Different Types Of Cars Research Articles

Возможности интеграции функции обмена местами в мобильное приложение «РЖД пассажирам»

Railway transport is traditionally preferred when travelling between 400 and 1000 km. Depending on financial possibilities and personal idea of comfort, passengers choose different types of cars. Despite the fact that the passenger is familiarised with the conditions of travel in advance (at the time of ticket purchase), requests to change seats with fellow travellers are often noted at the moment of boarding, which complicates the work of the car conductor, provokes violation of the Rules of Passenger Transportation and causes discomfort to persons with whom the passenger wants to agree on such an exchange. Despite the de facto existence of the problem, the carrier does not have statistical data on passengers' perception of seat exchange requests. This paper examines the need to introduce an additional parameter in the menu of the mobile application "RZD to Passengers" to enable early legitimate seat exchange in purchased tickets with provision for compensation for the passenger who expresses consent to the exchange in the incoming request. As a methodology of the research a set of methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction and induction was used. The author proposes to improve the quality of passenger service of long-distance trains by preventive solution of the issue of seat exchange, thereby eliminating the probability of conflict situations during the journey and reducing the number of violations of the Rules of Passenger Transport. This article may be of practical interest to companies providing passenger transport services on long-distance trains (e.g. JSC FPC, TC Grand Service Express, LLC Tverskoy Express).

Examining risky driving behaviours: A comparative analysis of SUVs and other car types

The aim of the study was to analyze whether the driving behaviour changes with different types of cars (Hatchback, Sedan and Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)), particularly on expressways. To achieve the study's objective, an exclusive DBQ was designed. Self-reported frequency of instances related to violations, mistakes and lapses were gathered which can collectively be used to study driver's behaviour in different circumstances. A total of 546 samples were collected through an online survey from drivers across India who possessed a valid driving license. Results of exploratory factor analysis confirmed two factor solution (errors and violations) and the same was verified by confirmatory factor analysis. With the help of structural equation modelling, individual risky driving score of each driver was calculated. Based on the calculated scores, drivers were clustered into different risk levels using K-Means clustering technique. Further, ANOVA test revealed that SUV drivers performed riskier behaviour more compared to other types of cars. To compare the relationships among different risk levels with drivers' demographics and driving characteristics, two ordered logit models were developed for SUV and Standard car drivers. The results indicated that drivers' age, crash history, and speeding behaviour were statistically significant predictors of risky driving behaviour. Comparison of risk levels between SUV and Standard cars with respect to different predictor variables presented various interesting findings. These findings would be helpful in understanding the differences among risky driving behaviour performed by drivers of different types of cars and to identify the potential road safety countermeasures.

Panel data analysis of drivers under an evolving cordon tolling system

This paper analyzes a panel dataset of 4011 anonymized car owners in Norway. We observe where they live (on neighborhood-level) and how much they drive. We combine this with data on tolling costs. Over the sample period 2017–2020 we observe four different tolling regimes, with changing tolling costs for peak and off-peak driving in Oslo for different types of cars. We employ both fixed-effects regression and production analysis combined with difference-in-difference methods to analyze effects of cordon policies on driving.The empirical results show that peak and off-peak driving are complementary goods, and consequently that increasing peak tolls can decrease off-peak-driving. Responsiveness varies significantly by geographical location and age, with more responsiveness to the tolls closer to the city center and from elderly drivers. Also, the most noticeable response from the drivers under consideration is shifting more of their driving to the hour before the morning peak charge starts.

Transfer learning applied to bivariate forecasting on product warranty data

The reliability and resource management of products for warranty is important. Furthermore, the number of failures of aproduct over time of use and level of expenditure can assume different distributions. Approaches with parametric modelsbring good results when there is a normal distribution, and the application of Deep Learning (DL) is very promising. Weshow a new methodology for the application of DL models with transfer learning to bivariate forecasts of repair rates inproducts that are under warranty. The solution was applied to data from an American company, recorded from 2015 to2022, of 12 different types of parts from 69 different types of cars. An evaluation of the absolute error of the forecasts wasperformed for each combination of part, car and model year. Tests showed that the model performed well in predictingdata for 70 months in service and 70,000 miles, using data from cars with at least 15 months in service and 1,000 milesas input. It was also concluded that the solution is robust for cases of incomplete data and distributions far from thenormal distribution.

