Different Types Of Carbon Black Research Articles

Effect of carbon black and curing system on rubber–metal interface strength of automotive components

Rubber–metal parts inside the car require rubber compounds capable of ensuring optimal function and maximum service life without interface delamination. From this perspective, the strength of the bond which is created by the chemical interaction of rubber and metal by an adhesive is decisive for ensuring the functionality of the entire compound. It is dependent not only on the choice of the right adhesive but also on the rubber compound ingredients and their amount. Here, the influence of different types of carbon blacks as well as different curing systems in combination with a commonly used adhesive is described. The durability of the metal–adhesive–rubber bond is characterized by a specially designed shear strength analysis under quasi-static loading, whereas a significant influence of the structure of the carbon black has shown. It has also been observed that the presence of monosulphidic bonds has a positive effect on the shear strength.

Significant Influence of Bound Rubber Thickness on the Rubber Reinforcement Effect.

In this work, the contribution of different types of carbon blacks (N115, N330, N550, N660) and their primary and secondary thermally cracked recovered carbon blacks to the mechanical properties of NR composites was evaluated. The thermally cracked recovered carbon blacks were prepared by cracking the rubber composites at 500 °C and de-hybridizing them at 900 °C. The characterization of the thermally cracked recovered carbon blacks by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that carbon blacks after primary and secondary thermal cracking recovery were more prone to aggregation and exhibited a higher degree of carbon defects. The number and type of functional groups on the surface of these carbon blacks were significantly reduced. For NR composites with pristine samples added, the mechanical properties and the bound rubber content tests showed that the mechanical properties of the NR composites became weaker with the increase in carbon black particle size. The bound rubber content also decreased with increased carbon black particle size. The mechanical properties of the NR composites reinforced with carbon black recovered by primary and secondary thermal cracking would therefore decrease. The results of AFM and DSC tests further confirmed the decreasing trend of bound rubber. The present work demonstrates the effect of bound rubber content variation on the mechanical properties of rubber, demonstrates the morphology of bound rubber more visually, and provides new insights into the reinforcement theory of CB.

Non-destructive characterization of advanced nuclear fuel materials using neutron imaging

Attenuation-based neutron computed tomography (CT) has been used to non-destructively characterize the uncoated tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) nuclear fuel kernels in this work. Particularly, the effect of two different types of carbon blacks (Raven 3500 and Mogul L) on the internal gelation process of UO3-C kernels has been investigated. With 3D reconstructed kernel volumes and digital imaging processing techniques, heterogenous density distributions are mapped in both types of kernels. It is found that the kernels produced with Mogul L are ∼ 20 % denser and ∼ 10 % larger (in equivalent diameter) than the Raven 3500 kernels. Furthermore, less neutron attenuating regions, which are most likely to be carbon agglomerates as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results show, are observed in the Mogul L kernels. The size distribution of such carbon agglomerates (ranges from 50 μm to 850 μm with a peak at ∼ 200 μm) has been determined by analyzing the CT data. Furthermore, multiple metrics, including equivalent diameter, surface area, volume, sphericity, have been extracted to evaluate the fuel kernels. This work demonstrates that neutron imaging is an excellent, nondestructive tool to efficiently characterize, understand, and explore fuel materials for nuclear material research and development.

Influence of carbon black trimodal mixture on LDPE films properties: Part1 - DOE

In this study, the influence of carbon black (CB) trimodal mixture, with different medium particle sizes, on the colorimetric and rheological properties of polyethylene was evaluated. Three different types of CB were selected, with particle sizes of 15nm (S), 38nm (M), and 75nm (L) and combined, generating a Design of Experiments (DOE) with 19 formulations to be dispersed at 30% in low density polyethylene (LDPE) in twin screw extruder. Such formulations were evaluated in performance and process properties, such as Tint Strength, Melt Flow Index (MFI), and Total Transmittance (TT). It was observed that the mixtures between small (S) and medium (M) particles developed greater tinting strength and lower viscosity, demonstrating the synergy of the mixture, which was superior in the performance of the mixture containing only a particular of 15nm (S) that would have greater potential for results.

