Different Types Of Collaboration Research Articles

The impact of explorative and exploitative collaborations on SMEs innovative performance

ABSTRACT Despite the importance of SMEs for innovation activity, questions remain concerning the determinants of their innovative performance and the role of different types of collaboration and partners. The present paper empirically analyzes the role played by different types of R&D collaborations in the persistence of SME innovative performance. We used a longitudinal database to identify all the Swedish SMEs that launched significant product innovations in the ICT market in the 1990–2019 period, in combination with collected data on the R&D collaborations established by these SMEs. Through several dynamic panel data regression models, we point out how SME innovative performance is significantly affected by R&D collaborations with large firms and universities. Crucially, we show how the impact of these collaborations differs depending on the nature of these relationships. In doing so, the present paper offers insights into the relationships between SMEs and universities, and open innovation strategies.

The Countermeasures of Others: When Can States Collaborate in the Taking of Countermeasures?

AbstractIn the last few years, states have advanced various proposals for cooperation in the use of countermeasures. In this Article, we ask whether, and if so under what conditions, states may lawfully collaborate in the taking of countermeasures against other states. We distinguish five different types of collaboration: (1) independent but coordinated action; (2) secondment; (3) joint action; (4) aid and assistance; and (5) what we term “proxy countermeasures”—the idea of taking a measure at the request and on behalf of another state. We consider the permissibility of each, both where the acting state is itself entitled to resort to countermeasures and where it is not. We also draw attention to certain legal and policy considerations relating to, and to plausible avenues for, the development of international law.

A Survey on UAV-Enabled Edge Computing: Resource Management Perspective

Edge computing facilitates low-latency services at the network’s edge by distributing computation, communication, and storage resources within the geographic proximity of mobile and Internet-of-Things devices. The recent advancement in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies has opened new opportunities for edge computing in military operations, disaster response, or remote areas where traditional terrestrial networks are limited or unavailable. In such environments, UAVs can be deployed as aerial edge servers or relays to facilitate edge computing services. This form of computing is also known as UAV-enabled Edge Computing (UEC), which offers several unique benefits such as mobility, line-of-sight, flexibility, computational capability, and cost-efficiency. However, the resources on UAVs, edge servers, and Internet-of-Things devices are typically very limited in the context of UEC. Efficient resource management is therefore a critical research challenge in UEC. In this article, we present a survey on the existing research in UEC from the resource management perspective. We identify a conceptual architecture, different types of collaborations, wireless communication models, research directions, key techniques, and performance indicators for resource management in UEC. We also present a taxonomy of resource management in UEC. Finally, we identify and discuss some open research challenges that can stimulate future research directions for resource management in UEC.

THE INFLUENCE OF PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS ON CITY GOVERNMENT INNOVATION

AbstractIn this study I examine the role of philanthropic foundations in stimulating city government innovation. Reduced budgets and rising consumer demands are challenging organizational capacity in government, prompting government officials to recognize the need for innovation to improve policies, programmes and practices. This empirical study draws upon qualitative interviews and policy reports to generate comparative case studies on three city governments in England: Bristol, Manchester and Newcastle. It builds on work in urban studies and policy mobilities that reveals how foundations can influence urban agendas, finding that philanthropic foundations engage with city governments through three different types of collaboration: direct provision of financial resources, exchange of non‐financial resources with city governments and indirect engagements. Philanthropic foundations are blending financial resources and less tangible provision of space and time to enable city governments to experiment with new ideas, policies and ways of working. The fusion of non‐governmental resources provides city governments with the capacity to act, and city governments often use non‐governmental funding for riskier projects and for projects that may not have taken place if public funding had been used. Through these different collaborations and by deploying a suite of interventions and methods, philanthropic foundations stimulate product, service, process, conceptual and governance innovation in city governments.