Analysis of structures and application of different types of engines in cars

Problem. The publication analyzes the structures and application of various types of engines in a car, which allows to determine the structural aspects, features of placement and operation of engines, their future application prospects. Purpose. The purpose of the work is to analyze the design and operation of engines used in modern cars, to determine their advantages and disadvantages, and the prospects for the development and application of various types of engines. Methodology. The approaches adopted in the work to achieve the set goal consist in the analysis of designs of various types of engines of modern cars, their layout and features of their use. Results. The paper includes a comparative analysis of various types of engines used in modern cars. The peculiarity of the design and structure of internal combustion engines, electric cars and hybrid cars is considered. The scheme of the general configuration of electric vehicles, possible configurations of electric vehicles, layout schemes of hybrid cars are given. The advantages and disadvantages of each type of engine, the main prospects for their development and application are shown. Originality. The conducted analysis of the design features of various types of engines that are installed in modern cars allows us to formulate a general idea about the peculiarities of the operation of cars with the considered types of engines. Practical meaning. The obtained results of the analysis and the given advantages and disadvantages in the use of different types of engines allow us to formulate the main directions in the development of structures and the prospects of their application in different types of cars.

Automated design of freeform imaging systems for automotive heads-up display applications.

The freeform imaging system is playing a significant role in developing an optical system for the automotive heads-up display (HUD), which is a typical application of augmented reality (AR) technology. There exists a strong necessity to develop automated design algorithms for automotive HUDs due to its high complexity of multi-configuration caused by movable eyeballs as well as various drivers' heights, correcting additional aberrations introduced by the windshield, variable structure constraints originated from automobile types, which, however, is lacking in current research community. In this paper, we propose an automated design method for the automotive AR-HUD optical systems with two freeform surfaces as well as an arbitrary type of windshield. With optical specifications of sagittal and tangential focal lengths, and required structure constraints, our given design method can generate initial structures with different optical structures with high image quality automatically for adjusting the mechanical constructions of different types of cars. And then the final system can be realized by our proposed iterative optimization algorithms with superior performances due to the extraordinary starting point. We first present the design of a common two-mirror HUD system with longitudinal and lateral structures with high optical performances. Moreover, several typical double mirror off-axis layouts for HUDs were analyzed from the aspects of imaging performances and volumes. The most suitable layout scheme for a future two-mirror HUD is selected. The optical performance of all the proposed AR-HUD designs for an eye-box of 130 mm × 50 mm and a field of view of 13° × 5° is superior, demonstrating the feasibility and superiority of the proposed design framework. The flexibility of the proposed work for generating different optical configurations can largely reduce the efforts for the HUD design of different automotive types.

CAR-T Cells with Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) Provide Anti-Cancer Capacity with Better Proliferation, Rejuvenated Effector Memory, and Reduced Exhausted T Cell Frequencies.

The development of genetic modification techniques has led to a new era in cancer treatments that have been limited to conventional treatments such as chemotherapy. intensive efforts are being performed to develop cancer-targeted therapies to avoid the elimination of non-cancerous cells. One of the most promising approaches is genetically modified CAR-T cell therapy. The high central memory T cell (Tcm) and stem cell-like memory T cell (Tscm) ratios in the CAR-T cell population increase the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Therefore, it is important to increase the populations of CAR-expressing Tcm and Tscm cells to ensure that CAR-T cells remain long-term and have cytotoxic (anti-tumor) efficacy. In this study, we aimed to improve CAR-T cell therapy's time-dependent efficacy and stability, increasing the survival time and reducing the probability of cancer cell growth. To increase the sub-population of Tcm and Tscm in CAR-T cells, we investigated the production of a long-term stable and efficient cytotoxic CAR-T cell by modifications in the cell activation-dependent production using Phytohemagglutinin (PHA). PHA, a lectin that binds to the membranes of T cells and increases metabolic activity and cell division, is studied to increase the Tcm and Tscm population. Although it is known that PHA significantly increases Tcm cells, B-lymphocyte antigen CD19-specific CAR-T cell expansion, its anti-cancer and memory capacity has not yet been tested compared with aCD3/aCD28-amplified CAR-T cells. Two different types of CARs (aCD19 scFv CD8-(CD28 or 4-1BB)-CD3z-EGFRt)-expressing T cells were generated and their immunogenic phenotype, exhausted phenotype, Tcm-Tscm populations, and cytotoxic activities were determined in this study. The proportion of T cell memory phenotype in the CAR-T cell populations generated by PHA was observed to be higher than that of aCD3/aCD28-amplified CAR-T cells with similar and higher proliferation capacity. Here, we show that PHA provides long-term and efficient CAR-T cell production, suggesting a potential alternative to aCD3/aCD28-amplified CAR-T cells.

