Different Types Of Composite Materials Research Articles

Textile Types, Number of Layers and Wrapping Types Effect on Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Textile-Reinforced Mortar versus Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer

In the scope of this study, the strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with different types of composite materials was investigated experimentally and analytically. For the experimental part of the study, a total of seventeen reinforced concrete beams, one with high shear strength and sixteen with low shear strength, were fabricated. The beam with high shear strength and one of the beams with low shear strength were chosen as reference beams. The remaining fifteen beam specimens were strengthened with textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). While light and heavy carbon mesh were used for strengthening with TRM, unidirectional carbon textile was used for strengthening with CFRP. Other experimental parameters were the spacing of strips, the number of layers (one or two) and the way of wrapping (strip or full). Simply supported beam specimens were tested under three-point loading. Beam specimens were compared in terms of failure mode, ultimate load capacity, ductility index and energy dissipation capacity.

Catalytic calcite-based bio-composite material synthesis for decolourization of methyl red by Burkholderia sp. ISTR5

Contamination in the water by textile dyes considers a serious threat to all living forms. Harmful colours can be eliminated and decomposed by bacteria in wastewater. The objective of current research is to produce efficient bio composite material for removal of methyl red dye. The six different types of composite materials were utilised for the batch study. The optimum decolourization efficiency was maximum by using Calcite + DigSBiochar + Burkholderia sp. ISTR5 with 95 % at pH 8 and temperature 30 °C. The column reactor studies results indicated that Calcite + DigSBiochar + Burkholderia sp. ISTR5 can be used as an effective and successful decolourization and remediation materials for industrial pollutants wastewater including methyl red. Techniques like spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM and EDX were used for characterization.

Advanced Composite Materials for Structure Strengthening and Resilience Improvement

Advanced composite materials have excellent performance and broad engineering application prospects, and have received widespread attention in recent years. Advanced composite materials can mainly be divided into fiber-reinforced composite materials, laminated composite materials, matrix composite materials, and other composite materials. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the types and characteristics of advanced composite materials, and provides a comprehensive evaluation of the latest research on structural strengthening and resilience improvement in advanced composite materials from the perspectives of new methods, modeling optimization, and practical applications. In the field of fiber-reinforced composite materials, the hybrid technology of carbon fiber and glass fiber can achieve dual advantages in combining the two materials. The maximum increase in mechanical properties of multilayer sandwich RH plate by hybrid technology is 435.4% (tensile strength), 149.2% (flexural strength), and 110.7~114.2% (shear strength), respectively. In the field of laminated composite materials, different mechanical properties of laminated composite materials can be obtained by changing the deposition sequence. In the field of matrix composites, nano copper oxide particles prepared by nanotechnology can increase the hardness and tensile strength of the metal matrix material by 77% and 78%, respectively. In the field of other composite materials, viscoelastic materials and magnetorheological variants have received widespread attention. The development of composite materials benefits from the promotion of new methods and technologies, but there are still problems such as complex preparation, high cost, and unstable performance. Considering the characteristics, application requirements, cost, complexity, and performance of different types of composite materials, further improvements and innovations are needed in modeling and optimization to better meet practical engineering needs, such as the application of advanced composite materials in civil engineering, ships, automobiles, batteries, and other fields.

Study on the physiochemical behavior of PE and epoxy composites immersed in an NaOH solution for a long period

A seawater electrolyzer solution has high alkalinity owing to the presence of scale-like hydroxide compounds, Ca(OH)2, and Mg(OH)2 generated from a dimensionally stable anode during electrolysis. This study proposes four different types of composite materials to replace the existing ballast piping materials that are vulnerable to high alkalinity. To this end, composite specimens were prepared and immersed in an NaOH solution for 720 h. Furthermore, their suitability as ballast pipe materials was confirmed through a physical property analysis of the immersed specimens. The results show that all four types of composite specimens deteriorated, but they had different interfacial bonding mechanisms. For specimens with low interfacial bond strength between fibers and resins, the deterioration initiated and propagated from the surface and the internal penetration of the NaOH solution occurred rapidly, resulting in the rapid deterioration of their physical properties. The mechanisms of good and bad interfacial bonding between fibers and resins were determined based on the interfacial bonding force. Thus, this study will help understand the deterioration mechanisms of composite materials immersed in chemical solutions such as NaOH or acid in the future.