Leveraging collaborations to increase the impact of food sharing platforms

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to explore how collaborations can increase the impact of food sharing platforms, which offer the potential to reduce food waste by facilitating contact between suppliers and consumers. With this comes the need to address the twofold challenge of being digital and having an economic and social-environmental mission. Thus, adopting a system perspective and recognizing stakeholders as part of a value network can maximize the generated impact.Design/methodology/approachA multiple case study analysis has been conducted on 12 food sharing platforms. Data have been collected through semi-structured interviews, triangulated with internal and external documents and content analysed.FindingsThe research outlines the systems of collaboration found in food sharing platforms characterized by two levels of actors (platform players and business players) and five different types of collaboration that can help platforms maximize their impact (boosting the network effect; capturing value; enhancing the business model; extending the type of impact; and scaling up).Originality/valueThe research offers important contributions for the advancement of the field, adding evidence on the opportunities offered by collaborations to generate impact for business and society in the context of the sharing economy and food industry. The research allows to identify the concept of “sustainability-oriented sharing platforms” as a subset of sharing economy platforms characterized by a dual mission and related challenges. From a managerial point of view, the study highlights how designing and implementing collaborations with the stakeholders can increase platforms' impact consistently with the life cycle and short- and long-term perspectives.

Open innovation networks: a driver for knowledge mobilisation in schools?

PurposeIn organisational and innovation research, the term “open innovation” refers to the inflow and outflow of knowledge to and from organisations: with open innovation theory suggesting active exchanges of knowledge with external actors leads to the development of exploitable new ideas. In the field of education, however, the exchange of knowledge with external parties represents a paradigm shift. In response, this article presents findings from research design to explore the nature and composition of school innovation networks, and the effects of such these networks on knowledge mobilisation.Design/methodology/approachThe study draws on data from a representative random sample of 411 German school leaders. Respondents were asked to detail their engagement in open and closed innovation activity and their school's external collaborations during the last 12 months. A latent class distal outcome model was developed to examine whether different types of collaboration associate with different knowledge mobilisation processes.FindingsThe study findings suggest that schools in Germany mainly use internal knowledge for innovation, with external knowledge exchange taking place on a very limited basis. Knowledge mobilisation varies depending on the innovation network. The authors use the findings to indicate new insights for how schools can further innovate learning and teaching in future.Originality/valueAlthough there is increasing discussion on Professional Learning Networks in schools, the discourse on knowledge mobilisation within educational networks is limited, making concept of open innovation so far completely absent from discourses on school improvement. This paper initiates the population of this new research space.

Rights Beyond Words: Mapping Human Rights Scholar-Organization Partnerships

For many human rights scholars, the study of human rights is more than intellectual curiosity; it is the motivation for their work. They try to use their research and expertise to improve human rights conditions and work with policymakers and advocacy groups. This article explores the complexities of partnerships between scholars and human rights organizations and groups (HROGs). Focusing primarily on the experience of social science and humanities scholars with HROGs, we identify a range of collaborations and possible areas of tension in each type of relationship. The immediate goal of the article is to draw attention to the areas of tension in the interest of enabling human rights scholars to develop more fruitful relationships with HROGs. The article also constitutes a critical step toward developing a more formal typology of scholar-organization relationships and formulating concrete hypotheses that can be used to explore variation in human rights outcomes stemming from different types of collaboration, while also identifying best practices.

Biology teachers’ collaborative experiences: benefits and difficulties in different contexts in relation to perceived value

AbstractCollaboration has the potential to strengthen both professional learning and well-being for teachers. However, it can also bring problematic aspects, such as increased workload and conflicts. The purpose of this study was to explore biology teachers’ experiences of collaboration to better understand how upper secondary school organisations can support teachers to obtain valuable collaborations. By analysing accounts of biology teachers’ experiences of collaborations perceived as valued and less valued, I investigate how benefits and difficulties of the collaborations relate to organisational and situational conditions. Benefits and difficulties in different types of collaborations associated with high and low perceived value from collaborations can help identify ways to lower the cost and increase the gain for teachers in collaborations. The results showed that the chosen valued collaborations were often initiated by the teachers and typically involved benefits relating to both teacher and student learning. In the less valued collaborations, benefits were narrower, impacting teachers or students. The importance of structure was emphasised in most collaborations but management support appeared more important in interdisciplinary collaborations involving more than three teachers, while personal affinity between collaborators appeared more important in collaborations involving two or three teachers. Continuity was emphasised in order to give time for consensus and structure to develop, or to sustain discussions on important issues. Overall, this study shows that while continuity appeared important for developing valued collaborations, it can be difficult to obtain. Focusing on biology teachers’ experiences of benefits and difficulties in relation to more or less valued collaborations can help school organisations prioritise support, time and resources for professional development to allow for continuity in valuable collaborations that can strengthen the quality of biology education.