Experimental exploration of SMART photochemical approach for surface modification of carbon black

Photochemical reactions have defeated thermal ones on eco-friendly grounds, yet are not exact replacement in certain situations, particularly for photochemical reactions in the presence of colored particles. Irradiating photoinitiator (PI) in the presence of colored filler comes up with the limitation of radiation absorption by filler and not PI. Current research work is based on SMART photochemical approach for surface modification of Carbon Black (CB), where competition has been eliminated by parting components during initiation step. Reported photochemical approach is simple, effective and reproducible, with 5–10 wt% of modifier incorporation on CB surface. Other than being eco-friendly, this photochemical approach proves to be effective for thermally unstable materials. Efficiency of SMART approach has been verified by applying it on different types of CBs, in the absence and presence of solvents. Results of CB photochemical modification have been verified by different instrumental techniques including XPS, SEM, TGA, Raman, FTIR, DLS.

The Effect of Different Types of Carbon Black on Thermal Characteristics of Shape Memory Natural Rubber Vulcanizate

The Effect of Different Types of Carbon Black on Thermal Characteristics of Shape Memory Natural Rubber Vulcanizate

Effect of Different Carbon Blacks on the Simultaneous Electroanalysis of Drugs as Water Contaminants Based on Screen‐printed Sensors

AbstractFor the construction of the sensor, three different carbon black (CB) materials (VULCAN XC72R, BLACK PEARLS 4750 and CB N220) were explored as modifying nanomaterial. Firstly, the electrochemical activity of the each SPE modified was compared by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique, using [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− as redox couple. After demonstrating that electrodes modified with different types of CB were characterized by improved electrochemical performances when compared with bare electrodes, and among them, electrodes modified with CB BP4750 is characterised by slightly better electrochemical properties, this type of electrode was used for the development of the analytical method. By applying SWV technique in 0.2 mol L−1 phosphate buffer (pH 3.0), the obtained analytical curves for ACP and LVF were found linearly from 4.0 to 80.0 μmol L−1 and from 0.90 to 70.0 μmol L−1 with limit of detection of 2.6 μmol L−1 and 0.42 μmol L−1 for ACP and LVF, respectively. Finally, the quantification of these drugs in river water was evaluated using the new here‐proposed sensor by recovery method in spiked samples, obtaining satisfactory recovery values. The results achieved demonstrated that the developed analytical tool is of great analytical interest being easy to use, cost‐effective, miniaturized, and thus suitable for low cost on site analysis.

Formation the Properties of Carbon Black Particles by Gas-Phase Thermochemical Modification

Formation the structural and functional properties of carbon black (CB) during the synthesis stage or through post-treatment is an important practical problem that will lead to the development of special types of this material, and those with superior electrical conductivity properties are of primary importance. This work is a continuation of our previous research and concerns the structure–property relationships that arise as a result of applying basic process techniques. Done and studied the effects of gas-phase thermochemical modification (thermal oxidation and thermal modification at temperature up to 3000°C) and its technological parameters on the characteristics of microstructure, texture, and surface chemistry of CB particles and the relationships between these parameters and electrical physical properties of CB powders. We study the effect that the combined treatment—thermal treatment at 3000°C followed by gas-steam activation at 900°C—has on CB powders. For the prepared CB powders, we use an array of different characterization techniques to establish the relationship between the structure and microstructure, on the hand, and the electrical conductivity, on the other hand: X-ray diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. The bulk electrical resistance is measured on samples prepared by compression of CB nanopowders under a pressure as high as 200 atm. We carry out a comprehensive characterization of the particle structure for different types of CB and compare them to commercial conducting types of CB of both domestic and foreign origin. The observed effects are interpreted in terms of ideal crystalline carbon systems (i.e., graphenes), which have been in spotlight of both fundamental and applied research in the past years.

Effect of Compression Pressure on the Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM)/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Copolymer (NBR) Rubber Blends Filled with Different Types of Carbon Black

ABSTRACTBlends of ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer/acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer (EPDM/NBR) loaded with different types [(N326-HAF) and (N774-SRF)] and ratios of carbon black (CB) fillers were prepared. The mechanical properties of the EPDM/NBR rubber blends unloaded and loaded with different ratios of CB were investigated. Among the blends, the one with 75% EPDM and 25% NBR, both loaded and unloaded with CB, were found to exhibit the highest tensile strength and elongation at break. The observed changes in the mechanical properties of the blends were correlated to the morphology as observed by scanning electron microscopy. The changes of the electrical resistivity of the rubber blend composites during compression were investigated. The experimental results were explained from the position that an external pressure induces either an increase or decrease of the resistivity of the blend composites according to whether annihilation or creation of effective conductive paths occurs, respectively.

