Different Types Of Antennas Research Articles

Review on Patch Antennas for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Application

The wide-ranging Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications making them be one of the Internet of Things promising technologies. The vast potential of monitoring and surveillance for public safety threats using drones be a current issue for researchers. Antennas play an important part in UAV to create reliable communication links. There are different types of antennas that can be used for UAV application depend on antennas size, efficiency, gain, angle of radiation pattern, polarization, etc. This paper mainly focuses on patch antennas for UAV applications. In general, there are two types of patch antenna is described which are single patch antenna and array antenna. The review of patch antennas can be a useful guideline to choose or design antenna for UAV applications in the future.

Survey on performance parameters of planar microwave antennas

Planar antennas, which include microstrip antennas and printed circuit board antennas, are used in telecommunications. This study aims to provide an overview of microstrip antennas for diverse applications. Microstrip patch antenna design is a new study topic that has been established for usage in 5th-generation communication applications. An antenna is a group of connected devices that serve as a single antenna to broadcast or receive radio waves. Antennas come in a variety of designs and sizes. The paper discusses several printed microstrip antenna designs, such as rectangular to circular, broadband, dual-band, millimeter-wave and microstrip arrays. The microstrip patch is an antenna layout that is lightweight, low-profile, and results-oriented. Microstrip patch antennas may be employed in various 6G communication system applications in the future. This paper examines antenna geometric structures, antenna analysis methodologies, antenna dimensions and many different types of antennas. It will also go over the substrate materials, loss tangent, thickness, return loss, bandwidth, voltage-standing-wave-ratio (VSWR), gain, and directivity so that an optimized antenna can be designed and fabricated having excellent characteristics for use in modern applications by the promising academic researchers in the near future.

Design of UAV Antennas and Challenges: Review

In the last decade, researchers have been attracted by the drone and its antenna design. Few years back, drone was used only for surveillance but now drone is using in various filed i.e., weather forecasting, transportation, communication, search & rescue etc. Antennas are the most important part of drone or UAV. Designing of antennas for drone is the challenging task for the researchers without increasing the overall weight of drone. In this article, classification of drone as per their weight, altitude and applications, different types of antennas have been discussed with its challenge. Different antenna design has been discussed and compared with different parameters.

Microstrip patch antennas for various applications: a review

<span lang="EN-US">This paper aims to review microstrip antennas for various applications. The design of microstrip patch antennas is a new research field developed for use in 5th generation communication applications. An antenna is a collection of multiple devices connected together that function as a single antenna to send or receive radio waves. Antennas can be of different shapes and sizes. The microstrip patch is an antenna pattern that is light in weight, low profile, and focuses on producing results. In the future, microstrip patch antennas may be used for some 6G communication systems applications. In addition, 6G communication applications can be created on other devices, including biomedical, autonomous vehicles, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, internet of things (IoT), machine learning, Artificial Neural Network Algorithms, radar, and wireless communication. In the past, the multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) pattern was a standard geometry used in 4G wireless applications. This paper discusses the geometric structures of antennas, various analysis methods for antenna characteristics, antenna dimensions, and many different types of antennas. Also, it will discuss the previous papers' substrate materials, loss tangent, thickness, return loss, bandwidth, voltage-standing-wave-ratio (VSWR), gain, and directivity.</span>

Rectangular and circular antennas design for Bluetooth applications

The most researched and examined aspect of the communication system is the wireless connection. Without learning how to operate and use different types of antennas, your knowledge is incomplete. Microstrip patch antenna research has advanced significantly in recent years. When compared to standard antennas, microstrip patch antennas provide additional advantages and opportunities. It is of low volume, light weight, low cost, low appearance, compact and easy to manufacture. This study investigates the differences between rectangular and circular patch antennas. For Bluetooth applications, the center frequency of 2.4 GHz was chosen as the optimal resonant frequency. On a flame retardant (FR-4) epoxy substrate, the antenna dielectric constant is 4.4. Above the ground the base rises 3.6 mm. For the simulation process, high frequency simulation software (HFSS 15) is used as the program design. Antennas 1×1, 1×2, and 1×4 are designed for both circular and rectangular antennas. A comparison was made for both types of antennas and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return losses, gain, directivity and half power beam width (HPBW) were found, and the feature of the rectangular antenna was shown.

