Different Types Of Carbon Sources Research Articles

Alteration of microbial mediated carbon cycle and antibiotic resistance genes during plastisphere formation in coastal area

Microorganisms can attach on the surface of microplastics (MPs) through biological fouling process to form a diverse community called the "plastisphere", which has attracted extensive attention. Although the microbial structure and composition of biofilm have been studied, the knowledge of its microbial function and ecological risk is still limited. In this study, we investigated how the surface properties of MPs affect the biofilm communities and metabolic features under different environmental conditions, and explored the biofilm enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The results showed that the incubation time, habitat and MPs aging state significantly influenced the structure and composition of biofilm microbial communities, and a small amount of pathogens have been found in the MPs-attached biofilm. The microbial carbon utilization capacity of the biofilm in different incubation habitats varies greatly with highest metabolism capacity appear in the river. The utilization efficiency of different carbon sources is polymer > carbohydrate > amino acid > carboxylic acids > amine/amide, which indicates that the biofilm communities have selectivity between different types of carbon sources. More importantly, ARGs were detected in all the MPs samples and showed a trend of estuary > river > marine. The aged MPs can accumulate more ARGs than the virgin items. In general, MPs in the aquatic environment may become a carrier for pathogens and ARGs to spread to other environment, which may enhance their potential risks to the ecosystem and human health.

Influence of Different Types of Carbon Sources on Glucosinolate and Phenolic Compounds in Radish Sprouts

Radish sprouts are valued as a key nutrient-dense food in Asian countries. In the current study, we examined how radish sprouts responded to treatments with various carbon sources. The influence of those treatments in parameters such as plant growth and glucosinolate and phenolic compounds levels were analyzed. A positive correlation between plant growth and the accumulation of glucosinolates and phenolics was observed. In this study, except for galactose treatment, all other carbon-exposed radish sprouts showed the highest shoot and root length and fresh weight. Seven different glucosinolate and five phenolic compounds were identified in radish sprouts. The total glucosinolates and phenolic compound content were increased after treatments with different carbon sources. Radish sprouts exposed to sucrose showed the highest total glucosinolates and phenolics content, which was 1.22-fold and 1.45-fold higher than that of untreated sprouts, respectively. Moreover, sucrose exposure led to a higher production of glucoiberin, gluconapoleiferin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucoerucin, glucoraphasatin, glucobrassicin, gallic acid, sinapic acid, rutin, and p-coumaric acid compared to that of untreated sprouts. The results obtained in this study will be helpful for researchers around the world to enhance specific glucosinolate and phenolic compounds by treating the radish sprout plants with suitable carbon sources.

Comparison of adsorption performance for Cd(II) removal from aqueous solution using biochar derived from different types of carbon sources: aquatic plants, pine branches and peat

AbstractBACKGROUNDGuizhou Province, China is rich in forest, peat and aquatic plants. The effect of biochar prepared by pyrolysis carbonization on the Cd(II) adsorption has not been effectively studied. In this work, the physicochemical structural characteristics of different biochars were investigated. On this basis, the influence of pH value, acid washing, adsorption time on Cd(II) removal efficiency and the characteristics of adsorption isotherms of four biochars were studied. The adsorption mechanism was discussed by adopting the Langmuir and Freundlich kinetic model.RESULTSThe findings exhibited that PT contained a great amount of free humic acid, fulvic acid and montan wax, which had a considerable impact on the Cd(II) adsorption. The surface of biochar AP300 has a fine crack structure, and the specific surface area (SSA) is the largest, reaching 2.9006 m2/g. When the solution range in pH value above 6, the removal efficiency of PT and biochar AP300 for Cd(II) exceeds 80%. The acid‐washed biochar with increased SSA did not exhibit an increase in Cd(II) removal efficiency, or even decreased significantly. Under the same adsorption time, the Cd(II) removal efficiency was in the following order: PT>AP300>PT300>PB300. The fitting effect of the Freundlich model for the four biochars was more than a match for Langmuir model, and the former is more appropriate to expression of the adsorption mechanism of Cd(II). Among the four biochars, AP300 had the smallest ΔG°, and the Cd(II) adsorption was the most easily performed.CONCLUSIONBoth PT and AP carbon material adsorbents can both meet the removal of Cd (II) in water, and can be promoted to treat heavy metals in soil later. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Review on Biomedical Advances of Hybrid Nanocomposite Biopolymeric Materials.