Gender diversity management in foreign subsidiaries: A comparative study in Germany and Japan

Gender (in)equality varies strongly across countries. However, research has not sufficiently addressed how subsidiaries of multinational companies respond to differences in gender equality between home and host countries. Based on interviews with 34 managers, our study explores how subsidiaries experience gender-related challenges in their home and host countries, what kinds of practices they implement to increase gender equality, and which role the headquarters play in the implementation of these practices. We do so by examining the cases of German subsidiaries in Japan and Japanese subsidiaries in Germany, two countries that differ greatly in gender equality. Building on our analysis, we systematically compare how subsidiaries respond to the institutional pressures from their home and host countries and develop a theoretical model that illustrates how gender diversity management in a subsidiary is contingent on the interaction of (1) global integration pressure from the headquarters and (2) the level of gender equality in the home country relative to the host country, linked via different types of collaboration and practice transfer from the headquarters. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed.

Cows, Moonshine, Pheasants … versus Soybeans

Abstract Drawing on decades of participant observation, followed by ethnographic research in Novoalexeevka (the Russian Far East), this article reveals why and how a polyphonic assemblages’ economy (economic relations different from both socialist and capitalist) was substituted by plantation capitalism. The story is that polyphonic assemblage involved almost all the villagers, while in plantation capitalism, almost all of them fell by the wayside. The article demonstrates that a polyphonic assemblages’ economy created on the ruins of socialism have not survived because of the deficit of different types of collaboration (for-translation, for-scaling up, for-protection). The article also explains why even the collective farms (in the article referred to as a socialist assemblage) better satisfied villagers needs than the plantation capitalism that developed.

Addressing wicked problems. Collaboration, trust and the role of shared principles at the philanthropy and government interface

Abstract Collaborative activities at the interface of philanthropy and government are increasingly assumed to be a desirable answer to complex—even wicked—public problems. Against this backdrop, this article discusses different types of collaborations, their accompanying levels of difficulty, and the roles that philanthropies might play in these efforts. Although this collaboration might hold promising potential, it will be argued that success will be very difficult to achieve. Consequently, indications are that philanthropies interested in increasing their collaborative activities at the interface of government might need to adjust their expectations and enhance their frustration tolerance. However, trust is seen as the central driver of collaborations across all sectors. By adopting a common approach to managing philanthropic practice, such as a joint performance management, that includes a broad understanding of performance beyond fixed indicators, it is argued that philanthropies are able to operationalize the resource trust. The Philanthropy. Insight Assessment Tool is proposed as a starting point for a joint conversation on the current and future philanthropic practice and its principles, including debates on the practical value of performance management systems.

The adoption of inbound open innovation practices in developing countries: empirical evidence from the manufacturing sector

PurposeLiterature suggests that open innovation approach of large firms shows different characteristics with small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), so this paper tends to shed light on these structural differences. With the aim to gain a deeper understanding of the adoption of inbound innovation practices among firms in one small transition economy, this study is focused on the question of how different dimensions of inbound innovation practices affect the innovative performances of SMEs and large firms and how, eventually, these practices should be framed and managed differently.Design/methodology/approachThis paper develops a research model which analyses inbound innovation practices on a data set of 227 SMEs and large firms operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The data were collected by using a questionnaire specifically designed for this research. Association between the level of innovation of products in firms and inbound practices, between exploit and explore strategies, between types of industry and different types of collaborations with partners outside the firm is assessed by canonical correlation.FindingsThe research results revealed that inbound innovation practices of manufacturing firms in different stages of innovation development process starting from idea generation, experimentation, up to the commercialization, have positive influence on their innovative performances.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing research on open innovation by providing empirical evidences for different dimensions of inbound innovation practices in SMEs and large firms. We offer a very important insight into open innovation practices and challenges beyond well-researched developed countries.