Substantiation of the green approach in the formation of a sustainable system of ecological logistics

Purpose. Development of a methodology for substantiating a green approach in the formation of a sustainable system of ecological logistics. Methodology. In the research process the following general scientific and applied research methods were used: correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between 2 emissions and consumption of major energy sources; regression analysis to determine the main trends in 2 emissions for the main regions of the world; the methodology for calculating emissions from fuel combustion by road transport for assessing 2 emissions by various modes of transport; the improved methodology for assessing gas emissions and calculating the CO2 emission factor when forming a ring route during the transportation of goods. Findings. The work studies global trends in the dynamics of changes in carbon emissions by areas of activity. Trend forecasting models have been developed for changes in the dynamics of carbon emissions for the main industrial regions of the world. Using the correlation-regression analysis of the relationship between the increase in the dynamics of 2 emissions and the consumption of energy resources of the world in the context of the worlds major industrial regions, significant relationships were found between carbon emissions and the consumption of major energy sources. The work provides a methodological approach to determining the level of carbon emissions from vehicles and accounting for the carbon emission factor in the formation of logistics routes and tariffs for road transport in the context of the formation of sustainable systems of ecological logistics. As part of the methodological approach implementation, 2 emissions for road transport were estimated and calculations were performed for different types of cars. It was proposed to include the carbon emission factor in the calculation of the tariff for road transport, which will make it possible to form target funds at enterprises as part of the creation of a sustainable system of environmental logistics. Originality. The methodological approach has been substantiated to determining indicators of the sustainability of ecological logistics systems in the context of developing a methodology for calculating 2 emissions, which makes it possible to solve the problem of forming transport routes taking into account environmental requirements in the field of reducing 2 emissions by various modes of transport. Practical value. The proposed methodological approach to calculating emissions from fuel combustion by road, including the assessment of CO2 emissions and the calculation of the carbon emission factor when forming a ring route during the transportation of goods is recommended for use by scientists, specialists and practitioners in the field of green logistics.

Vehicle Detection and Classification System Based on Magnetic Sensors: A Review

In an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), vehicle identification and categorization (VIC) from a moving platform is critical (ITS). VIC is input into traffic control and management systems. Due to a variety of circumstances such as different types of cars, vehicles with nearly identical qualities having unique classes, and so on, in congested traffic, vehicle identification and classification is still a challenge. When compared to different sensors, the magnetic sensor has great implementation potential in the vehicle detection sector Because of its high sensitivities and lightweight. This paper aims to discuss how the magnetic characteristics of Vehicles can be used to detect and classify vehicles. First, a brief operating principle and properties of the most commonly used magnetic sensors are reviewed. This paper also reviewed the most recent applications, implementations, and research in using the magnetic sensor to detect and identify vehicles, as well as classify and determine Vehicle speeds.