Analysis of the interaction between rubber polymer and carbon black surfaces by efficient removal of physisorbed polymer from carbon-rubber composites

The purpose of the present study is to provide insight into the structure of “bound rubber”, which is responsible for the reinforcing effect of carbon black (CB) in a rubber composite. When styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)-CB composites were treated with toluene at a high temperature (150 °C) in an autoclave (AC) vessel, it was found that the AC treatment extracted a much larger amount of physisorbed rubber than the conventional Soxhlet extraction. Moreover, the pulsed 1H NMR technique reveals that the AC treatment can extract almost all of “loosely bound rubber” but leave “tightly bound rubber”. An attempt was then made to correlate the amount of tightly bound rubber with the carbon surface chemistry in CB. As a result, a good linear relationship was found between the amount of tightly bound rubber and the hydrogen content of CB among four SBR composites with different types of CBs. Based on the above linear relationship, the origin of the tightly bound rubber is discussed in terms of the nature of the interaction (chemical and physical) between the rubber polymer chains and the CB surface.

The role of conductive dopants in polymer cholesteric liquid crystals

<p align="center"> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Variety of conductive dopants were used to modify the electric properties of polymer cholesteric liquid crystals. Different types of carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes, as well as metallic particles were used as conductive dopants in this work. All of them affected the conductivity of the polymer matrix, but at different dopant concentrations. The percolation threshold behaviour of used dopants in the polymer host showed pronounced dependence on the dopants’ particle size and particle shape anisotropy. For instance, the higher the aspect ratio of carbon-based dopant particles (aspect ratio = length : diametar), the lower the percolation threshold; while increase in metallic dopants' diameter yielded higher percolation threshold of polymer composition.</p><p align="center"><strong><br /></strong></p>

Research on Properties of Crosslinkable Polymer-Based Semi-Conductive Shielding Composites

In order to select effective carbon black (CB) and matrix resin for fabricating semi-conductive shielding materials of XLPE insulated high voltage cable, the crosslinkable composites were prepared by melt blending different types of CB with three types of copolymer resin, and the crosslinking samples were compressed. The electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, thermal elongation properties and rheological properties of the crosslinkable semi-conductive composites were measured. The research results indicated that compared to EVA-based and EEA1-based composites, the EEA2-based composites have the lowest volume resistivity and the best rheological properties, and the CB content has less effect on their mechanical properties. The properties of the composites with CB1 were superior to that of the composites with CB2. The composites prepared with CB1 and EEA2 present the best overall properties. These composites are expected to be used in the manufacture of semi-conductive shielding layer for high voltage cable.

Study on the Effects of Different Types of Carbon Black on the Performance of SBR2564S

The curing characteristics,crosslinking density,compressive permanent deformation,the conventional mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical properties of SBR2564S filled with different carbon black were studied.The results indicated that with the increase in specific surface area of carbon black particles，Mooney viscosity of the resulting mixture increased while the scorch time decreased.As the carbon black particle size increases, tensile strength and tear strength of SBR2564S were reduced,rebound and compressive set were increased.The kinds of carbon black had little effect on the crosslinking density of vulcanized rubber of SBR2564S.It had poor performance on dynamic mechanical properties of the resulting mixture filled with small carbon black particle size.SBR2564S vulcanizates with good comprehensive properties was obtained when N330 was used.

Entropy characteristics of adsorption of n-pentane, benzene, and acetonitrile molecules on the surface of nonporous carbon adsorbents

The entropy characteristics of adsorption of n-pentane, benzene, and acetonitrile molecules on different types of carbon blacks and their graphitized analogs were determined using inverse gas chromatography in the region of invinitely small coverages of the surface. The models of localized and non-localized adsorption were used in the analysis of experimentally determined entropies of adsorption. The character of adsorption changes from non-localized (model of 2D ideal gas) to localized adsorption with an increase in the specific surface and fractal dimensionality. The non-localized character of adsorption prevails on the surface of graphitized carbon blacks with different sizes of surface crystallites. The physical state of adsorbed molecules was assumed on the basis of the calculated thermal component of entropy of the adsorbate. The degree of heterogeneity of the surface of the studied carbon adsorbents can be estimated from the value of the thermal component of entropy of the adsorbate.

