Different Techniques For Extraction Research Articles

Anti-Giardia Activity of a methanol extract of Anvillea radiata

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of Anvillea radiata plant extracts from the traditional pharmacopoeia by searching for new antiparasitic molecules. It seemed important to us to explore the nature of the natural antiparasitic substances in some Asteraceae of traditional Saharan medicine. Methods: Our work focuses on the bioguided phytochemical study, identification and evaluation of the antiparasitic activity of the extract and pure compound of a medicinal species of the sahara Anvillea radiata (Asteracaea). Results: The effect of plant extracts on parasites and the study of medicinal plants and endemic Saharan species Anvillea radiata by the use of different techniques of extraction, separation and purification were carried out on the aerial part of these plants tested against Giardia intestinalis. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the antiparasitic power of extracts from medicinal plants from the Bechar region. We estimated the inhibition of the parasites Giardia intestinalis subjected to extracts of medicinal plants. The compound exhibited a high anti-giardia activity, with growth inhibition of 96.24%. Conclusion: These results suggest that Anvillea radiata has several biological activities and could provide a potential natural source of bioactive compounds and be beneficial to human health.

Use of Computed Tomography Scan Technology to Explore the Porosity of Concrete: Scientific Possibilities and Technological Limitations

This paper shows the scientific possibilities of computed tomography for the study of concrete porosity. The enormous technological advances in computed tomography equipment used in materials research, with increasingly higher energy, better resolution and smaller pixel size will allow, in the near future, viewing pore sizes that are currently unthinkable, competing in resolution with the traditional techniques of mercury porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption. The challenge at that time (and to a lesser extent today) will be how to extract as much information as possible from the large amount of data provided by computed tomography equipment. In this article, through the study of six cubic specimens of 40 mm sides, different techniques of extraction and presentation of the information are shown, which help us to better understand the characterization of the morphology and distribution of the pores inside the concrete matrix. This information is essential to understand some of the macroscopic responses of the concrete.

Oleuropein: Methods for extraction, purifying and applying

Oleuropein is one of the most abundant phenolic compounds present in olive leaves, and many studies have shown that this compound has important biological properties (anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, anticancer, antimicrobial and antiviral) and that is why it has been gaining prominence in research. Oleuropein can be extracted from different sources using standard and unconventional methods, and can be recovered and purified (mainly by chromatographic techniques), for later use in several areas. The literature presents information about oleuropein alone in scientific research with different objectives, however, it was observed by the authors that studies that compile the existing information on these secoiridoides are very scarce and, therefore, this review was developed with the aim of providing current information to the scientific community, about the different techniques of extraction and purification of oleuropein, as well as the opportunities for applications and uses of this compound.

A Novel Technique for the Removal of an Intramedullary Femoral Guidewire Lodged in the Femoral Canal

Intramedullary nails are currently the most commonly used device for the fixation of intertrochanteric hip fractures. An initial threaded guidewire is used for localizing the site of entry and determining the final position of the fixation device. Hardware failure with guidewire breakage can complicate the procedure and lead to unplanned challenges for the surgeon. Predisposing mechanical properties of the hardware, along with technical surgical errors may lead to inadvertent breakage or migration of guidewires. The authors report a case of initial threaded starting guidewire migration into the femoral intramedullary canal with subsequent impaction into the distal femoral subchondral bone after advancement of the proximal femoral canal reamer. A method for antegrade removal of a lodged intramedullary guidewire through the distal femoral condyles is described. A set of key technical points to avoid this complication are also provided. Although guidewire migration during hip fracture surgery is a rare occurrence, it is important to recognize the technical measures that can be used to prevent this potentially devastating complication. Surgeons should be familiar with several different techniques for extraction of such hardware surrounding the hip, as there is no universally successful method.