Spatial and sociodemographic determinants of energy consumption for personal mobility in the Netherlands

We used a combination of logistic and multilinear regression models to analyze how the built environment and people's sociodemographic characteristics are related to energy consumption for personal mobility in the Netherlands. This energy consumption was accurately and comprehensively quantified based on distances travelled with a large number of modes, distances travelled with different types of cars, the occupancy of cars, and the probability of staying home. Local density was found to be the most important aspect of the built environment: it strongly reduced both the probability of using a passive mode of transportation and the associated energy consumption. Other relevant spatial variables included the landuse mix entropy, green space, and distances to city centers, supermarkets, and train stations. Sociodemographic characteristics were, however, more important overall. In particular, full-time employment was associated with higher energy consumption. Males, respondents from high-income households, and respondents with a higher education degree also consumed significantly more energy despite owning the most efficient cars. Our results thus highlight the importance of an energy policy mix that goes beyond the stimulation of technological progress.

Autonomous Charging of Electric Vehicles in Industrial Environment

Modern industrial manufacturing involves several manually and automated driven vehicles - not only for logistics and production purposes, but also for services, maintenance, resources supply and cleaning. These different types of vehicles are increasingly driven by electric powertrains that operate in the production halls, warehouses and other involved areas. Today, electric charging of these mobile devices is accomplished mainly manually and by use of a number of different not standardized charging interfaces, which leads to increased time and cost efforts. The paper evaluates different charging technologies for the use in industrial environments and introduces a new approach for automated, robot-controlled charging of electric vehicles, which is based on a standardized charging interface. The technology has been developed to fully automated charge different types of cars and other vehicles and consists of a vision system to identify the vehicle and the charging connector position in combination with a fully-controlled robotic system that plugs-in and -off the charging connector. In this way, the system is universally applicable for different types of autonomously and manually driven vehicles in a professional context, e.g. in production, logistics and warehouses.

3D car shape reconstruction from a contour sketch using GAN and lazy learning

3D car models are heavily used in computer games, visual effects, and even automotive designs. As a result, producing such models with minimal labour costs is increasingly more important. To tackle the challenge, we propose a novel system to reconstruct a 3D car using a single sketch image. The system learns from a synthetic database of 3D car models and their corresponding 2D contour sketches and segmentation masks, allowing effective training with minimal data collection cost. The core of the system is a machine learning pipeline that combines the use of a generative adversarial network (GAN) and lazy learning. GAN, being a deep learning method, is capable of modelling complicated data distributions, enabling the effective modelling of a large variety of cars. Its major weakness is that as a global method, modelling the fine details in the local region is challenging. Lazy learning works well to preserve local features by generating a local subspace with relevant data samples. We demonstrate that the combined use of GAN and lazy learning produces is able to produce high-quality results, in which different types of cars with complicated local features can be generated effectively with a single sketch. Our method outperforms existing ones using other machine learning structures such as the variational autoencoder.

Pricing and Investment Decision Issues of an Automobile Manufacturer for Different Types of Vehicles

With the raise of consumers’ environmental awareness, automobile manufacturers try to add production lines of new energy vehicles. This paper deals with pricing and investment decision issues of an automobile manufacturer for different types of cars. The consumers’ purchase preference for the new energy vehicle is formulated as a function of the manufacturer’s investment on facility and advertisement. Aiming to maximize the total profit of the manufacturer, we construct a decision model. By solving a differential equation, a necessary condition is proposed for guaranteeing that the manufacturer produces and sells both of the two types of vehicles. It is shown that both the consumers’ preference and the carbon tax affect the decisions of the manufacturer. For the possible scenarios in which the manufacturer only sells one kind of product, we present two simplified models. By comparing different achieved solutions, the optimal decision strategy is achieved. Finally, we show a numerical illustration to examine different decisions of the manufacturer under different sensitivity coefficients with regard to the investment. The main contribution of this paper is providing a jointly pricing and investment decision model under changeable consumers’ purchase preference, and revealing the influence factors of the automobile manufacturer’s transformation.