Hybrid materials are classified as one of the most highly important topics that have been of great interest to many researchers in recent decades. There are many species that can fall under this category, one of the most important of which contain biopolymeric materials as a matrix and are additionally reinforced by different types of carbon sources. Such materials are characterized by many diverse properties in a variety industrial and applied fields but especially in the field of biomedical applications. The biopolymeric materials that fall under this label are divided into natural biopolymers, which include chitosan, cellulose, and gelatin, and industrial or synthetic polymers, which include polycaprolactone, polyurethane, and conducting polymers of variable chemical structures. Furthermore, there are many types of carbon nanomaterials that are used as enhancers in the chemical synthesis of these materials as reinforcement agents, which include carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerene. This research investigates natural biopolymers, which can be composed of carbon materials, and the educational and medical applications that have been developed for them in recent years. These applications include tissue engineering, scaffold bones, and drug delivery systems.

The transcriptomic response of two basidiomycete fungi to plant biomass is modulated by temperature to a different extent

Many fungi show a strong preference for specific habitats and growth conditions. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of fungal adaptation to varying environmental conditions is of great interest to biodiversity research and is important for many industrial applications. In this study, we compared the transcriptome profiles of two previously genome-sequenced white-rot wood-decay fungi, Trametes pubescens and Phlebia centrifuga, during their growth on two common plant biomass substrates (wheat straw and spruce) at two temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C). The results showed that both fungi partially tailored their molecular responses to different types of carbon sources, differentially expressing genes encoding polysaccharide degrading enzymes, transporters, proteases and monooxygenases. Notably, more lignin modification related AA2 genes and cellulose degradation related AA9 genes were differentially expressed in the tested conditions of T. pubescens than P. centrifuga. In addition, we detected more remarkable transcriptome changes to different growth temperature in P. centrifuga than in T. pubescens, which reflected their different ability to adapt to the temperature fluctuations. In P. centrifuga, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to temperature response mainly encode protein kinases, trehalose metabolism, carbon metabolic enzymes and glycoside hydrolases, while the main temperature-related DEGs identified in T. pubescens are only the carbon metabolic enzymes and glycoside hydrolases. Our study revealed both conserved and species-specific transcriptome changes during fungal adaptation to a changing environment, improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal plant biomass conversion at varying temperatures.

The importance of understanding the regulation of bacterial metabolism.

The importance of understanding the regulation of bacterial metabolism.

Impact of Ultrasound and Medium Condition on Selenium-Enriched Yeast Production from Sugar Beet Molasses and Date Waste

The growth and Selenium biotransformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were optimized by treatment with ultrasonication. Fifteen process variables had a potential influence on the content of organic selenium, including duration of ultrasound, power of ultrasound, inoculum treatment with ultrasound, duty cycle, growth phase, incubation time, shaking rate, different types of carbon sources (molasses and date waste), the concentrations carbon source, inorganic salts concentration (Se, Zn, Mg, and K), nitrogen sources (ammonium chloride and yeast extract) and their concentrations, were screened using Plackett–Burman design to determine the main parameters. Four parameters significant parameters including selenium concentration, degree of brix, ultrasonic power, and duty cycle, were further optimized using Box–Behnken design to achieve optimum fermentation conditions. The results showed that optimization of these parameters could lead to a rise in the content of selenium, resulting in a successful enhancement (2.78-fold) in the accumulation of selenium by S. cerevisia.

Production of Biohydrogen and/or Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate by Rhodopseudomonas sp. Using Various Carbon Sources as Substrate.

The polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are family of biopolyesters synthesized by numerous bacteria which are attracting a great attention due to their thermoplastic properties. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is the most common type of PHA which presents thermoplastic and biodegradable properties. It is synthesized under stressful conditions by heterotrophic bacteria and many photosynthetic microorganisms such as purple non-sulfur bacteria and cyanobacteria. Biological hydrogen (H2) production is being evaluated for use as a fuel since it is a promising substitute for carbonaceous fuels owing to its high conversion efficiency and high specific content. In the present work, the purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sp. for the simultaneous H2 photo-evolution and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production has been investigated. Three different types of carbon sources were tested in the presence of glutamate as a nitrogen source in a batch cultivation system, under continuous irradiance. The results indicated the fact that the type of carbon source in the culture broth affects in various ways the metabolic activity of the bacterial biomass, as evidenced by the production of PHB and/or H2 and biomass. The best carbon source for PHB accumulation and H2 production by Rhodopseudomonas sp. turned out to be the acetate, having the highest H2 production (2286 mL/L) and PHB accumulation (68.99 mg/L, 18.28% of cell dry weight).

Enhance production of fungal cellulase cocktail using cellulosic waste

Abstract This study reports improved production of crude fungal cellulase following solid-state fermentation (SSF). The lab isolate fungal strain shows enhanced cellulase production and has been identified as the Cladosporium cladosporioides NS2 using 18S ribosomal DNA sequencing pattern. An initial pH of 4.0 and temperature 30 °C is recorded to be optimum for maximum cellulase production. Among different types of carbon sources used, sugarcane bagasse offers the maximum production of FP (16.9 IU/gds), β -glucosidase (200 IU/gds) and EG (150 IU/gds) activity. In addition, among different types of nitrogen sources, peptone yields maximum production of EG (170 IU/gds), FP (17.5 IU/gds) and β -glucosidase (225 IU/gds). Moreover, among various types of metal ions, manganese ion (Mn + + ) gave the highest production of FP (20 IU/gds), β -glucosidase (240 IU/gds) and EG (210 IU/gds).

Effect of ethylene inhibitor, type of auxin, and type of sugar on anther culture of local East Java aromatic rice varieties

Breeding using the double haploid approach has been used in accelerating the rice breeding process. However, the main obstacle in the application of this technique in rice is the low level of callus formation and their regeneration into haploid plants. Based on these issues, this research is aimed at developing the best method for obtaining double haploid plants through anther culture using three kinds of aromatic rice of Indonesian local varieties. Anthers of Pendok, Genjah Arum, and Merah Wangi varieties were cultured in callus induction media which were either supplemented with different types of carbon sources, or auxins and ethylene inhibitors. However, the application of different sugar types did not significantly affect callus formation of Pendok and Genjah Arum. However, auxin treatment showed NAA to be more efficient for the callus induction of Pendok, while 2,4-D had no effect on callus induction in all tested varieties. The addition of ethylene inhibitor successfully induced callus formation of Merah Wangi varieties, while the rates of Pendok and Genjah Arum were not significantly affected. Callus of three plant lines were then regenerated into plantlet in regeneration media. Of the three callus varieties used, only Pendok could regenerate into plantlets and grow into adult haploid plants.

Assessing the Microbial Communities in Four Different Daqus by Using PCR-DGGE, PLFA, and Biolog Analyses.

Daqu made from raw wheat, barley or pea is used as an inoculum for the fermentation of Chinese Baijiu. In this study, the microbial communities of four different types of Daqus (sauce-flavor Wuling Daqu, sauce and strong-flavor Baisha Daqu, strong-flavor Deshan Daqu, and light-flavor Niulanshan Daqu) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, and Biolog EcoPlates analysis (Biolog). Clear differences were seen between the microbial communities of the four Daqus. PCR-DGGE showed differences in the number and brightness of bands between the Daqus, indicating the presence of unique bacterial species in Deshan Daqu, Wuling Daqu, and Niulanshan Daqu. Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, Bacillus thermoamylovorans, and some unclassified bacteria were unique to Wuling Daqu, Deshan Daqu, and Niulanshan Daqu, respectively. Moreover, some bacterial species were observed in all four Daqus. A total of 26 PLFAs between C12 to C20 were detected from the four Daqus by PLFA analysis. Wuling Daqu had the highest total and fungal biomasses, Baisha Daqu had the highest bacterial biomass, and Niulanshan Daqu had the highest ratio of fungal biomass to bacterial biomass. The Biolog results indicated differences in the carbon source use and mode of the four Daqus, and also demonstrated that each Daqu had varying abilities to utilize different types of carbon sources. The cluster analysis of the three methods showed that the microbial communities of the four Daqus were different. This study also demonstrates the applicability of the three analytical methods in the evaluating of the microbial communities of Daqus.