Analysis of Different Types of Antenna for Television Network and Extracting C Band Channels

Television network is a system of transmitting and receiving television signals over a large area. Antenna is a device that converts electromagnetic waves into electric currents or vice versa. Antenna plays a crucial role in the performance and quality of television network. In this paper, we will analyze different types of antenna for television network, such as dipole antenna, yagi antenna, parabolic antenna and fractal antenna. We will compare their advantages and disadvantages, and suggest some criteria for choosing the best antenna for different scenarios. Dipole antenna is the simplest and most common type of antenna for television network. It consists of two metal rods or wires of equal length that are connected to a transmitter or receiver. Dipole antenna can receive signals from any direction in a horizontal plane, but has a low gain and a narrow bandwidth. Dipole antenna is suitable for local television stations or indoor applications. Yagi antenna is a directional antenna that consists of a dipole antenna and several parasitic elements, such as reflectors and directors. Yagi antenna can focus the signals in one direction and reject the signals from other directions, thus increasing the gain and reducing the interference. Yagi antenna has a moderate bandwidth and can be easily adjusted to different frequencies. Yagi antenna is suitable for long-distance television network or outdoor applications. Parabolic antenna is another directional antenna that consists of a parabolic reflector and a feed horn. Parabolic antenna can concentrate the signals into a narrow beam and achieve a high gain and a wide bandwidth. Parabolic antenna can also receive signals from satellites or other high-altitude sources. Parabolic antenna is suitable for satellite television network or high-definition television network. Fractal antenna is a novel type of antenna that uses fractal geometry to design its shape and structure. Fractal antenna can have multiple resonant frequencies and a large effective area, thus increasing the bandwidth and the efficiency. Fractal antenna can also have self-similarity and scalability, which means it can be miniaturized or enlarged without affecting its performance. Fractal antenna is suitable for digital television network or wireless communication network. In conclusion, different types of antenna have different characteristics and applications for television network. Depending on the factors such as distance, frequency, direction, interference, quality and cost, one can choose the best antenna for their specific needs

Robust method of metrology for direct phase measurement for nano-antennas

Optical metasurfaces allow the development of original and more and more complex optical functions. They are therefore facing a design and characterization problem. Indeed, they are more and more composed of complex patterns, with different types of antennas and non-periodic. This is why it is important to build libraries of nano-structures that can be used as building blocks to compose optical functions. Therefore, we propose a direct phase measurement metrology method for optical nanostructures. Using lateral shift interferometry, our technique allows to simultaneously characterize in amplitude and phase nano-antennas of all types, shapes and materials, and thus to experimentally establish a library of nano-antennas. Our method brings an additional tool in the design of nano-antennas, which completes the existing simulation tools, by allowing to test all types of nano-antennas.

ANTENNA AND ANTENNA ARRAY: A REVIEW PAPER

This paper is a review article on antenna and antenna array. The types of antennas discussed in this paper are linear, planar, frequency scanning, and microstrip patch antenna arrays. Along with these types of antennas, we also discuss various beamforming techniques, such as analog, digital, and hybrid beamforming techniques. We review several previously published studies on antenna and array designs related to beamforming, in which we discuss the methods adapted, findings obtained, types of materials used, and application areas intended for the designs. Beamforming techniques such as phase shifter selection, simultaneous wireless information and power transfer, hybrid beamforming, hybrid beamforming with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and distributed antenna systems, and multiple input/multiple output systems are reviewed. Finally, a comparison table of the different types of antennas reviewed is presented.

Circularly polarized luminescence of lanthanide complexes: From isolated individuals, discrete oligomers, to hierarchical assemblies

AbstractCircularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is the emission featured spatial orientation equivalent to circular dichroism. Owning to the unique magnetic dipole‐allowed but electric‐dipole‐forbidden 4f→ 4ftransitions, chiral lanthanide complexes have been recognized as ideal candidates to achieve unprecedented luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum). Their inherent electric‐dipole‐forbidden transition can be partly allowed, through the rational design of coordination ligands to lower the surrounding symmetry, further endowing them with relatively high quantum yields (QYs). Moreover, the blossom of supramolecular chemistry in lanthanide complexes allows for the construction of discrete oligomers and hierarchical assemblies, rendering them with enhanced chiroptical activities. Here, we deploy this review by summarizing recent advances in the chiroptical properties of lanthanide complexes, spanning multiple scales from isolated mononuclear individuals, discrete polynuclear oligomers, to infinite hierarchical assemblies. We first introduce the basic concept and several important parameters for the assessment of CPL activity. Then, isolated mononuclear lanthanide complexes coordinated with different types of antennas, along with the unique chirality transfer and induction in achiral lanthanide complexes were discussed. Next, the systematical discussion on chiroptical properties in discrete polynuclear lanthanide oligomers and infinite hierarchical lanthanide assemblies was presented. Meanwhile, the state‐of‐the‐art applications of CPL‐active lanthanide complexes were revisited. We end up this review with the conclusion and prospects, involving the rational design of ligands, directed and hierarchically precise self‐assembly, and extending applications of chiral lanthanide complexes.image