Characterisation of Composite Materials for Wind Turbines Using Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Sensing

Wind turbine blades (WTBs) are critical sub-systems consisting of composite multi-layer material structures. WTB inspection is a complex and labour intensive process, and failure of it can lead to substantial energy and economic losses to asset owners. In this paper, we proposed a novel non-destructive evaluation method for blade composite materials, which employs Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar, robotics and machine learning (ML) analytics. We show that using FMCW raster scan data, our ML algorithms (SVM, BP, Decision Tree and Naïve Bayes) can distinguish different types of composite materials with accuracy of over 97.5%. The best performance is achieved by SVM algorithms, with 94.3% accuracy. Furthermore, the proposed method can also achieve solid results for detecting surface defect: interlaminar porosity with 80% accuracy overall. In particular, the SVM classifier shows highest accuracy of 92.5% to 98.9%. We also show the ability to detect air voids of 1mm differences within the composite material WT structure with 94.1% accuracy performance using SVM, and 84.5% using Naïve Bayes. Lastly, we create a digital twin of the physical composite sample to support the integration and qualitative analysis of the FMCW data with respect to composite sample characteristics. The proposed method explores a new sensing modality for non-contact surface and subsurface for composite materials, and offer insights for developing alternative, more cost-effective inspection and maintenance regimes.

The Effect of Composite Material on Rayleigh Wave at Free Surface of Composite Matrix Saturated by Fluids

The present study signifies the effect of distinct solids on the phase speed and attenuation of Rayleigh surface wave propagating on the boundary of composite porous matrix saturated with fluids. Secular equation depicting propagation of Rayleigh wave is obtained and solved numerically for obtaining phase speed and attenuation coefficient. Two different types of composite materials are considered for numerical study to analyze the effect of solids present in the structure. The study depicts that increase in rigidity of the composite increases the phase speed of the Rayleigh surface wave. Significant effect of the density and bulk modulus of fluid mixture present in the pores is also observed on the phase speed of the wave. The effect of porosity on the phase speed of the Rayleigh wave and the particle motion during the propagation of the wave is also analyzed.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ДОЦІЛЬНОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СКЛОПЛАСТИКОВИХ ТА БАЗАЛЬТОПЛАСТИКОВИХ СТЕРЖНІВ ДЛЯ АРМУВАННЯ ВИРОБІВ З КАМЕНЮ

Purpose. The purpose of this work is to study the feasibility of using different types of composite materials for natural stone products reinforcement by comparing their strength characteristics. Methodology. Recommendations for the preparation of samples for strength research have been implemented and described. Recommendations for the preparation, adjustment and commissioning of fixed assets and materials used in the study are given. The constituent elements of the experiment aimed at determining the strength characteristics of the samples are developed and described. Based on the results of the obtained data, the values of the basic strength parameters during the destruction of the samples under the action of bending loads have been calculated. Results. The study of the technology of stone products reinforcement allows solving a number of problems related to improving the quality and competitiveness of stone manufacturing. A holistic and scientifically sound study of reinforcement technology allows an array of empirical data and developing the optimal order of its use. Scientific novelty. Systematization and review of existing methods of natural stone products reinforcement are performed and methods of their optimization with the help of modern composite materials are offered. The expediency of using fiberglass and basalt-plastic composite materials for the purpose of reinforcing stone products has been empirically investigated. The expediency of using fiberglass and basalt-plastic composite materials for natural stone products reinforcement by comparing the obtained values of strength characteristics has been substantiated. Practical significance. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the possibility of their application in order to simplify, modernize and improve the technology of stone products reinforcement for its widespread introduction as one of the basic technologies in the conditions of stone processing enterprises. However, the research results confirm the fact of the expediency of using composite reinforcement (especially basalt-plastic) to improve the strength properties of stone products.

