Different Stages Of Restoration Research Articles

Preservation of steppe landscapes in the structure of agrolandscapes of the Republic of Khakassia

The article presents the results of longstanding field studies (2000-2020) of steppe vegetation and demutation processes of fallow lands in the Altai region of the Republic of Khakassia. The aim of the work is to identify and determine the area of steppe landscapes and demutation areas in the structure of the lands of the Altai region. For this, a land use map of the Altai region was created, the areas of land occupied by steppe vegetation and fallow lands at different stages of restoration were calculated, demutational areas susceptible to overgrowing with trees and shrubs were identified. Based on geobotanical researches, cartographic materials, visual interpretation of Sentinel-2 satellite images of the visible L2A range (2018-2020), a GIS-project was created, including a cluster of raster data, thematic vector layers: water bodies, agricultural lands, vegetation, etc. It allows you to visualize information about the state and use of agricultural lands and vegetation in the form of maps of different thematic scope. It was searched out that the part of steppe landscapes in the total area of the Altai region is 32.2%. In the main, in arable sandy steppes that are not zonal for Khakassia have been preserved. True large bunchgrass and meadow steppes have been preserved in separate fragments and represent all stages of anthropogenous fracturing (various pasture modifications of these steppes). In the study area in the structure of agricultural lands 56860 hectares of agricultural lands belongs to abandoned lands at different stages of restoration, and only 20% postagrogenic lands of which are at the IV stage of restoration (compact-tussock or truly cespitous grasses). The process of restoration of steppe vegetation is accompanied by overgrowing with Ulmus pumila L.

Impacts of landscape patterns on water-related ecosystem services under natural restoration in Liaohe River Reserve, China

Understanding changes in ecosystem services and their drivers is important for effective riparian ecosystem conservation and restoration. In the study, changes in water-related ecosystem services (soil conservation, water purification, and water yield) from 2007 to 2015 in Liaohe River Reserve, China were analyzed using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs model. Impacts of landscape patterns on ecosystem services for different stages of restoration, i.e., farmland abandonment and natural succession stages were determined by stepwise regression analysis, respectively. The results showed that landscape fragmentation, landscape diversity, farmland fragmentation and grassland aggregation increased at the farmland abandonment stage. Landscape aggregation and diversity increased, whereas farmland fragmentation and grassland fragmentation decreased at the natural succession stage. Water-related ecosystem services improved since farmland abandonment, but water yield decreased from 1.57 × 106 m3 to 1.47 × 106 m3 at natural succession stage from 2011 to 2015. Water yield dynamics both at farmland abandonment and natural restoration stages were not significantly associated with landscape metrics. Dynamics of soil retention and water purification services at the farmland abandonment stage were significantly affected by landscape patch numbers, farmland division, and grassland aggregation. Interspersion and juxtaposition between different patch types, farmland edge density, grassland division, and grassland aggregation played significant roles in the dynamics of soil retention and water purification services at the natural restoration stage. The results provide scientific guidance for riparian management at the landscape scale to better restore water-related ecosystem services.

Quantitative evaluation of species composition dissimilarity within a community and among communities

AbstractIt is often necessary to perform quantitative comparisons and assessments of species composition among plant communities under various land use conditions and landscapes, as well as among plant communities at different stages of restoration or degradation in arid grasslands. In landscapes composed of a number of plant communities, in which many quadrats for a survey are set in each community, the species composition in each quadrat is measured using community variables, such as the presence/absence data (i.e., binary variable), biomass, cover, the number of individuals, or the frequency of occurrences (i.e., quantitative variables) of each species per quadrat. In this study, we defined two types of species composition dissimilarity in vegetation surveys: between different communities and within each community which were calculated based on the species composition of each quadrat, using the Bray–Curtis index. The second type dissimilarity occurs incidentally among quadrats (or micro‐sites) even in a community with a relatively uniform structure. Both dissimilarity measures take values from 0 to 1, where larger values indicate larger dissimilarities, and the quadrat‐to‐quadrat variation in dissimilarity also indicates the degree of heterogeneity in the spatial pattern of species composition. Quantifying dissimilarity between and within communities remains a challenge in ecological applications. We proposed a new model to quantify community dissimilarity and applied this model to a grassland vegetation survey dataset. Quantitative variables resulted in more precise measures of community structure than binary variable. The advantages of our model relative to other broadly used community structure metrics based on the Jaccard and Sørensen indices were discussed.