Effect of carbon black structure on low‐strain conductivity of polypropylene and low‐density polyethylene composites

AbstractThe influences of carbon black (CB) structure on the percolation threshold, mechanical properties, and strain‐resistivity response of polymer composites are studied. Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) samples were blended with five different types of CB differing in structure. Relatively low strains were studied; the maximum strain was 10%. It was found that the CB concentration for maximum strain‐sensitivity of the electrical conductivity is higher for low structure carbon blacks but is essentially independent of the CB structure for medium‐ to high‐structure carbon blacks. However, the composite containing the largest particle size carbon black clearly showed the highest strain‐sensitivity to electrical conduction. The mechanical properties and sensitivity of electrical resistivity to tensile strain of the filled composites examined in the study are also presented and discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers

Conductivity Studies of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites Loaded with Different Types of Carbon Blacks

THE EFFECT of three types of carbon blacks namely: High abrasion furnace black (HAF), graphite and acetylenic carbon black on the electrical and mechanical properties of NBR composites were investigated. The conductivity of NBR composites is found to be 7 orders of magnitude higher than that of the filler-free NBR. It reaches ~10−3 S cm−1 at ~30oC in case of NBR composites loaded with acetylenic carbon black. The tensile strength of NBR/filler composites has been markedly increased, indicating high reinforcement efficiency, i.e., good interaction between the fillers and NBR. The NBR/HAF composites have the highest tensile strength, then NBR/Acetylenic CB and then NBR/graphite composites. The elongation at break of NBR/ filler composites was found to decrease with increasing the filler content.

Effect of fillers on morphological properties in NR/SBR blends for OTR tyres

The blends of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber (NR) are prepared using a two-roll mixing mill in the presence of different types of carbon blacks as reinforcing filler. The effects of fillers on cure characteristics and thermal, dynamic–mechanical, morphological properties of the blends are studied. The ISAF N231 type of carbon black shows a significant effect on tensile, tear and modulus properties by reacting at the interface between SBR/NR matrixes. The dynamic characteristics and storage modulus of SBR/NR with SAF N110 and SRF N774 types of carbon black show distinct characteristics in respect to all other blends in this system. The thermal stability of the rubber vulcanizates containing SAF N110 and SRF N774 types of carbon blacks is higher than other blend types. With the increasing percentage of SBR to NR, the thermal stability of the blend is increased. However, the heat buildup of the blends increases with the increase in SBR percentage.

The effect of different types of carbon blacks on the rheological and thermal properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber

The influence of two types of carbon black filler N330 and N990 (primary particle size 46 nm and >230 nm) on elastomeric composites based on acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) have been investigated. The activation energy (E a) were determined from two high temperature rheokinetic curves (T 1 = 180 °C and T 2 = 190 °C). For tensile testing, the compounds with different content of carbon black were vulcanized in a hydraulic press at 150 °C. The stress-strain experiments were performed before and after ageing the specimens in an air-circulating oven at 100 °C for 168 h. The thermal degradation and thermal stability of carbon black filled NBR rubber was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis in a flowing nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 °C/min.

Fiber Structure and Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Butyl Rubber with Different Types of Carbon Black

Abstract Breathable butyl rubber non-woven mats have been successfully produced by the electrospinning technique, providing a fibrous membrane with controlled porosity and surface area. These properties are directly related to the barrier properties of the product, including water vapor transmission, air flow resistance, aerosol resistance, and the transportation of chemical vapors. Butyl rubber is also known as a highly chemical resistant elastomer material, which can be used for applications requiring high elongation. The use of carbon black filled elastomers provides the ability to tailor the properties, such as processability, mechanical properties, and barrier properties through proper selection of carbon black type and loading. In this work, the structure and mechanical properties of electrospun butyl rubber non-woven mats were investigated using a series of carbon black types with variation in particle size and structure. Fiber diameter decreased with decreasing particle size and increasing carbon black structure. Mechanical properties can be explained by variation in density and fiber morphology of membranes. Decreasing carbon black particle size and increasing structure decreased the density, and increased tensile strength, ultimate elongation and modulus.

Effects of thermal aging on fatigue of carbon black–reinforced EPDM rubber

AbstractDeterioration of the parameters measuring the fatigue of rubber compounds as a result of thermal aging was investigated. The energy to break, tear strength, fatigue life, and fatigue crack propagation rate of EPDM rubber compounds reinforced with three different types of carbon black before and after different periods of thermal aging were measured and compared through a series of static and cyclic loading tests. The experimental results indicated that the fatigue resistance of EPDM rubber compounds with different types of carbon black was consistently reduced because of changes in the molecular structure and crosslink density as a result of thermal aging. Meanwhile, the intrinsic flaws of carbon black–reinforced EPDM rubber compounds after 6 months of thermal aging were smaller, regardless of the type of carbon black. Therefore, the effects of thermal aging on the fatigue of rubber compounds are significant and should be taken into account in designing rubber components. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1244–1251, 2007