Numerical Simulation of Ethanol Production for Different Carbon Sources Using Thermotolerant Kluyveromyces Marxianus

During process of fermentation a variety of parameters effect on ethanol production, current work focusses to investigate the effect of different carbon sources on ethanol production using numerical simulation. The fermentation process was carried out using microprocessor-controlled fermenter in which different types of carbon sources were studied like glucose, sucrose and molasses from 10 % to 15% of range. The model proposed by Monod was found to be more appropriate for describing the batch growth and ethanol production using kluyveromyces marxianus. The maximum yield of ethanol production took place using 15 % molasses as carbon source. The maximum ethanol production (76 g/l) was observed at 15% molasses, as for sucrose and glucose are concerned it gives lower value of ethanol production up to 73g/l by keeping other operational parameter under optimized condition such are 35oC, 300rpm, 0.2vvm/l and pH5.5. Approximately same results were achieved by using experimental data and model execution.

Numerical Simulation of Ethanol Production for Different Carbon Sources Using Thermotolerant Kluyveromyces Marxianus

During process of fermentation a variety of parameters effect on ethanol production, current work focusses to investigate the effect of different carbon sources on ethanol production using numerical simulation. The fermentation process was carried out using microprocessor-controlled fermenter in which different types of carbon sources were studied like glucose, sucrose and molasses from 10 % to 15% of range. The model proposed by Monod was found to be more appropriate for describing the batch growth and ethanol production using kluyveromyces marxianus. The maximum yield of ethanol production took place using 15 % molasses as carbon source. The maximum ethanol production (76 g/l) was observed at 15% molasses, as for sucrose and glucose are concerned it gives lower value of ethanol production up to 73g/l by keeping other operational parameter under optimized condition such are 35oC, 300rpm, 0.2vvm/l and pH5.5. Approximately same results were achieved by using experimental data and model execution.

Identification of factors that accelerate hydrogen production by Clostridium butyricum RAK25832 using casamino acids as a nitrogen source

The ability of Clostridium butyricum RAK25832 to use casamino acids as a nitrogen source was investigated. Strain RAK25832 showed the capacity to utilize different types of carbon sources. With glucose as a carbon source (10 g/L), the preferred final concentration of casamino acids was 26.67 g/L, with a cumulative hydrogen production, production rate, and yield of 2505 mL H2/L, 160 mL/h, and 1.81 mol H2/mol glucose, respectively. Eighteen metal elements were screened to identify the most important metals for biohydrogen production, and four elements were optimized. The optimal medium composition was MgCl2·6H2O (0.1 g/L), K2HPO4·3H2O (6.67 g/L), NaHCO3 (2.6 g/L), and FeCl2·4H2O (0.002 g/L). Vitamin supplementation of the medium showed no significant effect on hydrogen production. Under the optimized conditions, cumulative hydrogen production reached 3074 mL H2/L. This is the first study to demonstrate the use of casamino acids as a nitrogen source by C. butyricum.