Main controls on the denitrification rates during cropland revegetation in the southwest China Karst Critical Zone Observatory

The revegetation of karst ecosystems in subtropical southwest China that became severely degraded because of intensive agriculture relies on the persistence and recovery of soil functions such as nutrient cycling. Denitrification is a nitrogen (N) removal process that is carried out by nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms. We still do not have a comprehensive understanding of denitrification and what drives it during revegetation of cropland in degraded karst ecosystems. We used the space-for-time chronosequence method to establish a restoration gradient (sloping cropland, abandoned sloping cropland, and secondary and primary forest) within the Karst Critical Zone Observatory in southwest China. We quantified the abundances of the nitrifier and denitrifier microbial communities and measured the potential denitrification rates (PDR) and basal denitrification rates (BDR) in incubated soils to investigate the denitrification activity in soils at different stages of restoration. The PDR increased through the cropland revegetation phases, and the BDR was lowest in the abandoned sloping cropland (p < 0.05). Both the PDR and BDR were positively correlated with the denitrifier abundances (i.e., nitrite reductase, nirK, and nirS), but were negatively correlated with nitrifier abundances (i.e., ammonia oxidation, AOA, and AOB). The BDR/PDR ratio was 84 % in the sloping cropland but was only 1% in the primary forest, which suggests that the N cycling was inefficient (‘leaky’) in actively managed farmland soils but was ‘tight’ in forest soils. The AOB and nirS abundances explained most of the PDR in the sloping cropland and abandoned sloping cropland, while the soil phosphorus (P) contents explained most of the variation in BDR and PDR in land that was forested in later phases of revegetation. Progressive increases in the PDR as the revegetation progressed was directly controlled by the soil available P and total P contents. Available P was also associated with increases in the carbon (C) and N contents, which influenced the BDR indirectly through increased abundances of nirK and nirS. We conclude that revegetation of cropland helped to facilitate ‘tight’ N-cycling in poor karst soils, and we suggest that judicious P fertilization on sloping cropland would reduce the denitrification activity in degraded ecosystems.

The trend of soil organic carbon fractions related to the successions of different vegetation types on the tableland of the Loess Plateau of China

Different growth stages of vegetation are vital factors controlling soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration on the tableland of the Loess Plateau. To ascertain the SOC sequestration process and direction, we studied the changes in SOC fractions and the relationships with enzyme activities in different stages of restoration with different vegetation types. Soils from different stages of farmland conversion into grassland or forestland were selected, in which the space sequence and sampling time were combined to replace time series. SOC, particulate OC (POC), light fraction OC (LFOC), dissolved OC (DOC), and soil enzyme activities of catalase, urease, alkali-phosphatase, and inverse were measured. The change process of labile organic carbon (LOC) was performed to study the direction of SOC in the succession of different vegetation types. The effect of SOC–soil enzyme activity interactions was evaluated by RDA variance decomposition to illustrate the role of soil enzyme activity in SOC sequestration. With the extension of the planting time, the SOC fractions and total nitrogen under Hippophae rhamnoides (HR) increased rapidly from 0 to 16 and 16 to 21 years and decreased rapidly from 21 to 30 years, while LOC showed greater variation. LOC under Pinus tabulaeformis (PT) changed more slowly than that under HR. The sensitivity of different LOC to land use varied. From the change rate of soil LOC, we concluded the DOC changed the fastest, followed by the LFOC, the CPOC in POC was the slowest in the extension of vegetation growth time. By RDA variance decomposition, fine POC was mainly affected by urease; coarse POC in POC was mainly affected by alkaline phosphatase, which was promoted by invertase; LFOC was mainly promoted by catalase; DOC was mainly affected by alkaline phosphatase. Therefore, during the progression of SOC change, the initial stage was obviously affected by alkaline phosphatase. Catalase played a leading role during the gradual decrease in SOC activity. When SOC became stable, it was instead mainly affected by urease. Land use changes and different growth stages of vegetation altered the SOC sequestration process and direction. The long-term return of farmland to grassland would greatly promote the concentrations of SOC fractions, and the short-term return of farmland to PT or HR would also encourage an increase in these fractions, while the long-term would have the opposite effect. Therefore, in order to effectively improve SOC concentrations, during vegetation restoration, it should be properly matched in vegetation species and stages.