Pedagogical practice as ‘feeling-thinking’ praxis in higher education: a case study in Colombia

ABSTRACT Some critical perspectives about neoliberal trends in higher education have resulted in exploring different types of collaborations aimed at creating spaces for academics to promote pedagogical practice as praxis. Drawing upon a case study informed by a Latin American intellectual tradition of dialogue as praxis and praxis as political action, as well as by practice theory, it is argued that it is difficult to understand and address what enables and constrains pedagogical practices as praxis if academics fail to put themselves at the centre of a feeling-based reflection process. From this perspective, this study revealed two enablers and four constraints of five pedagogical practices as ‘feeling-thinking’ praxis, which emerged from dialogue as praxis in a group of eight academics from four Colombian universities. Feelings of exhaustion, sadness, disappointment, indignation, annoyance, gratitude, anxiety, confusion, and relief were key so that their ethical-political actions could contribute to rehumanise higher education.

Quest for Ranking Excellence Impact Study of Research Metrics

It is a general trend that higher education institutions must undergo one or more ranking agencies evaluation to get reputed in the field of education. Institutions must have a place in the ranking to attract students, faculty and even for successful foreign student exchange programs. Prominence in research is an important parameter to scale the eminence of an institution. A quantum of quality publications is one of the factors judging the prevailing research environment of an institution. While doing an institutional level evaluation on research output, we always go for quantitative measures like total publication, citation and h-index. In the present scenario, the institution must set to have a strategy in achieving ambitious scientific goals. This paper presents some innovative analysis of research data by choosing valuable metrics. The samples selected for the study are the top-ranked institutions in India. The same approach can be applied to any institutions in the world for evaluation and excellence. We have done qualitative-quantitative analysis using different parameters of research output to explain the importance of various metrics. The present study has identified metrics which can be considered seriously to achieve better performance in research output. It is a fused index metrics which explains along with Scholarly Output, the importance of Cited and Uncited Publications and different types of Collaborations and its impact on the overall performance of an institution.

A Typology of Supply Network Resilience Strategies: Complex Collaborations in a Complex World

The COVID‐19 pandemic has illustrated the broad and diverse challenges that supply networks face in preparing for and adapting to significant supply and demand disruptions. While much has been written about resilience strategies, few consider resiliency from a network level perspective. In this essay, we explain a typology of resiliency strategies linked to different types of collaboration within and between supply networks. Existing literature focuses on two of these types, micro‐ and macro‐level supply network resilience. Micro‐level resilience occurs when buyers and suppliers coordinate directly on supply risk prevention and recovery. Macro‐level resilience occurs when corporations, including competitors, collaborate with institutions such as government or trade associations to manage or regulate longer‐term supply risks. This essay identifies a third type, meso‐level resilience. Meso‐level resilience emerges when multiple supply networks collaborate on short‐ to medium‐term supply risks. These collaborations tend to be more opportunistic and ad hoc than micro‐ or macro‐level collaborations, and we argue that they can be viewed as complex adaptive systems, exhibiting self‐organization and dynamism. We identify a number of novel characteristics of meso‐level resilience and discuss research implications.

Does research collaboration influence the “disruption” of articles? Evidence from neurosciences

A new indicator (the disruption index) quantifying the extent to which a paper disrupts or consolidates established knowledge was recently introduced from the perspective of subsequent use of the current knowledge. This study explored whether different types of collaboration (i.e., at the author, institution, and country levels) equally affect the disruption of papers. We selected 505,168 papers from Neurosciences indexed in the Web of Science from 1954–2011 and employed logistic regression analysis. Our principal findings are that team size and international collaboration are negatively associated with the disruption of articles, while an additional increase in the number of domestic institutions of a team statistically favors disruption.

The Collaboration Compass: A Preliminary Model for Navigating Collaborative Practice.