Development of a constitutive model for fibre reinforced cemented Toyoura sand

In this study, the modified Severn-Trent constitutive model is used to simulate the mechanical behaviour of unreinforced, cemented, fibre, and fibre reinforced cemented Toyoura sand consolidated under drained and undrained triaxial compression and extension loading conditions. The model parameters are derived based on the experimental results in the current study, parametric study, trial and error, and by comparison with previous research studies. The comparisons covered ranges of material from 0–3% fibre, 0–3% cement, and 20–60% relative densities. The experimental results and model simulations were compared in terms of deviatoric stress versus axial strain, volumetric strain versus axial strain, and stress path behaviour. Two additional parameters () obtained from the laboratory tests are added to the standard Severn-Trent model to simulate the stress–strain behaviour of cement and fibre reinforced Toyoura sand. Calibration exercises based on studies in the literature and comparisons with the experimental studies herein are conducted with the modified version of the Severn-Trent model. A close agreement of model simulations with the experimental results is observed for many of the tests performed on pure Toyoura sand, cemented, fibre, and fibre reinforced cemented Toyoura sand. The modified model successfully captured the main features of the behaviour (e.g., increase in strength and stiffness with cement additive, increase in volumetric dilatancy due to fibre and cement additives, and general stress path behaviour for drained and undrained conditions) for different types of composite materials with reasonable accuracy. Hence, the current study might serve and should be considered as a step towards modelling of the behaviour of composite materials.

Tribological Behavior of Steel Reinforced Glass/Epoxy Hybrid Composites

In this paper, the specific wear rate (SWR) and the coefficient of friction (CoF) of steel embedded glass/epoxy hybrid composites were examined and compared. Experiments were carried on the pin-on-disc machine on different types of composite materials like plain composite (steel volume 0%) and hybrid composites (steel volume 5% and 10%) pressed against a rotating steel disc (EN 31). Composites were fabricated using the hand-lay-up method. The volume percentage of steel pin/pipe varied from 0 to 10% and glass fiber from 50 to 60%, while the percentage of epoxy was kept 40% stable. The experiments were carried out on a group of samples for duration 20 minutes for different loads of 70N, 80N, 90N, 100N, and 110N with a varying sliding distance of 1000 m, 1250 m, 1500 m, 1750 m, and 2000 m. The results show that the SWR and CoF vary with different load and sliding distance. In general, CoF rises for some time of rubbing, and then it remains constant for the rest of the testing time. The results obtained show that the SWR and CoF increase with increasing sliding distance and load for all the composites. However, SWR and CoF decrease as an increase in the volume percentage of steel. An SWR of hybrid composite is observed to be reduced by 28.02% and 45.98% with an increasing percentage of steel by 5% and 10% respectively. CoF of hybrid composite is observed to be reduced by 14.11% and 24.02% with an increasing percentage of steel by 5% and 10% respectively. At last, the worn surfaces of the hybrid composites were studied through a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Shallow and fine grooves appeared on the worn surfaces of hybrid composites at low loads and cracks were found in large quantities at high load which increased weight loss.

Nanometric SiC influence on tribological properties of phenolic composite materials

This paper presents an experimental study of the influence of nano metric silicon carbide in the composition of phenolic composites on the coefficient of friction. The paper is divided into three distinct parts investigating from a tribological point of view three different types of composite materials based on phenolic resin with three concentrations of nSiC (0.5; 1 and 2% by mass). In the first part, a comparative study of the behavior of phenolic resin was performed, representing the basis for the development of composite materials. In the second part, a study was performed on laminated materials reinforced with two-dimensional fabrics (glass fiber and carbon fiber, respectively). The last part studied two types of ablative phenolic materials based on micronic cork, on one hand, and on carbon felt on the other hand.

Design and Simulation of Vibration Isolator by Hexahedron Finite Element

Composite material and Vibration are the main research areas in which today’s industries are growing. Vibration Isolator is a material which is used in mechanical industries to reduce vibration of machine by placing them at the bottom of small and heavy machineries under dynamic conditions. In designers and engineering life, composite materials help to increase material efficiency resulting in the reduction of cost and for utilization of resources as best as possible. Generally, composite materials are wide in Automobile sectors, manufacturing industries. In this experiment, study on isolator involves different types of composite materials. The design model was designed using CATIA and analyses have been performed using ANSYS Workbench. Anti-vibration mounts, also known as AV mounts, are key components in reducing noise and vibration in heavy machinery and equipment. AV mounts are a low cost, effective component, with a range of different uses. Machinery used in a variety of industries ranging from agriculture to the defence sector can be subject to excessive noise and vibrations which affects the longevity, efficiency and safety of the equipment used. Anti-vibration mounts possess effective shock absorption properties and act as a vibration dampener to reduce noise and improve the lifespan of machine applications.