Response of Soil Moisture to Rainfall Event in Black Locust Plantations at Different Stages of Restoration in Hilly-gully Area of the Loess Plateau, China

Precipitation plays an important role in the water supplies that support ecological restoration by sustaining large-scale artificial plantations in arid and semiarid regions, especially black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantations (RP plantations), which are widely planted due to R. pseudoacacia being an excellent pioneer species. Characterizing the response of soil moisture to rainfall events at different stages of restoration is important for assessing the sustainability of restoration in RP plantations. In this study, we quantified the response of soil moisture to rainfall events at different years of restoration (15, 20 and 30 yr) representing different restoration stages in RP plantations in a typical hilly-gully area, i.e., the Yangjuangou Catchment, of the Loess Plateau, China. Over the growing season (June to September) of 2017, smart probes were placed at nine depths (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, and 180 cm below the soil surface) to obtain volumetric soil water information at 30-min intervals in the three RP plantations. The advance of the wetting front was depicted, and the total cumulative water infiltration was measured. Soil moisture was mainly replenished by eight heavy rainfall events (mean rainfall amount = 46.3 mm), accounting for 88.7% of the rainfall during the growing season. The mean soil moisture content profiles of RP plantations at the three restoration stages were ordered as 30-yr (14.07%) > 20-yr (10.12%) > 15-yr (8.03%), and this relationship displayed temporal stability. Soil moisture was primarily replenished by rainfall at the 0–60 cm soil depth, and soil moisture remained stable below the 100-cm soil depth. The rainfall regime influenced the advancement of the wetting front. Here, a single rainfall event of 30 mm was the rainfall threshold for infiltration into the 60-cm soil layer. The total infiltration time ranged from 310.5–322.0 h, but no significant differences were found among RP plantations at different restoration stages. Young and old RP plantations had more total infiltration (more than 228.2 mm) and deeper infiltration depths (80–100 cm) than middle-aged plantations. The RP plantation at the intermediate restoration stage exhibited minimal total infiltration (174.2 mm) and a shallow infiltration depth (60 cm) due to the soil physical structure of the plot, which may have limited rain infiltration. More stand conditions that may affect infiltration should be considered for priority afforestation areas.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОГО ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ЛЕСНЫХ ЭКОСИСТЕМ НА БЫВШИХ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ЗЕМЛЯХ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЮЖНОГО АГРОКЛИМАТИЧЕСКОГО РАЙОНА КАРЕЛИИ)

На примере южного агроклиматического района среднетаежной подзоны Карелии показан хронологический сукцессионный ряд восстановления лесных сообществ. Изучен период в 110 лет после забрасывания сенокосов и пашен, представленный 20- 65- 110-летними реперными древостоями. Процесс постагрогенной трансформации нарушенных участков идет в направлении формирования зональных типов экосистем. Для изучаемых условий характерно восстановление хвойных древостоев с постепенным снижением доли лиственных по мере приближения их к предельному возрасту. Показано, что внутри сукцессионного ряда происходит изменение свойств почв. Изменение экофизиологических показателей состояния микробоценоза наиболее выражены в верхнем (0-20 см) слое почв. Переход пахотных почв в залежные земли приводит к накоплению органического углерода в слое 0-10 см, что вызывает усиление дыхательной активности почв и существенное увеличение пула микробного углерода в них. В слое 10-20 см, напротив, содержание углерода микробной биомассы самым высоким было в пахотной почве хроноряда. В целом, отмечено увеличение численности микроорганизмов важнейших эколого-трофических групп в ряду: ельник 110-летний, ельник 65- летний, березняк 20-летний, сенокос-пашня. Функциональная активность микробного сообщества была максимальной в почвах сенокоса и пашни. Показано, что через сто лет со времени выведения земель из сельскохозяйственного использования сформированные на них растительные сообщества становятся физиономически мало отличимыми от лесов, существовавших до освоения территории. Эти изменения могут быть идентифицированы по косвенным признакам. Одним из них является более высокая продуктивность древостоя по сравнению с участками, незатронутыми сельскохозяйственной деятельностью. Полученные данные комплексных исследований можно использовать при диагностике почв, находящихся на разных стадиях постагрогенной трансформации, также они могут быть основой при мониторинге природной среды.

Competition Indices Identify Forb Species That Promote Overyielding of a Dominant Grass in Grassland Restoration

Overyielding is a common phenomenon. Overyielding of dominant grasses when in competition with common forbs during grassland restoration could lead to lower plant diversity. My objective was to characterize overyielding of Andropogon gerardii in competition with fcommon forbs. I collected soils representing different stages of restoration (0, 4, and 16 years restored) and conducted a pairwise competition experiment with a dominant grass, Andropogon gerardii, in competition with four subordinate forbs (Oligoneuron rigidum L., Liatris punctata Hook, Lespedeza capitata Michx., or Desmanthus illinoensis Michx.). Relative yield indices (RY) were calculated by comparison with a two-individual monoculture of A. gerardii with both per grass biomass and per grass net absolute tiller appearance rate (TAR). Overyielding of A. gerardii was in competition with Oligoneuron rigidum was indicated by RY values (greater than1) using both biomass and TAR measurements. These findings suggest that O. rigidum should be given low priority for inclusion in tallgrass prairie restoration seed mixes.