Enhancing the Directivity of Antennas Using Plasma Rings

A method for improving the radiation directivity of a dipole antenna is introduced based on placing plasma rings in the close proximity of the antenna. The method is applicable to different types of antennas; however, in this work, extensive investigation is focused on its applicability to dipole antennas. Simulation results show that the plasma rings lead to an appreciable enhancement in the gain of a resonant dipole antenna. The dependency of the enhancement in the gain on the plasma parameters has been analyzed. It is also found that the proposed method does not affect the characteristic impedance of the antenna and, therefore, its impedance matching characteristics. The method is experimentally validated using an inexpensive commercial fluorescent lamp. The proposed method can be used for other types of antennas and for antenna arrays.

An Evaluation of Self-Built Low-Power Wide-Area Network Based on LoRa

<p>With the rapid development of applications in Internet of Things (IoT). Low power consumption and wide area is one of the solutions for the development of information transmission. Therefore, Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technology had led to extensive applications and discussions. The Long Range (LoRa) has the characteristics of self-built network and programmable control of communication parameters besides the above features of LPWAN technologies. The LoRa has more flexible application capabilities compared with the LPWAN technology that requires infrastructure provided by Internet Service Providers (ISP). Therefore, this paper describes the evaluation method from the LoRa parameters and the experiment of long-distance transmission. According to the experimental results, the actual effective transmission distance of the lightweight LoRa module from the packet loss rate is 621 meters. Moreover, the phenomena that different types of antennas connected to the transmitter affect the direction of the device are discussed.</p> <p> </p>

Influence of antenna half-power beam width on equipment under test volume in radiation disturbance measurement

Through the study of the latest radiation disturbance measurement standards, the difference between test volume and equipment under test volume was compared and analyzed. Different types of antennas will be used in the radiated disturbance measurement in terms of the different frequency range. Various antennas have kinds of directional characteristics. This article analyzes the influence of antenna half-power beam width on the equipment under test volume, especially on the height, from three frequency ranges. Furthermore, taking the typical horn antenna as the starting point, as well as the formula of volume with antenna half-power beamwidth, the relationship between equipment volume and frequency is calculated. Finally, the influence of antenna half-power beam width on the equipment under test volume is obtained.

USE OF ADAPTIVE ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR INCREASE THE THROUGHPUT IN LTE-A

Context. The aim of the article is to analyze the throughput of the LTE-A mobile network on the uplink using an adaptive linear equidistant antenna array. Objective. Suggestions have been made for the possibility of using adaptive antenna arrays to increase bandwidth in LTE-A mobile networks and analyze the benefits of its use compared to the standard type of base station antenna Method. To achieve this result, a computer model of noise analysis of the mobile network in the form of a flat regular hexagonal antenna array consisting of 7 three-sector cells was developed. To estimate the benefit from the use of adaptive antenna arrays, two options were analyzed: when using a standard antenna array of the LTE-A network, and an adaptive linear equidistant antenna array. During the simulation, 100 random placements of subscribers of useful and interference signals were performed and the minimum, maximum and average gain from the use of adaptive antenna arrays was calculated. The average value of the gain for the adaptive antenna array in the direction of the subscriber station, which generates a useful signal of 5.69 dB more than the standard antenna array of the LTE-A network. At the same time, there is a significant reduction in the gain of the adaptive antenna in the direction of the interference subscriber stations, namely, for those with the highest interference level, the gain is 32.84 dB and 28.33 dB, respectively. To clearly show the gain in the qualitative characteristics of the network, a bandwidth analysis was performed for different types of antennas. The bandwidth distribution (transport block size) for 50 resource blocks using an adaptive equidistant linear antenna array compared to a standard antenna array is presented. Results. It is shown that due to the use of adaptive antenna systems, the average bandwidth increases from 11 Mbit/s to 35 Mbit / s for all types of distribution considered channels. Conclusions. The article proposes the use of adaptive antenna arrays to increase the bandwidth of the LTE-A network. The simulation of bandwidth for 50 resource blocks showed that in the presence of internal system interference when using standard antennas of base stations, the average bandwidth is from 11.2 Mbps to 12.3 Mbps. At the same time, due to the use of adaptive antenna systems, the average bandwidth increases from 11 Mbit/s to 35 Mbit/s for all types of multipath channels considered.