PurposeTo investigate the meaning and manifestation of collaboration in practice including the experience and outcomes for patients and professionals.MethodsGrounded theory was used to investigate collaboration in an integrated outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) service. The sample consisted of staff and patients with experience of OPAT. Interviews and focus groups were used to generate data, and grounded theory methods were used to progress the study through constant comparative analysis and theoretical sampling to data saturation. Coding, categorizing, and techniques of situational analysis were used to analyze data and develop theory.ResultsThe relationship between the influences in the situation and the interaction which takes place between individuals was found to produce four different types of collaboration: developing, maintaining, limiting, and disrupting collaboration. The collaboration compass model was developed to illustrate and aid interactive navigation of collaborative situations.DiscussionThe findings present the complexity of practice, and a model to explain the multiple influences and interaction which shape collaboration. In this model, patients are part of collaboration, and this ensures that patients’ views and experiences, as well as those of professionals, are included and represented in knowledge about collaboration. This adds a new dimension to existing interprofessional presentations of collaborative practice and examines collaboration as it is operationalized in practice and co-constructed between patients and professionals during day to day practice.

The role of adverse economic environment and human capital on collaboration within agri-food supply chains

This paper examines the role of adverse economic conditions and human capital on different types of collaboration within agri-food supply chains. Data was collected from the Greek agricultural sector, covering periods of economic hardship. The results reveal that the impact of adverse economic conditions on the collaborative constructs of goal congruence, decision synchronization, incentive alignment, resource sharing and joint knowledge creation is nonlinear, specifically an inverted U for all of them. For collaboration constructs of information sharing and collaborative communication, the results reveal that under adverse economic conditions, the farmers do not collaborate. We also show that aspects of human capital such as age, education and farming experience affect collaboration. Our contribution lies in investigating the potential non-linear relationship between adverse economic conditions and various types of collaboration. Therefore, this study provides several managerial implications and insight for policymakers, while filling a crucial gap in the literature due to the limited existing studies that consider the impact of adverse economic conditions on agri-food supply chains.

What factors contribute to nonprofit collaboration? An analysis of response and recovery efforts after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, China

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) can provide services to disaster-impacted communities and residents in a more timely manner than the government can. The Wenchuan earthquake, which occurred on May 12, 2008, was the most severe natural disaster in China in recent years. NPOs participated in rescue and reconstruction efforts and were an important emergency response force, leading some to call 2008 “the first year of nonprofit organizations in China” (Yang, 2015). The most striking feature of NPOs’ participation in the Wenchuan earthquake relief efforts was that they set up different types of collaborations among themselves to better leverage limited resources and expand on the power of any single organization acting alone. This article differentiates between two types of nonprofit collaboration—contract-based and voluntary-based collaborations—and explores the factors that facilitated the formation of each type of collaboration following the Wenchuan earthquake. Based on three in-depth case studies of (1) Sichuan 5/12 Center for Voluntary Disaster Relief (CVDR), (2) the Sichuan Province NPOs Joint Office (SPNJO), and (3) the New Hometown Plan (NHP), we found that resource dependence, network effect, and volunteerism played different roles in the formation of the two types of collaboration. These findings lead to policy recommendations for improving nonprofit collaboration to respond to and recover from natural catastrophes.

The complexity of collaboration in supply chain networks

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the complexity of collaborations in supply chain networks, particularly the influence of horizontal collaborations (e.g. international joint ventures) on vertical collaborations (e.g. supplier–manufacturer partnering relationships).Design/methodology/approachA multiple case study including four horizontal collaborations and five vertical collaborations within a supply chain network is presented in the context of the Chinese automotive industry. Data interpretation from interviews is structured by key collaborative activities and collaborative behaviors.FindingsThe analysis highlights a variety of collaborative behaviors under different types of collaboration and their interaction. The complexity of collaboration is revealed in a range of dimensions including culture diversity, drivers/facilitators, competitive/collaborative advantages and the engagement of all. Collaboration evolves as the structure of the supply chain changes; the key is to appreciate the existence of cooperation, competition and culture conflicts and to manage the trade-offs.Research limitations/implicationsA window of opportunity is presented for future research to investigate the complexity of supply chain collaboration in a wider industrial or geographical context, including statistical validation and comparative analysis.Practical implicationsA contingent view on supply chain collaboration is promoted to practitioners (e.g. international supply chain managers), where collaborative activities should be aligned with the motive and type of business relationships which may change as collaboration develops.Originality/valueA rare empirical study captures the complexity of supply chain collaboration including the interaction between different forms. A dynamic collaboration approach recognizes the changing process, varying cooperation behaviors as well as characteristics of partners which have not been sufficiently reflected in the literature.