Relative roles of the replacement and richness difference components of beta diversity following the ecological restoration of a mountain meadow, north China

Replacement and richness difference are two main components in generating beta diversity patterns. This study we explored the effects of ecological restoration on the relative roles of replacement (βrepl) and richness difference (βrich) components in terms of taxon (Tβtotal), phylogenetic (Pβtotal), and functional (Fβtotal) beta diversity in the Lishan mountain meadow, north China. The results reflected the relatively high values of beta diversity in the severely disturbed areas. Following restoration, the compositions of disturbed areas were closer to that of non-disturbed areas than that pre-restoration. In addition, we found the changes in Tβtotal were similar to those of Pβtotal and Fβtotal. However, when βtotal was partitioned into βrepl and βrich components, the processes generating the beta diversity patterns appeared to be different in the different disturbance areas. The patterns of taxon and phylogenetic beta diversity resulted equally from the replacement and richness difference components, whereas the functional richness difference was higher than the functional replacement for functional beta diversity in the severely disturbed subarea. When the community was subjected to slight anthropogenic activity, only the replacement component had an important role in generating beta diversity patterns. With an increase in anthropogenic activity, both replacement and richness difference components played the important role. The relative roles of replacement and richness difference highlighted the anthropogenic effects on the community composition pre- and post-restoration. Disintegrating the relative roles of these two components was beneficial to understand the status of vegetation restoration and for taking appropriate measures in the different stages of restoration.

Restoration of Earthworms Community (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) at Sand Quarries (Smolensk Oblast, Russia)

The earthworm community formation studies have been carried out during the primary succession at the sand quarries formed during the sand mining. It has been established that the earthworm colonization during the 7 – 50 years sand quarry overgrowth is slow and the species composition is not fully restored therewith. The quarries are mainly occupied with the endogeic species. The results of the experiment on the introduction of the species of earthworms of different morpho-ecological groups have been described for the quarries at different stages of restoration. It has been established that the endogeic species colonization is advisable at the initial stages of the quarry overgrowth and the epi-endogeic, epigeic and anecic species colonization – at the later stages.

Effects of the vegetation restoration years on soil microbial community composition and biomass in degraded lands in Changting County, China

We evaluated the effects of the number of years of restoration of vegetation on soil microbial community structure and biomass in degraded ecosystems. We investigated the microbial community structure by analyzing their phospholipid fatty acids then examined microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen by chloroform fumigation extraction of restoration soils over several years. The data were compared with those of highly degraded lands and native vegetation sites. The results show that the duration of vegetation on the sites substantially increased microbial biomass and shifted the microbial community structure even after only 4 years. However, microbial communities and biomass did not recover to the status of native vegetation even after 35 years of vegetation cover. A redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation analysis indicated that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, soil water content, silt content and soil hardness explained 98.4% of total variability in the microbial community composition. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium and soil water content were positively correlated with microbial community structure and biomass, whereas, soil hardness and silt content were negatively related to microbial community structure and biomass. This study provides new insights into microbial community structure and biomass that influence organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation, and clay content in soils at different stages of restoration.

Effects of sagebrush restoration on plant and bird communities in Grand Teton National Park

Approximately half of sagebrush steppe range-wide has been converted to non-native grasslands, which has contributed to population declines of sagebrush-associated songbirds. Removal of non-native grasses and restoration treatments are time-, resource- and energy-intensive, but could lead to the return of functional habitat for sagebrush wildlife. The extent to which restoration efforts repair the structure and functionality of sagebrush steppe for different types of wildlife, however, remains largely untested. To determine breeding songbird community responses to sagebrush restoration treatments, we are conducting a longitudinal study with sampling every 5 years within restoration units at different stages of restoration in the Kelly Hayfields restoration area in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. Thus far, in 2013 and 2018 we compared bird and plant communities in unrestored (largely smooth brome [Bromus inermis]) units to those in various stages of restoration treatments, and to areas of native sagebrush. The sagebrush plots will serve as desired comparators for the endpoints of restoration efforts. The in-progress and recently replanted units were either dominated by bare ground (following herbicidal application) or native forbs with very little shrub cover (&lt; 0.1%). Native sagebrush units were dominated by shrubs and native bunchgrasses. Bird community composition was distinct among the different unit types. Abundance of grassland birds was highest in unrestored units, whereas the abundance of shrubland birds was highest in native sagebrush and positively associated with shrub cover. There were very few detections of birds in recently re-seeded units. Restored areas may initially provide little breeding bird habitat, especially prior to the establishment of native bunch grasses and a mature shrub layer. Plant and bird sampling efforts will continue every five years to document how plant and bird assemblages shift over time in response to restoration efforts.&#x0D; &#x0D; Featured photo by Matt Lavin on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/fh7UJz