A Review on State of Art Techniques of Antennas for Body Area Networks

In this paper, we explore some of the notable research works that will open a new dimension in the field of antenna research applicable to body area networks. Different types of antennas for body area networks include implantable antenna, ingestible pill antenna, and wearable antennas. The antennas for body area networks gained the attention of the researchers after the demands of the compact as well as efficient wearable devices increased. The design of antennas for body area network applications is very interesting and challenging, as a researcher has to ensure that the antenna should have a small footprint, and be flexible. Simultaneously, the radiation must be in a particular direction with a workable gain, and low Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) to avoid damage. These antennas require performing well in proximity to the living bodies that tend to degrade the performance. The antennas that are in demand include implantable antennas, ingestible antennas, on-body antennas, and antennas for off-body communications. In this paper, the earlier works have been analyzed well and verified with a compact CPW-fed circular patch antenna design, backed by a metal conductor. This antenna exhibits the perfect matching at two frequency bands. These are S11 (below -10 dB) bandwidth of 3.4 GHz ranging from 2.45 – 5.89 GHz and an S11 bandwidth of 0.99 GHz ranging from 9.10 – 10.09 GHz. While in contact with the human body, the antenna exhibits a bandwidth of 2.54 GHz between 3.02-5.56 GHz and a bandwidth of 3.01 GHz between 9.8-12.81 GHz. The SAR values are 0.82 W/kg and 0.56 W/kg. The antenna is a suitable candidate for off-body communication in wearable applications.

Performance Evaluation of RF Energy Harvesting Circuit with DRA and Planar Antennas

In this study, a rectenna (antenna + rectifier) performance is compared with two different types of antennas; planar and DRA. The CST Microwave Studio and Advance Design System (ADS) is used to perform co-simulation. In this, first a .S2P is generated using two similar antennas keeping at a far-field distance in CST, afterward it is imported in ADS and tested with a typical rectifier circuit. Further, two experimental methods are performed in indoor and outdoor environments to validate the simulation results. In the indoor environment, a horn antenna excited with a signal generator is used as an RF power transmitter. In contrast, in the outdoor environment, the horn antenna is replaced with an ambient power source like a mobile base station. In both methods, at receiving side rectenna (antenna + rectifier) is kept in the far-field region. Here, both planar metallic and dielectric resonator antennas are use done after another with the rectifier circuit to test the rectenna system. From the simulation and experiments performed in indoor and outdoor environment method, it is confirmed that the rectenna system tenders the best performance with dielectric resonator antenna.

Choke ring horn antenna design for satellite payload data transmitters

AbstractIn low earth orbiting satellite communication systems, antennas are key elements for radio frequency transmitters and receivers. There are different types of antennas used on satellite communication systems. One of them is the antenna used in payload data transfer communication subsystem. Payload data transmitters for space segment should utilize the radio frequency power efficiently due to the limited power budget of the spacecraft. For low elevation angles of a low earth orbiting satellite, the free space loss increases as expected and it should be compensated. One way of this compensation is to employ an antenna having isoflux pattern. Therefore, in this paper, a circularly polarized X‐Band choked ring horn antenna is designed, optimized and manufactured due to its isoflux radiation characteristic and medium power handling capability. Initially, an analytical approach from the literature is explained and then the physical dimensions of the proposed antenna are optimized, iteratively, employing a commercially available electromagnetic solver. Next, a prototype has been manufactured to verify the radiation, return loss and port isolation characteristics and they are presented in the related section. Moreover, the results of the presented antenna have been compared to the ones available in the literature. These comparisons show that gain of the designed antenna at ±64° elevation angle has higher gain with respect to the compared ones. In addition, its axial ratio value is smaller than 6.5 dB for different azimuth angles between 8025 and 8400 MHz. Unlike the other studies given in the literature that have gain higher than 2 dB at ±64° elevation angle, in this study all design parameters have been presented to utilize through the operating bandwidth.