Improvement of Plant Regeneration Frequency from Carbon Sources in Aromatic Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The objective of this research is to investigate carbon sources for optimum callus induction and plant regeneration frequencies. The effect of carbon sources on callus induction and plant regeneration from mature seeds of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) was studied in this experiment. For callus induction, the different types of carbon sources along with 30 g L−1 of sucrose or maltose were evaluated. NSI and NMI medium were used for callus induction in three replicates (sucrose and maltose as carbon sources, respectively). The calli derived from NMI medium showed the higher percentage of callus induction, fresh weight, dry weights, callus size, green spots and regeneration frequency than calli derived from NSI medium. For plant regeneration, the 3-week-old calli were transferred to the regeneration medium which was different in carbon sources (NSR, NMR, NSMR0.5, NMMR0.5, NSMR1, NMMR1, NSMR1.5, NMMR1.5, NSMR2, NMMR2, NSMR2.5 and NMMR2.5 medium) and tested to investigate the effect of carbon sources in three replicates. The percentage of regeneration (60.71%) and the ratio of the number of seedlings to the number of regenerated calli (3.02) obtained from NMR medium showed the highest values. The percentage of callus induction and morphological performance (weight and size) were correlated with plant regeneration frequency. The results showed that using maltose as a carbon source gave a better result than using sucrose as a carbon source for callus induction and plant regeneration in aromatic rice cultivar KDML105. The regenerated plants were successfully rooted and well grown in greenhouse conditions.

Effect of Carbon Sources on Stability and Competition of T7aiiA Phage Lysates

Abstract Biofouling is a pervasive challenge in industrial and medical settings with enormous economic and health impacts. Use of quorum-quenching phages is a potential solution in either combating the biofilm or inhibiting biofilm formation when an engineered phage is designed for a specific bacterial system. In the event of a real-life application of synthetic phage, it is necessary to consider the effect of environmental conditions on the synthetic phage. This study focused on both (1) stability of phage lysate under different types of carbon sources and (2) competition of the engineered phage in comparison to a wild-type (wt) phage. Optimal results were found (in plaque forming units [PFUs]) with glucose as a carbon source and were kept stable for almost 30 days. Results suggested that competition happens before 4 h. After that time, polymerase chain reaction results from PFU samples showed an increase in T7aiiA, which indicates that these conditions favored the phage replication of the engineered pha...

Mediator-less microbial fuel cell employing Shewanella Oneidensis

ABSTRACTThis study investigated efficient energy harvesting of a mediator-less microbial fuel cell (MFC) using Shewanella Oneidensis bacteria. Synthetic wastewater made from M9 minimal growth medium and carbon source was used to generate electricity. This experiment exhibits how concentration of bacteria in the anodic chamber, different types of carbon sources, and the substance concentration affect electricity generation. The results showed that the mediator-less MFC using Shewanella Oneidensis can produce voltage close to the maximum attainable MFC voltage. The efficient MFC can be used to treat wastewater while reducing energy needs and producing an alternative form of energy.

Metabolomics Analysis on Antifungal Activities Produced by Penicillium oxalicum T3.3 Grown on Different Types of Carbon Sources

Anthracnose is a disease caused by a fungal Colletotrichum gleosporioides. It is a common disease to dragon fruit plant and has caused a great loss to this industry. This pathogenic fungus can cause damage to most parts of plants including roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. One of the potential microorganisms that able to produce antimicrobial activity against this plant pathogen is the endophytic fungus. However, research carried out on metabolomics of cellular metabolites produced by endophytic Penicillium oxalicum against C. gleosporioides is very limited. Thus, this study was conducted with the aims to evaluate the antifungal activities produced by Penicillium oxalicum T3.3 against Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes by using different types of carbon sources in fermentation medium and to identify the possible compounds produced by this strain through metabolomics approach. Preliminary study on locally isolated; P. oxalicum T3.3 had shown a promising antagonism through antifungal secondary metabolites which suppressed the growth of C. gloeosporioides. Disc diffusion test was conducted in order to determine the inhibition zone on the growth of C. gloeosproides. Among the six carbon sources tested, glucose exhibited the highest percent inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) of 75% and producing inhibition zone ranges from 4 to 7 mm. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the glucose crude extract was the highest with 78 μg/mL and 2500 μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, starch and xylitol crude extracts gave the lowest MIC value of 1250 μg/mL and no MFC can be recorded. The compounds were extracted with ethyl acetate and 1H NMR analysis was carried out to identify candidate compounds that had been produced. Metabolomics studies were conducted by analyzing the spectrum using SIMCA P+, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS) multivariate statistical method. The conducted metabolomics study showed that sugar crude extracts (glucose, sucrose and maltose) tend to produce more threonine, 2-heptanone, lactate, valine, butyrate, O-phosphoserine. Meanwhile complex sugar substrates (xylitol, starch and Undaria pinnatifida) produced more acetic acid, methionine and leucine. From this analysis, different metabolites produced by P. oxalicum T3.3 were clustered according to the carbon sources used. This research demonstrates the potential of using a combination of 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analyses in differentiating the effect of carbon sources used based on the identification of possible metabolites contributing to their differences.