Hyperspectral Estimation of the Chlorophyll Content in Short-Term and Long-Term Restorations of Mangrove in Quanzhou Bay Estuary, China

The chlorophyll content can indicate the general health of vegetation, and can be estimated from hyperspectral data. The aim of this study is to estimate the chlorophyll content of mangroves at different stages of restoration in a coastal wetland in Quanzhou, China, using proximal hyperspectral remote sensing techniques. We determine the hyperspectral reflectance of leaves from two mangrove species, Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum, from short-term and long-term restoration areas with a portable spectroradiometer. We also measure the leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value). We use partial-least-squares stepwise regression to determine the relationships between the spectral reflectance and the chlorophyll content of the leaves, and establish two models, a full-wave-band spectrum model and a red-edge position regression model, to estimate the chlorophyll content of the mangroves. The coefficients of determination for the red-edge position model and the full-wave-band model exceed 0.72 and 0.82, respectively. The inverted chlorophyll contents are estimated more accurately for the long-term restoration mangroves than for the short-term restoration mangroves. Our results indicate that hyperspectral data can be used to estimate the chlorophyll content of mangroves at different stages of restoration, and could possibly be adapted to estimate biochemical constituents in leaves.

Impacts of stream riparian buffer land use on water temperature and food availability for fish

ABSTRACTRestoration of degraded freshwater ecosystems has gained considerable attention in the USA over the past decades. However, most projects focus almost entirely on the restoration of physical habitat or specific water quality parameters, while ignoring critical ecological processes related to food web re-establishment. In this study, we investigate the impact of riparian habitat in different stages of restoration on food availability for fish in four streams in Pennsylvania, USA. The riparian buffer habitats ranged from open meadow to mature forest and included new to long-term restoration sites. We quantified abundance and community composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates and riparian arthropods with aerial and ground-dwelling life history strategies. We found that riparian habitat and water temperature exert a strong influence over potential food resources for fish, with the open meadow habitat having highest abundance of terrestrial and aquatic insects, lowest taxa richness, and possible multivoltine aquatic insect life-history. Our results provide insight into the importance of riparian buffer habitat and water temperature on the composition of food availability for fish species of concern such as brook trout. The significant differences emphasize the need to include food web dynamics into riparian habitat restoration design to guide future rehabilitation projects focusing on fish conservation.

An Integrated Repainting System for Digital Restoration of Vijayanagara Murals

An integrated repainting system is proposed in this paper for digital restoration of images of heritage murals, which have historical significance in their painting styles and ritualistic contents. The repainting system uses an ensemble of conventional image processing tools, in tandem with some state-of-the-art image rendition techniques, such as scaled bilateral filtering, source-constrained inpainting, tonal processing, and texture mapping based on gradient fusion. Murals that are old by nearly four centuries, have been imaged in situ from the walls of temples under a controlled environment, and then they have been fed to our repainting system. As the work of mural art is highly subjective, and so is its interpretation, a battery of tests for subjective evaluation has been performed to compare the different stages of restoration. Three different tournament strategies have been followed to make the test result devoid of any subjective bias as far as possible. The overall evaluation result is quite encouraging, as the restored images exhibit a gradually improving quality through the different stages of restoration.