Monitoring of Pesticides in Drinking, Surface and Ground Water of Cyprus by Liquid-Liquid and Solid Phase Extraction in Combination with GC/MS and UPLC/MS/MS

Pesticides having different structures and biological activities are widely used for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes throughout the world. Monitoring of pesticides in water contribute to the protection of human health and the protection of environment too. Analysis of a big number of water samples each year is revealed a clear image for pollution by pesticides. Twenty-four pesticides are monitored in drinking, surface and ground waters of Cyprus according to the European legislation. During the last 4 years (2013-2016) 2860 samples were analysing using two different techniques of extraction and determination. Pesticides were separated at two groups according to their polarity and stability and determined using GC/MS and UPLC/MS/MS. The limit of quantification is 0.01 μg/L for those determined with UPLC/MS/MS and 0.01 - 0.03 μg/L for those determined with GC/MS. The results revealed that only 1.5% of the samples analysed found to contain some of these compounds at concentration over the limit of quantification. Only nine of the pesticides were found at the samples and those with the highest frequency were Chloropyrifos, Prosulfocarb and Simazine.

Water as a green solvent combined with different techniques for extraction of essential oil from lavender flowers

Abstract Using water as a green solvent with a variable geometry makes use of physical and chemical phenomena that are fundamentally different from those applied in conventional extraction techniques such as hydro-distillation, steam distillation or solvent extraction. Advantages and drawbacks of using water as a solvent with different physical and chemical states have been compared. A total of ten extraction techniques: hydro-distillation (HD), steam distillation (SD), turbo-hydro-distillation (THD), salt-hydro-distillation (NaCL-HD), enzyme-hydro-distillation (Enzyme-HD), micelle-hydro-distillation (Micelle-HD), ultrasound-hydro-distillation (US-HD) or subcritical water-hydro-distillation (SW-HD), solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and microwave steam distillation (MSD) were used to extract the essential oil from lavender (Lavandula L.) and their results were compared. The quantity was measured by the yield of essential oil and the quality was evaluated using the oil composition especially the content of linalyl acetate, linalool and terpin-4-ol compared with the corresponding control sample: Hydro-distillation. For environmentally friendly of the process: extraction time, total energy consumption and CO2 emission were considered and compared with conventional hydro-distillation. The mechanism explaining the linalyl acetate degradation has been resolved by using COSMO-RS software. Based on the present experimental conditions, it is recommended that lavender oil may be produced preferably by steam distillation assisted by microwave extraction to reduce the by-product formation by various chemical reactions and to get better oil recoveries.

Modern extraction techniques and their impact on the pharmacological profile of Serenoa repens extracts for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms.

BackgroundBioactive compounds from plants (i.e., Serenoa repens) are often used in medicine in the treatment of several pathologies, among which benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) associated to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).DiscussionThere are different techniques of extraction, also used in combination, with the aim of enhancing the amount of the target molecules, gaining time and reducing waste of solvents. However, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the bioactives depends on the extractive process, and so the brands of the recovered products from the same plant are different in terms of clinical efficacy (no product interchangeability among different commercial brands).SummaryIn this review, we report on several and recent extraction techniques and their impact on the composition/biological activity of S. repens-based available products.

Extraction of tetracyclinic antibiotic residues from fish filet: Comparison and optimization of different procedures using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Anti-microbials have been used to control the quality of the aquatic environment for both prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. Tetracyclines are among the main antimicrobials used in aquaculture, and present a particular difficulty for extraction, due to a complex structure and high interaction with components of the biological matrix. In this study, different techniques of extraction and clean-up of antimicrobials of the tetracycline class in tilapia filets have been optimized and compared, followed by validation of the methodology using the best procedure. Oxytetracycline, doxycycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline were analyzed by HPLC-fluorescence under the following conditions: organic mobile phase composed of methanol:acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) and aqueous mobile phase containing sodium acetate (0.0375molL−1), calcium chloride (0.0175molL−1) and EDTA (0.0125molL−1) at pH 7.00. The chromatographic analysis was performed using a mobile phase gradient with a flow rate of 1mLmin−1 and detection wavelength of 385/528nm (λexc/λem). Four extraction methods have been evaluated, namely: liquid–liquid partition; solid phase extraction (SPE) using phenyl, C18 and polymeric Oasis-HLB stationary phases; dispersive SPE (dSPE) using polymeric adsorbent XAD 16 resin; and QuEChERS. The methods have been optimized with fractional factorial experimental design and compared by the extraction efficiency. The liquid–liquid extraction and the QuEChERS methods showed low extraction efficiencies (14-30%) for the analytes. The use of dSPE showed good efficiency (40-60%), but with low precision and high consumption of time. Among the evaluated extraction techniques the use of SPE showed the best results, with emphasis on the phenyl phase (58-76%), and has been validated for analysis of residues of tetracyclines in tilapia muscle regarding selectivity, linearity, precision and limits of detection and quantification. The validated method was adequate for the investigation of the analytes at residue levels.