액체배양 시 탄소원의 종류에 따른 외생균근균의 균사생장 특성

4종의 외생균근균이 MMN 배지상에서 7종 단소원에 대한 이용능력을 조사하였다. 60일간 순수배양한 결과, 다색벚꽃버섯(KFRI 1987), 향버섯, 접시껄껄이그물버섯(KFRI 1194), 송이(KFRI 1256)는 dextrin에서 균사 생장이 우수하였다. 다색벚꽃버섯, 향버섯(KFRI 1676), 접시껄껄이그물버섯은 pectin에서 균사 생장이 가장 낮았다. 송이(KFRI 1256)를 제외한 7개의 균주들은 heteroglycan(pectin)보다 homoglycan계 탄소원(starch, dextrin)의 이용률이 더 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 균 배양 후 배지의 pH 값은 배양 전보다 최소 1.1~최대 3.0 범위까지 감소하였다. 외생균근균 배양체의 형태적 특징을 조사한 결과, 모든 탄소원 시험배지에서 백색 균사체가 우세하였으나 탄소원의 종류에 따라 황색, 갈색, 자주색 계열의 다양한 균사체가 관찰되었다. 접시껄껄이그물버섯은 4~5종류의 탄소원에서 single colony의 형태로 생장한 반면, 이외 대부분의 균주들은 6종의 탄소원에서 multiple colony의 형태로 생장하였다. Four ectomycorrhizal fungi were tested for their ability to utilize seven carbon sources in modified Melin-Norkrans medium. After 60 days of mycelial culture, the highest mycelial growth in Hygrophorus russula (KFRI 1987), Sarcodon aspratus, Leccinum extremiorientale (KFRI 1194), and Tricholoma matsutake (KFRI 1256) was observed with use of dextrin used as a carbon source. H. russula, S. aspratus (KFRI 1676), and L. extremiorientale showed the lowest mycelial growth on nutrient medium with pectin. The utilization of homoglycans (starch, dextrin) in seven strains (except for T. matsutake KFRI 1256) was higher than that of heteroglycan (pectin). The final pH values of all culture media were decreased by pH 1.1~3.0 compared with the initial pH values of culture media. The dominant color of mycelia was white and varied according to the carbon sources (yellow, brown, and purple) in some strains. A single colony was observed in L. extremiorientale cultured in liquid media containing four or five different types of carbon sources, whereas multiple colonies were formed in liquid media containing six different types of carbon sources by six strains.

Endophytic Fungal Strains of Soybean for Lipid Production

Lipids created via microbial biosynthesis are a potential raw material to replace plant-based oil for biodiesel production. Oleaginous microbial species currently available are capable of accumulating high amount of lipids in their cell biomass, but rarely can directly utilize lignocellulosic biomass as substrates. Thus this research focused on the screening and selection of new fungal strains that generate both lipids and hydrolytic enzymes. To search for oleaginous fungal strains in the soybean plant, endophytic fungi and fungi close to the plant roots were studied as a microbial source. Among 33 endophytic fungal isolates screened from the soybean plant, 13 have high lipid content (>20 % dry biomass weight); among 38 fungal isolates screened from the soil surrounding the soybean roots, 14 have high lipid content. Also, five fungal isolates with both high lipid content and promising biomass production were selected for further studies on their cell growth, oil accumulation, lipid content and profile, utilization of various carbon sources, and cellulase production. The results indicate that most strains could utilize different types of carbon sources and some strains accumulated >40 % of the lipids based on the dry cell biomass weight. Among these promising strains, some Fusarium strains specifically showed considerable production of cellulase, which offers great potential for biodiesel production by directly utilizing inexpensive lignocellulosic material as feedstock.