小兴安岭森林恢复期不同植被区域蛾类组成及其多样性

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 小兴安岭森林恢复期不同植被区域蛾类组成及其多样性 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201501140116 作者: 作者单位: 东北林业大学,东北林业大学,东北林业大学,东北林业大学,东北林业大学,东北林业大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家科技部国家科技支撑计划课题（2012BCA01B00）；东北林业大学学术名师项目；国家自然科学基金项目（30870394）；中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目（2572014BA06） Diversity and species composition of moths in different forests types at different stages of restoration on Xiaoxing'an Mountain, Northeast China Author: Affiliation: Northeast Forestry University,Northeast Forestry University,Northeast Forestry University,Northeast Forestry University,Northeast Forestry University,Northeast Forestry University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为了研究小兴安岭地区不同植被类型的森林恢复区域和原始林区域的蛾类群落结构和多样性，对位于凉水自然保护区的4个典型区域的蛾类群落进行了系统调查。共采集蛾类标本56079号，隶属于28科598种，其中夜蛾科、尺蛾科为优势类群，豆卷叶野螟、头橙荷苔蛾、一色兜夜蛾等为小兴安岭地区优势种。对蛾类群落的种-多度关系分析得知，4个区域均符合对数正态分布假说。多样性指数分析表明，多样性和均匀度均为Ⅳ > Ⅲ > Ⅱ > Ⅰ；优势集中性指数为Ⅰ > Ⅲ > Ⅱ > Ⅳ。相似性分析和群落排序结果表明各植被恢复区域与原始林蛾类群落均存在差异，但差异不大。研究认为小兴安岭地区蛾类赖以生存的生态系统稳定，环境条件良好。 Abstract:We determined moth community structure and diversity in different forest types, including both restoration areas and primeval forests, in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains. We systematically investigated the moth communities in four typical forest types (natural mixed conifer-hardwood forest, planted and secondary growth forest, natural hardwood forest, and virgin Korean pine [Pinus koraiensis] forest) in the Liangshui Natural Reserve. We collected 56,079 specimens of 598 species, belonging to 28 families of Lepidoptera. Noctuidae, Geometridae, Pyralidae, Notodontidae, and Tortricidae were the dominant families, and Pleuroptya ruralis (Scopoli), Ghoria gigantea (Oberthür), Cosmia unicolor (Staudinger), Hydrillodes funeralis Warren, and Yponomeuta evonymellus (Linnaeus) were the dominant species. Xiaoxing'an Mountains and Changbai Mountains had similar forest habitats and accordingly, the dominant moth groups were similar. Noctuidae, Geometridae, Pyralidae and Notodontidae were the dominant families in both of these mountains, and all 27 families of moths found in Changbai Mountains, except Oecophoridae, were collected during our survey. Furthermore, we collected more than 100 individuals for most of the dominant species in the Changbai Mountains, including Hypomecis punctinalis conferenda (Butler), Deileptenia ribeata (Clerck), Clostera albosigma curtuloides Erschoff, Tethea ampliata (Butler), Diarsia canescens (Butler), and Anaplectoides virens (Butler). The Changbai Mountains, however, was host to the largest number of individuals of Geometridae and there were differences in the dominant species between the two places. The species-abundance analysis for moth communities depicted a curve in accordance with the log-normal hypothesis and goodness of fit was strong (R2>0.9240). We used common indices of diversity for the moth community. The individual number was Ⅱ >Ⅰ> Ⅲ > Ⅳ, the diversity index and the evenness index were Ⅳ > Ⅲ > Ⅱ > Ⅰ, and the dominant concentration index was Ⅰ > ⅢI > Ⅱ > Ⅳ. The diversity index was significantly correlated with the dominant concentration index (r=-0.7——0.974, P < 0.05), but it was not significantly correlated with the evenness index (r=0.173-0.471, P > 0.05). Polar ordination and community similarity analysis indicated that the moth community structure of all forest restoration areas differed little from that of the primeval forest area. We concluded that the environmental conditions the moths depend on in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains are stable and that the ecological and environmental quality has been well preserved. There were, however, differences in the insect community structure and natural environment between different forest restoration areas and the primeval forest. Compared with the primeval forest, the restoration areas had more individuals and more dominant species. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on pest monitoring of Pleuroptya ruralis (Scopoli), Ghoria gigantea (Oberthür), Cosmia unicolor (Staudinger), Hydrillodes funeralis Warren, Yponomeuta evonymellus (Linnaeus). The natural mixed conifer-hardwood stands had the greatest abundance of dominant species (i.e., lowest evenness) and the lowest diversity of the moth communities surveyed, which might be a consequence of the low diversity of vegetation. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