TROP VOZA KAO SIMBOL TRAUME U KNjIŽEVNOSTI HOLOKAUSTA

Traumatic experience such as the Holocaust requires traumatic ways of representation. Those who dare to write about it encounter various dilemmas and difficulties in finding the right ways to write about something that cannot be written about. Train trope is a usual symbol of the biggest XX century trauma because rail- way system and different types of cars enabled transportation of millions of people from the whole Europe, whose lives were terminated in the death camps, as well as their wealth, gold and other valuables. Trains found their way in literature with both survivor writers and those who didn’t experience the Holocaust. The symbol of train had been interpreted within psychoanalysis of dreams as passage of time and life before it started to operate as a symbol of the very death in reality. In this paper we tried to investigate how train trope functions in this trauma based literary genre with those writers who were inside and those who felt them as cultural heritage. Those who were inside death trains, such as Elie Wiesel, insisted that the only way of representation has to be in documentary and realistic style. On the other hand, writers who were lucky not to experience the hell on Earth couldn’t write from the ‘inside’ and had to find other ways of representation. Their styles vary from allegory in Kosinsi’s autofictional novel to magic realism in David and Thomas’s novels. Thomas also adds Freudian psychoanalysis while Pinter experiments with stage representation.

Parked Car Interior Temperature Investigation in Brunei Darussalam

When a car is parked under the sunlight for a long period of time, solar radiation enters the vehicle through the car glass and becomes trapped inside the car. This causes the cabin interior air temperature to increase and this is especially noticeable in tropical countries with hot and humid climates that are situated near the equator like Brunei Darussalam. Aside from causing thermal discomfort to the passengers inside the car, degradation of the surfaces of the car interior may also be accelerated. This paper aims to demonstrate the severity of the heat by recording a number of temperature measurements in a certain period of time for two different types of cars, under three different conditions for each car and comparing them to the ambient temperature. It is observed that the interior temperature depends on the design of the car. We experimented temperature measurements for two types of car models, i.e., saloon and SUV models. Saloon car is design such as way that its interior volumes space is smaller than the SUV designed car. The smaller interior volume spaced Saloon car exhibits higher maximum temperature of 68.7°C whereas the larger interior volume spaced SUV car exhibits maximum temperature of 59.4°C under fully exposed to sun with same environmental conditions.

Perspectives of development of organizational and technological structures of washing machinery companies with the use of current flow lines of wagon repair

In this article the modern state of railway transport and carriage economy is characterized, the main problems and ways of their development are determined. The existing methods of repairing wagons - stationary and flow - are analyzed. The main features, advantages and disadvantages of these methods are determined. The necessity of introduction of industrial methods of repair, namely the use of flexible flow lines, is substantiated. It is determined that construction of new generation wagon repair companies, which will be adapted for the repair of each specific wagon with the use of flexible flow lines, is the basis for further development of the carriage economy. The basic requirements to the new generation of car repair enterprises are substantiated, such as improving the quality of car repairs, reducing the time spent in repairing cars, and creating conditions for the constant growth of labor productivity. It has been determined that for the introduction of high-performance industrial repair methods, such as flexible flow lines, the necessary condition is the possibility of moving wagons between specialized positions, which are exclusively intended for a certain amount of work and equipped with special technological equipment. The asynchronous flexible flow of repairs of wagons is an effective stage in the development of stream repair production, which can be created on the basis of the transformation of classical flow-conveyor lines due to changes in their structure and ties between the elements. It has a higher level of systematic than existing current-pipelines and can significantly expand the range of types of repaired cars and make the transition from one-subject specialization to multi-purpose, which includes repair of not only different types of cars, but also different types of repairs (depot , capital). The concept of flexibility and asynchronous flow is defined. Asynchronous flow indicates that wagons move from one repair position to another not all simultaneously at regular intervals, but gradually as needed and possible. Flow flexibility is an integral concept that characterizes the possibility of a quick transition to output of another type size and model. When applying a flexible flow, where there is some transport freedom and the potential for choosing the route of carriage along the flow positions, the throughput is significantly increased, and the simple carriage in the repair is reduced.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE WORK OF THE PASSENGER TECHNICAL STATION IN THE SERVICE OF HIGH-SPEED TRAINS