Comparison of three different techniques of extraction in laparoscopic donor nephrectomy

Aim:We compare the outcome of three different methods of graft extraction after a laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.Materials and Methods:After a conventional five port laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, specimen was extracted through one of three approaches: 1. Iliac fossa (IF) incision and hand extraction, 2. Midline (MD) periumbilical with a lower polar fat stitch incorporating gonadal vein for traction while retrieval, and 3. Pfannensteil (PF) with Gel port extraction. Estimated blood loss, operating time, warm ischemia time, incision length, pain score, analgesic consumption, hospital stay, wound complications, graft complications and recipient creatinine at 6 weeks were analyzed.Results:Warm ischemia time was significantly reduced in PF group when compared to other groups. Length of the incision was less in the MD group compared to other groups. Wound complications were significantly less in PF group when compared to other groups. Graft extraction complications were significantly high in MD group compared to other two groups.Conclusion:Based on the results obtained, our current method of preference is by Pfannensteil incision. A controlled extraction with the use of a hand assist device would be best for donor safety and to avoid graft related complications.

Reconstructing the Curve-Skeletons of 3D Shapes Using the Visual Hull

Curve-skeletons are the most important descriptors for shapes, capable of capturing in a synthetic manner the most relevant features. They are useful for many different applications: from shape matching and retrieval, to medical imaging, to animation. This has led, over the years, to the development of several different techniques for extraction, each trying to comply with specific goals. We propose a novel technique which stems from the intuition of reproducing what a human being does to deduce the shape of an object holding it in his or her hand and rotating. To accomplish this, we use the formal definitions of epipolar geometry and visual hull. We show how it is possible to infer the curve-skeleton of a broad class of 3D shapes, along with an estimation of the radii of the maximal inscribed balls, by gathering information about the medial axes of their projections on the image planes of the stereographic vision. It is definitely worth to point out that our method works indifferently on (even unoriented) polygonal meshes, voxel models, and point clouds. Moreover, it is insensitive to noise, pose-invariant, resolution-invariant, and robust when applied to incomplete data sets.

Evaluation the efficiency of different techniques for extraction and purification of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different techniques for extraction and purification of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). An isolate of the virus free of possible contamination with other viruses infecting the same host and transmitted by the same vector Bemisia tabaci Genn. was obtained. This was realized by indicator plants and incubation period in the vector. Results obtained revealed that the virus infect Nicotiana glutinosa without visible symptoms, while Nicotiana tabaccum var. White Burley was not susceptible to the virus. The incubation period of the virus in the vector was found to be 21 hrs. These results indicate that the virus is TYLCV. Results showed that Butanol was more effective in clarification the sap and eliminate of plant proteins and chlorophyll. The use of citrate buffer at pH 8 amended with reducing agents and EDTA to prevent the oxidation of phenolic compound was found to be suitable in maintaining the biological activity of the virus during extraction. The quantity of the virus obtained was 3.05 mg/100 gm leaves with absorption ratio of 1.4 at 260/280 nm which represent standard value for TYLCV.

Evaluation the efficiency of different techniques for extraction and purification of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different techniques for extraction and purification of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). An isolate of the virus free of possible contamination with other viruses infecting the same host and transmitted by the same vector Bemisia tabaci Genn. was obtained. This was realized by indicator plants and incubation period in the vector. Results obtained revealed that the virus infect Nicotiana glutinosa without visible symptoms, while Nicotiana tabaccum var. White Burley was not susceptible to the virus. The incubation period of the virus in the vector was found to be 21 hrs. These results indicate that the virus is TYLCV. Results showed that Butanol was more effective in clarification the sap and eliminate of plant proteins and chlorophyll. The use of citrate buffer at pH 8 amended with reducing agents and EDTA to prevent the oxidation of phenolic compound was found to be suitable in maintaining the biological activity of the virus during extraction. The quantity of the virus obtained was 3.05 mg/100 gm leaves with absorption ratio of 1.4 at 260/280 nm which represent standard value for TYLCV.