土壤纤毛虫群落对退耕还林生态恢复的响应——以侧柏林为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 土壤纤毛虫群落对退耕还林生态恢复的响应——以侧柏林为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201401060047 作者: 作者单位: 西北师范大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: Q959 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41361055) Response of soil ciliate communities to ecological restoration after the implementation of the conversion of cropland to forest and grassland program:a case study of Platycladus orientalis Forest Author: Affiliation: College of Life Science，Northwest Normal University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为了了解土壤纤毛虫群落对退耕还林区生态恢复下土壤环境变化的响应及尝试利用土壤纤毛虫群落特征评价退耕还林生态恢复的效果,于2010年3月至9月采用"非淹没培养皿法"、活体观察法、蛋白银染色法和Foissner计数法对甘肃陇南武都退耕还林区5个不同恢复阶段的样点和1个荒草坡对照样点的土壤纤毛虫群落特征进行了研究,同时测定了pH值、温度、含水量及速效磷、有效钾、铵态氮、有机质和有机碳含量等土壤环境因子并分析了生态恢复条件下土壤纤毛虫群落特征与土壤环境因子的相关性。研究中共鉴定到71种纤毛虫,隶属于3纲、10目、22科、29属。研究发现,不同恢复年限的土样中土壤纤毛虫的物种分布存在明显差异,并随恢复时间的延长,样点间物种相似性减小,群落组成复杂化,物种数、种群密度和物种多样性指数总体均呈增长趋势。优势类群也发生了演替,由恢复初期的肾形目演替到后期的下毛目。相关性分析结果表明,在生态恢复条件下,土壤有机质和铵态氮含量是影响土壤纤毛虫群落结构稳定性的主要因素,不同纤毛虫类群对生态恢复的响应存在差异。冗余分析显示,土壤纤毛虫群落很好地响应了生态恢复过程中土壤环境条件的变化。 Abstract:Soil ciliates are some of the most complex and highly differentiated soil unicellular eukaryotes and play an important role in soil ecosystems. The species richness and individual abundance of soil ciliates, and their unique cell structures and physiological characteristics means that soil ciliate communities are highly sensitive to environmental conditions and therefore can be used as bioindicators in natural and human-influenced soil ecosystems.In order to understand the response of soil ciliate communities to the soil environmental changes after the implementation of the Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program, from March to September 2010, the community characteristics of soil ciliates in five sampling sites(Platycladus orientalis forests) at different stages of restoration, together with a control sampling site(a wild grass slope). The sites were located in Wudu District, Longnan City, and were studied using the non-flooded petri dish method, observation in vivo, protargol impregnation, and Foissner's counting method. A total of 71 soil ciliate species were identified in this study, which belonged to 3 classes, 10 orders, 22 families, and 29 genera. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed significant differences in the distribution of soil ciliate species among the soils collected from forests at different restoration stages. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that as restoration progressed, the composition of soil ciliate species became more and more complex. The diversity of soil ciliate species in the soil samples collected from the restoration sites were all higher than that in the control soil sample. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that there was a significant correlation between the ciliate species number and restoration stage(ŷ=2.714x2-10.820x+28.400, R2=0.940), and that there was an increase in the number of ciliate species as the restoration progressed. A statistical analysis of the number of the soil ciliate species showed a gradual succession of dominant soil ciliate groups over the course of ecological restoration. The dominant soil ciliate group Colpodida in earlier restoration soils was substituted by Hypotrichida in later restoration soils.In this study, the soil environmental conditions including pH, soil temperature, soil water content, soil available phosphorus, available potassium, ammonium nitrogen, organic matter, and organic carbon in different soil samples were also investigated using potentiometric determination, angle stem earth thermometer,high-temperature drying, Olsen's method, sodium tetraphenylboron turbidimetry, indophenol blue colorimetry, and hydration heat-photoelectric colorimetry, respectively. The results of physicochemical analysis of the soil samples suggested that soil quality improved during the conversion from cropland to forestland. Bivariate correlation analysis showed that soil organic matter and ammonium nitrogen had the most important influence on soil ciliate community diversity. Finally, the redundancy analysis results suggested that the variation between soil ciliate communities had a significant correlation with changes to soil environmental conditions during the conversion from cropland to forestland. Therefore, the soil ciliates could be considered as indicator organisms for assessing the effects of ecological restoration after conversion of cropland to forest. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Utilizing Multispectral Scanning and Augmented Reality for Enhancement and Visualization of the Wooden Sculpture Restoration Process

Abstract Nowadays the digitization of the cultural heritage artefacts utilizing 3D scanning (with RGB or multispectral textures) is broadly used. In our project AREST (Augmented reality and reconstruction in the restoration process) we want to create a full pipeline for producing 3D models of artefacts (wooden statues) in different stages of restoration and utilize them to present the restoration process in the comprehensive way to a broad public. To present the process, we propose a device called Virtual Vitrine which will combine the commercial passive stereo display with view dependent stereo and gesture interaction. An essential part of the project is also an acquisition of multispectral images (textures) of artefacts that can be analysed by professional conservators.