Knowledge Attitude and Awareness of Different Types of Composite Materials and Its Applications Among Dental Students

Knowledge Attitude and Awareness of Different Types of Composite Materials and Its Applications Among Dental Students

Surface pre-treatment of aluminum alloys for the deposition of composite materials

Experiments reported in this paper issue on the behavior of two types of aluminum alloys (A2014 and A7075) before and after surface treatments. Each sample of alloys was cleaned and degreased in acetone by ultrasound, and the chemical roughening process involves two steps: etching in NaOH solution and desmutting in HNO3 solution, followed by washing with deionized water to remove the secondary reaction products.The microstructural characterization and morphological analysis of the alloys surface before and after treatment processes were investigated by OM, FE-SEM, EDX and FTIR. Also, the effect of solutions on surface roughness of aluminum alloys was determined by variation of weight and thickness according to the applied process, and the hydrophilic or hydrophobic character was measured by determining the contact angle. The obtained results highlight the need for the alloy surface processing steps in order to ensure adhesion and good compatibility with different types of composite materials.

Post-decontamination treatment of MXene after adsorbing Cs from contaminated water with the enhanced thermal stability to form a stable radioactive waste matrix

Safe and stable immobilization of spent adsorbents is a crucial step in nuclear and radioactive waste management. This study provides the first example of the green immobilization of simulated radioactive cesium-adsorbing MXene (Ti3C2Tx) by using hydroxyapatite (HAp) ceramic as a host matrix. The MXene-HAp (MX-HAp) composite exhibited a significantly enhanced thermal stability than that of the pure Cs-adsorbing MXene. The immobilization process was carried out by cold sintering at a low temperature (200 °C), which prevented the possible oxidation and chemical degradation of the spent adsorbent. The developed composite ceramic matrix was highly dense (3 ± 0.01 g·cm−3), mechanically strong (microhardness 2.2 ± 0.2 GPa), and chemically stable. The normalized leaching rate of simulated radioactive cesium was calculated to be 2.02 (±0.09) × 10−4 g·m−2·d−1. Thus, the thermal stability of MXene was enhanced using the HAp dried ceramic powder and non-volatile immobilization of the dried MX-HAp composite was achieved by cold sintering. The reported immobilization process showed no adverse effects on the stoichiometry of the composite matrix materials and no volatilization loss of the adsorbed simulated radionuclide was observed. This study is set to take the green immobilization process for spent adsorbents to the next level by combining MXenes and HAp to develop different types of composite materials.

Experimental study of parameters influencing the damping of particulate, fibre-reinforced, hybrid, and sandwich composites

Abstract In this study, we focus on the experimental determination of damping expressed by logarithmic decrement, damping ratio, and loss factor of particulate, continuous- and discontinuous- fibre reinforced, hybrid, and sandwich composites using the free vibration decay effect evaluated using the logarithmic decrement and half-power bandwidth methods. Composite materials with damping properties of magnitude several orders higher than that of traditional engineering materials are well known. However, in one study, we present different types of composite materials with different damping properties depending on various parameters such as ply angle, volume fraction, material configuration, reinforcement geometry, temperature, etc., which provide varied options to design the material arrangement of dynamically loaded components to maximize damping. Moreover, in this study, we determine typical time and frequency domain curves for individual types of analysed composites.

Experimental study of parameters influencing the damping of particulate, fibre-reinforced, hybrid, and sandwich composites

Abstract In this study, we focus on the experimental determination of damping expressed by logarithmic decrement, damping ratio, and loss factor of particulate, continuous- and discontinuous- fibre reinforced, hybrid, and sandwich composites using the free vibration decay effect evaluated using the logarithmic decrement and half-power bandwidth methods. Composite materials with damping properties of magnitude several orders higher than that of traditional engineering materials are well known. However, in one study, we present different types of composite materials with different damping properties depending on various parameters such as ply angle, volume fraction, material configuration, reinforcement geometry, temperature, etc., which provide varied options to design the material arrangement of dynamically loaded components to maximize damping. Moreover, in this study, we determine typical time and frequency domain curves for individual types of analysed composites.