Bluetooth Worm Propagation in Smartphones: Modeling and Analyzing Spatio-Temporal Dynamics

The use of smartphones has become an inherent part of daily human life. It allows users to keep personal information, emails, pictures, social media accounts, and financial data in one place. Consequently, smartphones are an attractive target for malware developers to spread malicious content, aiming at extracting information without the user’s knowledge. Therefore, understanding malware propagation characteristics could provide a means to evaluate how they behave in order to plan security solutions accordingly. Bluetooth antennas are a channel for spreading malware through smartphones, where the probability of infection, similar to biological viruses, depends mainly on the attacker’s physical proximity. This work presents a model based on cellular automata and epidemiological compartmental models for studying the spatial and temporal propagation of Bluetooth worms in smartphones. The proposed model incorporates the individual characteristics of each device, such as security settings, latency time, operating system, different classes of Bluetooth antennas (range and transfer rate), and different user mobility patterns. Several simulation scenarios are analyzed in order to study the spreading dynamics of Bluetooth-based worms, considering the location where the outbreak begins, and the different types of antennas integrated into the smart devices. Simulation results indicated that the proposed model is appropriate for studying how the users’ demographics affect the worm’s propagation dynamics in time and space. Moreover, the model permits an analysis of the impact of users’ awareness about the risks inherent in using smart devices in Bluetooth networks, based on the acceptance of incoming communication and the effects of recovery and immunity to threats. Finally, the proposed model preserves simplicity and computational efficiency, with the possibility of extending beyond Bluetooth in order to include other transmission media.

A Theoretical Survey on Patch Antenna for Wideband Communication

Modern communication system is based on wideband communication. A wideband antenna is designed in such a way that it will receive a wide range of frequencies. Microwave frequency spectrum is classified as ranging from 1GHz to 100GHz and this range is divided into a number of frequency bands. These bands are defined as L Band, S Band, C Band, X Band etc. To fulfil the demands of many users patch antenna is designed in these bands. Among different types of antenna, Microstrip Patch Antenna is most popular in wireless communication system. Microstrip patch Antennas have many advantages over other familiar antennas because microstrip patch antennas are of low profile, low cost, low volume, light weight. Low efficiency, low gain and narrow bandwidth of patch antenna create major challenge to a designer. Slots are created on patch for preparing antenna forwideband applications. In this paper, we have surveyed upon various types of Microstrip Patch Antenna, feeding techniques, design equation Substrate Characteristics, Simulation tools etc.

A Review of the Wearable Textile-Based Antenna using Different Textile Materials for Wireless Applications

Miniaturization of wireless systems empowered the use of the textile antenna for various purposes and has become one of the fastest developing technology in the world today. In general, textile antennas are microstrip antenna where the substrate is a textile material. Commercially, a variety of textile materials available these days, and the properties of these textiles have an impact on the characteristics and performance of an antenna. Normally, textile materials present a very low dielectric constant which is required for an efficient antenna. Nevertheless, textile fabrics are porous, anisotropic, and compressible materials whose thickness and density alters with low pressure affecting the electromagnetic properties of the material. The features of the textile materials were believed to impact the behavior of the antenna, hence this study shows minimal research highlighted on the differences of textile material properties. This review paper summarizes different types of antenna with their applications, essential antenna parameters, and the textile material used for the construction of the wearable textile antenna. This literature review guides to reveal the various considerations for designing wearable antenna from different textile materials. Lastly, several open recommendations are given for further guidance for future studies.

Mutual Coupling of Antennas With Overlapping Minimum Spheres Based on the Transformation Between Spherical and Plane Vector Waves

Mutual coupling in finite arrays of antennas with strongly overlapping minimum spheres is quickly calculated by computing the general translation matrix between spherical modes. This matrix is obtained by using the transformation properties of spherical and plane vector waves. Although this approach is less efficient than the classical one, which is based on addition theorems, it allows to overcome the well-known limitation of addition theorems that requires nonintersecting minimum spheres. Symmetry relations are provided for the translation coefficients that greatly increase the speed of computation of the general translation matrix. By computing the reflection and the transmission submatrices of the generalized scattering matrix of a finite antenna array, accurate results are obtained for the S-parameters and the radiation patterns of arrays, in comparison with commercial software or a purely numerical in-house full-wave method. For this purpose, different types of antennas with strongly overlapping hemispheres in an array environment on a ground plane are used, such as apertures, monopoles, cavity-backed patch antennas, or dielectric resonator antennas.