Matrix effect study in the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in sewage sludge samples

We propose a study of the matrix effect in the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in sewage sludge samples. First, a rapid, selective and sensitive method is proposed. The method involves two stages: the extraction of the compound from the samples and analysis by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD). Three different techniques of extraction (microwave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet, and ultrasounds) were compared, and microwave-assisted extraction was selected as the best suited for our purpose. Microwave-assisted extraction allows reducing the extraction time (25 min compared with 12 h for conventional Soxhlet extraction) and solvent waste (25 ml of methanol compared with 200 ml for Soxhlet or more than 50 ml for the ultrasonic procedure). Absence of matrix effect was evaluated with two standards (2ØC(8:0) and 2ØC(16:0) ) that are not commercial; therefore, neither of them was detected in sewage sludge samples and they showed similar environmental behavior (adsorption and precipitation) to LAS (C(11:0) -C(13.0) ), which allow us to evaluate the matrix effect. Validation was carried out by a recovery assay, and the method was applied to samples from different sources; therefore, they had different compositions.

Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of volatile constituents in Thai vetiver root oils obtained by using different extraction methods

Vetiver root oil is known as one of the finest fixatives used in perfumery. This highly complex oil contains more than 200 components, which are mainly sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives. Since conventional GC-MS has limitation in terms of separation efficiency, the comprehensive two-dimensional GC-MS (GC x GC-MS) was proposed in this study as an alternative technique for the analysis of vetiver oil constituents. To evaluate efficiency of the hyphenated GC x GC-MS technique in terms of separation power and sensitivity prior to identification and quantitation of the volatile constituents in a variety of vetiver root oil samples. METHODOLOGY. Dried roots of Vetiveria zizanioides were subjected to extraction using various conditions of four different methods; simultaneous steam distillation, supercritical fluid, microwave-assisted, and Soxhlet extraction. Volatile components in all vetiver root oil samples were separated and identified by GC-MS and GC x GC-MS. The relative contents of volatile constituents in each vetiver oil sample were calculated using the peak volume normalization method. Different techniques of extraction had diverse effects on yield, physical and chemical properties of the vetiver root oils obtained. Overall, 64 volatile constituents were identified by GC-MS. Among the 245 well-resolved individual components obtained by GC x GC-MS, the additional identification of 43 more volatiles was achieved. In comparison with GC-MS, GC x GC-MS showed greater ability to differentiate the quality of essential oils obtained from diverse extraction conditions in terms of their volatile compositions and contents.

Comparison of Different Techniques for Extraction of Biologically Active Compounds from Achillea Millefolium Proa

The effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and conventional extraction (CE) on the extraction of biologically active compounds from Achillea millefolium Proa has been investigated. The extracts were analyzed by spectrophotometric methods. The influence of the extraction time and the solvent on the yields of total extract (TEC), total phenolic compounds (TPhC), flavonoids (FC) and sesquiterpene lactones (SLC) has been studied. It was found that TEC and TPhC increased with increasing the solvent polarity in order CHCl3, MeOH and 80% MeOH. The extraction with MeOH gave maximum amount of flavonoids, while the SLC was found to be almost equal in all used solvents. UAE for 60 min and MAE for 60 s afforded higher or almost equal TEC, TPhC and FC than those obtained by CE for 24 h. The best extraction of sesquiterpene lactones was achieved with CHCl3 for 20 min of ultrasound treatment and 20 s of microwave irradiation.