Possibilities of using soil microarthropods, with emphasis on mites (Arachnida, Acari, Mesostigmata), in assessment of successional stages in a reclaimed coal mine dump (Pszów, S Poland)

Abstract The usefulness of 2 methods for biomonitoring of the effects of land rehabilitation were compared in Pszów (Upper Silesian Coal Basin, south of Poland). Thirty-one species of mesostigmatid mites were collected from 3 study plots representing different stages of restoration of the mine dump Wrzosy in Pszów and community structure of the mites was analysed. There was a general trend for mesostigmatid species richness, diversity, and density to increase with the development of vegetation. The dominant early successional mesostigmatid species was the phoretic Hypoapis claviger. During this study, 4616 specimens of soil microarthropods were extracted in total. They were classified according to the Biological Soil Quality Index (QBS). We tested the sensitivity and usefulness of this index for monitoring of soil quality and found its good relationship with successional stages in the reclaimed mine dump. Thus the QBS index seems to be an efficient index for monitoring the effects of restoration in mine dumps. It is a simpler, quicker, and cheaper bioindicator method than the earlier method based on community structure analysis of mesostigmatid mites.

黄土丘陵区不同植被土壤氮素转化微生物生理群特征及差异

The "Grain for Green"project is one of the important measures used to improve the environment of China' s Loess Plateau. In recent years,soil physicochemical properties in the region have been improved,which in turn promoted ecological succession. Different vegetation types change the soil environment to different extents, influencing the biogeochemical cycling of materials such as nitrogen,an essential nutrient for plants. Recently,a growing amount of attention has been paid to the relationship between vegetation and nitrogen cycling in natural ecological systems.Meanwhile,several physiological groups of nitrogen-transforming microbes in soil are closely associated with soil nitrogen cycling. To determine the effect of vegetation restoration( grass stage,shrub-grass stage and tree-brush-grass stage) on the populations and distribution of physiological groups of nitrogen-transforming microbes( ammonifying bacteria,nitrifying bacteria and denitrobacteria),soil samples were collected from depths of 0—10 cm under seven vegetation types from different stages of restoration in the Dongzigou Basin,Ansai,Shaanxi Province and bacteria populations were measured through the most-probable-number( MPN) method. The results show the populations of ammonifying bacteria,nitrifying bacteria,and denitrobacteria increased as vegetative succession proceeded from grass communities to more complex treeshrub-grass communities,and those populations ranged from 2. 49 to 185. 79×106cfu / gdm,19. 43 to 77. 21 ×102cfu·g-1·dm-1and 1. 23 to 38. 24×106cfu·g-1·dm-1,respectively. For ammonifying bacteria and denitrobacteria,the highest N levels were obtained in the Quercus liaotungensis Koidz. community and the lowest in the Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. community.The maximum population levels of denitrobacteria and ammonifying bacteria were obtained in the Q. liaotungensis Koidz.community and these ranged between 31 to 74 times higher than the lowest levels which were seen in the Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. community,respectively. The highest levels of nitrifying bacteria were obtained in the Q. liaotungensis community and these were 4-fold higher than the lowest one in the Syzygium aromaticum( L.) Merr. and Perry community. The effect of vegetation restoration on the population of nitrobacteria was the strongest on ammonifying bacteria, followed by denitrobacteria and nitrifying bacteria. Soil nitrogen bacteria groups varied sharply from group to group,forming a decreasing order of ammonifying bacteria denitrobacteria nitrify bacteria. In study area,ammonifying bacteria accounted for about 75% —80% of the sum of ammonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and denitrobacteria, while when denitrobacteria accounted for 20% —25% of that sum; this indicates that the ecosystem was relatively stable. Soil physicochemical properties were closely related to soil nitrogen content and the abundance of nitrogen bacteria groups. Soil bulk density had a larger impact on soil nitrogen bacteria groups than other soil physicochemical properties,similar to the relationship of nitrate nitrogen in soil and various forms of nitrogen in soil. Total potassium,mineralizable nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen content also had a major impact on soil nitrogen bacteria groups. In general,microbes are more responsive to changes in plant communities than are soil physical and chemical properties. Studying the characteristics of microbial communities,especially functional microbes that modify the availability of key soil nutrients,e. g. nitrogen,provides significant data which are useful in estimating the ecological benefits of restoring vegetative communities.Therefore,more detailed research studies in this field are needed in the future.