compared with the features of trace elements in sphalerite from different types of deposits, together with the geology, the Dadongla deposit belongs to an MVT Zn‐Pb deposit.

Role of Electrolytes in the Stability and Safety of Lithium Titanate-Based Batteries

Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) has emerged as an alternative anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries with the promises of long cycle life, superior safety, better low-temperature performance, and higher power density compared to their graphite-based counterparts. LTO, being a “zero-strain” material, shows almost no volume change (<1%) during lithium insertion/extraction and hence offers excellent cycling stability (over 20,000 cycles). LTO anodes were initially popular with the belief that these anodes’ electrolyte-interfaces were free of any solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers. However, that was found to be not accurate. Rather recent studies have reported different types of deposits and layer formations on the surface of LTOs, and therefore this unexplored area got serious attention from the past few years and emerged as an important future research direction. However, these anodes, being very active catalysts, suffer from severe unwanted reactions with electrolytes, and problems like gas evolution and associated swelling of the battery pack happen. On the other hand, electrolytes were found to be one of the primary sources of these problems, as they are also reactive with both anode and cathodes, and this creates a severe stability and safety concern. The presence of moisture within the system, decomposition of the electrolyte solvents and solutes, high catalytic activities of the anode, are among the possible reasons behind the instability of an LTO based battery. Developing an appropriate chemical composition of the electrolyte, and/or modification of the electrode/electrolyte interface can provide prevention from these issues.