Multidimensional chromatographic approach applied to the identification of novel aroma compounds in wine: Identification of ethyl cyclohexanoate, ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate and ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate

A multidimensional chromatographic strategy has been developed and optimized with the purpose of identifying different odorants potentially relevant to the aroma and flavor of aged wines from Madeira or Sherry. Different techniques of extraction and fractionation were studied in order to get clear olfactometric and spectrometric signals from the target odorants. The best results were obtained with a dynamic headspace extraction followed by a fractionation on a normal phase medium pressure liquid chromatography on a silicagel column. Large volumes (50 μl) of the concentrated fractions were further analyzed in a dual gas chromatography–mass spectrometric system (GC–MS) equipped with two olfactometric ports. The strategy made it possible to identify in wine by first time the presence of the powerful strawberry-smelling compound, ethyl cyclohexanoate, and of two other novel fruity esters, ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate and ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate. Some other unidentified odorants could be isolated and their mass spectra are given.

Determination of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium isolates from banana fruits by capillary gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography

A method of analysis for trichothecenes (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, T-2 tetraol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins), zearalenone and zearalenols, and another method for determination of fumonisin B 1 are described and applied to cultures of Fusarium isolated from bananas. Both methods were adapted from different techniques of extraction, clean-up and determination of these mycotoxins. The first method involves extraction with methanol-1% aqueous sodium chloride, clean-up of extracts by partition with hexane and dichloromethane, additional solid reversed-phase clean-up and analysis of two eluates by both high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and capillary gas chromatography. The method for fumonisin B 1 implies extraction with aqueous methanol, concentration, clean-up with water and methanol on Amberlite XAD-2 column, formation of a fluorescent 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan derivative and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Both procedures give good limits of detection and recoveries, and are considered suitable for the detection and quantification of the studied toxins in corn and rice cultures of Fusarium spp. isolated from banana fruits.

Identification of the Volatile Components of Some Piedmontese Honeys

SummaryMultifloral and unifloral honeys produced in different years in Piedmont, Italy, were analysed for the components responsible for their flavours. Fifty-two volatile components were identified by capillary gas-liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and are reported here. A comparison of 4 different techniques for extraction of honey volatiles is reported.

Stimulation of Plant Growth by Humic Substances

AbstractHumic substances prepared by different techniques of extraction and from different sources of organic materials were tested for their effects on growth of corn seedlings and algae. Stimulating effects were confirmed with optimum concentrations about 5 ppm C as Na‐humate for corn and 60 ppm for algae. With corn, the increase was 30 to 50% in nutrient solution or low organic matter soil; with algae, about 100%. Variation of effects among humic acids derived from different organic materials was not great.The concentrations of elements in corn seedlings did not show any correlation with yield or humic acid level except for P and Fe. Phosphorus concentration was increased with increasing levels of humic acid regardless of the yield response. Higher Fe concentration in the plant tops and lower in roots was observed in the treatments with humic acid.The application of humic acid to a soil low in organic matter or to nutrient solution gave the greatest growth response. Application to a high organic matter soil gave little growth response, or even a slightly negative response, indicating that the natural soil, without extraction, supplied optimum amount of humic substances to the plants. It is suggested that a test be developed to predict whether a given soil can furnish an optimum level of humic substances.Different humic substances showed different degrees of stimulation of algal growth, with the most stimulation from a mixture of humic and fulvic acids. Humic substances in paddy soils may affect the growth of beneficial algae and of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) itself. As pollutants, humic substances may stimulate undesirable algal growth in bodies of water.

Comparative activities of urinary gonadotropin preparations from postmenopausal women.

The gonadotropic activities of 4 preparations of human pituitary gonadotropin (HPG) from postmenopausal urine (Pergonal, HMG-20A, HMG-24, and HMG-J5), obtained by different techniques of extraction and purification, were compared with an HPG preparation designated as PM, obtained from the same source by the kaolin-acetone extraction procedure. Four bioassay methods were used. The mean relative potencies of Pergonal and HMG-J5 in terms of PM did not differ significantly in any of the biologic tests used. The mean relative potency of HMG-20A in terms of PM varied according to the bioassay method employed. All assays were valid with regard to the statistical tests applied. In particular, there was no evidence of significant slope differences in any of the assays. It was concluded that, although qualitative differences may have existed among the preparations tested, each of the preparations could have been used to express the gonadotropic potency of the others by means of the assays employed in this study.