In the work investigated downtime of trains at the station. It is established that the fraction of downtime of the composition with the time of circulation with a length of 300-500 km is 50 to 70 %. To coordinate equally convenient times of arrival and departure of trains at initial and final stations, a conditional classification of high-speed passenger trains by the time of their finding on the route of departure is proposed. The order of processing of the arriving to the station, depending on the set schedule of arrival and departure of trains, the technology of processing of the structures and the technical equipment of the passenger technical station is determined. The solution to this problem reduces the unproductive downtime of the compositions pending processing. The criterion is the minimum of the actual duration of the composition to be treated. When applying the method of ordering the processing of high-speed passenger trains at technical stations according to each of the accepted criteria (in the order of arrival, in the order of departure, in the duration of processing), the idle time can be reduced to 2 hours. With high concentration of early arrival and evening departure of trains, the application of the method of ordering train service depending on the processing time does not lead to the desired result. In this case, it is recommended to arrange the processing of trains in the order of departure of trains, which will not reduce their total downtime at the passenger technical station, but will provide timely preparation of the trains by the time of departure. It is possible to reduce the concentration of early arrival and evening departure of trains by adjusting the timetable and selecting options for linking high-speed passenger trains to general circulation, which will reduce not only the time for processing trains, but also the total total downtime of trains. The method of determining the staff of the flight attendants was developed, depending on the complexity of servicing the different types of cars and the distribution of the flight attendants by the composition involved in the total turnover. The criterion is a minimum of teams of stewards, provided that the time of continuous work of the team does not exceed the standard.

Research on Subjective Rating Attenuation Analysis of Automobile NVH Characteristics

This paper explains the concept of high mileage automobile NVH(Noise Vibration and Harshness ) robustness. Based on the NVH characteristic subjective rating method, a quantitative analysis and evaluation method for NVH robustness of high mileage automobile is proposed. By using the subjective rating attenuation method of high mileage automobile NVH robustness and combine the actual parameters of three different types of cars, According to the calculation and analysis of the decline and attenuation of subjective rating attenuation method, the NVH robustness characteristics and change rules of three different types of cars at different mileage stages are obtained, which provides a reference for the NVH robustness analysis of high mileage automobile and the development of automobile NVH.

Energy harvesting sensitivity analysis and assessment of the potential power and full car dynamics for different road modes

Abstract Automobiles are dissipating a considerable amount of vibration energy that is worth of being harvested where it can be exploited in different applications. For a full vehicle suspension assembly, the conflict between the potentially harvested energy and vehicle dynamics represented by ride quality and road safety and handling was comprehensively illustrated for different input modes. The discrepancy between the bounce input mode and the roll input mode was also sufficiently clarified based on an extensive parametric analysis covering the design parameters and the operational parameters as well. Comprehensive simulations were then conducted to estimate the amount of wasted energy in vehicle suspension system for different types of cars (passenger, bus, truck, and off-road vehicle), besides the potential harvested power was quantified for different standard driving cycles (NEDC, WLTP, HWFET, and FTP). Based on that, a 7-DOF full car suspension model was implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment and induced by different levels of road irregularities. The findings of this paper showed that the vibration intensity levels changed clearly in the complex input mode that reflects a realistic view of the real vehicle dynamics on the roads compared to the ideal results from the bounce input mode. Our results also indicate that a potential power up to 420 W can be collected considering standard driving patterns and roll mode input. The analysis indicates that the overloaded vehicles are suitable for the energy harvesting system based on the harvestable energy per unit cost.

A hybrid algorithm based on tabu search and large neighbourhood search for car sequencing problem

The car sequencing problem (CSP) concerns a production sequence of different types of cars in the mixed-model assembly line. A hybrid algorithm is proposed to find an assembly sequence of CSP with minimum violations. Firstly, the hybrid algorithm is based on the tabu search and large neighborhood search (TLNS), servicing as the framework. Moreover, two components are incorporated into the hybrid algorithm. One is the parallel constructive heuristic (PCH) that is used to construct a set of initial solutions and find some high quality solutions, and the other is the small neighborhood search (SNS) which is designed to improve the new constructed solutions. The computational results show that the proposed hybrid algorithm (PCH+TLNS+SNS) obtains 100 best known values out of 109 public instances, among these 89 instances get their best known values with 100% success rate. By comparing with the well-known related algorithms, computational results demonstrate the effectiveness, efficiency and robustness of the proposed algorithm.