Light Modulation in Magnetic Polymer Composite Nanofibrous Membranes by Applying a Variable Magnetic Field

Polymeric composites have attracted interest from researchers due to their physical properties that can be modified by adding different kinds of filler. Among the different types of composite materials, the magnetic polymeric composite nanofibers have shown interesting properties attributable to their size and morphology where the magneto-optical and magnetostrictive effects can be exploited to design sensors and actuators. This article focuses on the fabrication and characterization of two kinds of magnetic electrospun membranes and their application as light modulators by the effect of the magnetic field. The first membrane is based on the polylactic acid (PLA) mixed with cobalt ferrite (CoFe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> ), and the second membrane is based on the PLA with magnetite particles (PLA-Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> ) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); in this membrane, the PVDF was added to improve the brittleness of PLA. The morphological analysis of the PLA/CoFe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> and PLA-Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> /PVDF samples was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The light modulation effect of the magnetic membranes was tested by applying a variable magnetic field and measuring the radiant flux (irradiance) of a laser light through the membrane. In addition, PLA/CoFe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> and PLA-Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> /PVDF films were fabricated and tested to understand the mechanisms involved in the light modulation of the proposed membranes. The results indicate that the applied magnetic field changed the optical properties and the porous structure of the membranes, resulting in the change in the transmission of the light through the membranes.

Formulation of the fatigue fracture criterion of composite materials

According to numerous studies of different types of composite materials was found that the main processes of fatigue fracture in these materials are caused by the accumulation of damage. The measure of damage is determined by various degradation processes of the material: the fibers fracture, delamination, destruction of the matrix, the joint destruction of the matrix and fibers, separation on the interface, re-inclusion. The sequence of these damages can be various up to full fracture of a material. Unlike metals, for which the formation and development of cracks are the main mechanisms that determine the durability of the material, for composite materials, these mechanisms are determined by the kinetics of the development of the damaged state until the final fracture. The cumulative damage accumulation curve is an increasing function of the time (number of loading cycles) until the moment of macro-fracture. In the general formulation of the kinetic equation for the damage parameter was considered in the works of Howard and Bokshitsky. According to these works, the damage of the system, in accordance with the conception of statistical physics, proceeds at a rate that depends on some external factors (mechanical, physical, chemical, etc.), as well as the value of the accumulated damage. Since that the real materials have a random structure, therefore, the continuity or damage parameter is a statistical index. This index can defined using a kinetic equation, the right part of which is given in the form of a power dependence on the value of the effective stress. The given conception was used in the works of Kachanov-Rabotnov and on its basis, the criterion of brittle fracture under hightemperature creep was formulated. In this paper, the damage conception is used to describe the damage processes of composite materials and the formulation of the fatigue strength criterion. The relative changes of the elasticity modulus in the process of cyclic loadings is considered as a continuity (damage) parameter. The critical value of damages is accepted as a fracture condition and on this basis the criterion of fatigue strength is formulated. The coefficients of the criterion are concretized and damage accumulation curves and fatigue curves are plotted. A good agreement between the theoretical damage and fatigue curves with the results of the corresponding experiments on the fatigue of carbon fiber plastics is observed.

Fatigue fracture criterion of composite materials

The first investigations on the fatigue strength of composite materials were carried out on cyclic tension of plastics reinforced by fiberglass. Since that time, intensive studies of fatigue strength of composite materials were begin. The experimental data obtained for different types of composite materials shown, that the fatigue fracture processes are governed by the accumulation of defects of different nature. The main mechanisms that determine the durability of composites is the kinetics of the damaged state development until the final fracture. At the same time, according to the experimental results, the damage accumulation curve of the total damage is defined by increased function of the time (number of loading cycles) until to the moment of macro fracture. In this paper, based on these studies and the conception of scattered damage and fracture, fatigue strength criterion is formulated. Fatigue criterion coefficients are concretized and damage accumulation curves are plotted, which depends on the number cycles and stress level. The comparison with experimental results on fatigue of glass-reinforced plastics and carbon fiber reinforced plastics is given.

A Fatigue-Fracture Criterion for Composite Materials

The fatigue strength of composite materials was first investigated under cyclic tension of plastics reinforced by fiberglass. Since that time, intense investigations of the fatigue strength of composite materials have begun. The experimental data obtained for different types of composite materials show that the fatigue-fracture processes are induced by the accumulation of defects of various nature. The main mechanisms for determining the durability of composites are the kinetics of development of the damaged state until final fracture. At the same time, according to the experimental results, the total-damage-accumulation curve is an increased function of time (the number of loading cycles) until the moment of macrofracture. In this study, on the basis of these investigations and the concept of scattered damage and fracture, the fatigue strength criterion is formulated. The fatigue criterion coefficients are specified, and the damage-accumulation curves are plotted in dependence on the number of cycles and the stress level. A comparison with the experimental results on the fatigue of glass-reinforced plastics and carbon-filled plastics is given.