Different Sources Of Irrigation Water Research Articles

Assessment of Leaf Area Index and its Relationship with Growth and Yield of Fodder Cowpea as Influenced by Sources of Irrigation and Nutrients

Background: Fodder cowpea is an important leguminous, short duration, warm season crop widely cultivated. Though India ranks first in livestock population, the productivity is found lesser than the world average due to deficiency in availability of green fodders. As fresh water application usage is increasing for the cultivation of field crops and high value crops, fodder crops are found negligible crops but responds well to water and nutrients. Leaf area index is one of the determinative parameters for the increased yield, an attempt was made to determine the relationship between the growth and yield of fodder cowpea with the application of domestic sewage water and nutrients. Methods: studies were conducted during 2019 and 2020 to study the relationship between different sources of irrigation water and nutrients on the growth and yield of fodder cowpea. Treatments in main plot consists of irrigation with water using well water (I1), domestic sewage water (I2) and well water and domestic sewage water alternatively (I3). Treatments in sub plot consists of no nutrient (N1), Farm Yard manure alone (N2), Farm Yard manure + NPK (N3) and NPK alone (N4), in split plot design and replicated thrice. The leaf constant was determined graphically plotted in regression and used for calculation of leaf area. The relationship between leaf area index and the growth and yield parameters of fodder cowpea were determined. Result: Our investigation concluded that the application of domestic sewage water along with farmyard manure + NPK significantly increased plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area and leaf area index of fodder cowpea. The data also reveals that leaf area index correlated positively with plant height, number of leaves per plant, biomass per plant and yield of fodder cowpea.

Oils seeds performed better for different sources of irrigation water as comparedto wheat and chickpea in Malaprabha Command Area of Northern Karnataka

In the present scenario of irregular monsoon, in-situ conservation of rain water through farm ponds and providing life saving irrigations utilizing ground water to the agriculture crops is the need of hour. In this context, astudy was conducted on evaluation of effect of different sources of irrigation water on important rabi crops like safflower, sunflower, wheat and chickpea during rabi seasons of 2017, 2018 & 2019 at the Irrigation Water Management Research Center (IWMRC), Belavatagi in North Karnataka. Among the different rabi crops tried safflower recorded significantly higher chickpea equivalent yield in all three years as well as in pooled analysis (2.38, 2.04, 1.16 and 1.86 t /ha, respectively) followed by sunflower (1.49, 1.32, 1.28 and 1.36 t /ha, respectively). The results also indicated that, among the rabi crops, safflower and sunflower are the least affected crops with respect to sources of irrigation water, whereas chickpea and wheat are much affected with the different sources of irrigation water. Thus, oilseeds like safflower and sunflower performed better as compared to chickpea and wheat with different sources of irrigation water with respect to their growth and performance in Malaprabha Command Area of North Karnataka region.

The Development of a Coupled Soil Water Assessment Tool-MODFLOW Model for Studying the Impact of Irrigation on a Regional Water Cycle

In regions with arid and semi-arid climates, water consumption for agricultural irrigation is much higher than that used for urban and industrial purposes. Intensive irrigation plays a vital role in influencing the interaction between groundwater and surface water. Understanding the impact of irrigation on the local hydrological cycle is of great significance for maintaining regional food production and -security. In order to study the impact of irrigation on the regional hydrological cycle, the present study employed the SWAT-MODFLOW coupled model to analyze the Weigan River Basin from 2002 to 2016. In the modeling process, detailed agricultural management measures were considered, including the zoning of crop types, amount of irrigation water for different crops, irrigation methods, and different sources of irrigation water. Before coupling, each model was set, calibrated, and validated separately. After coupling, the irrigation pumps and drainage units were mapped with the SWAT automatic irrigation and subbasins. Calibration and validation studies showed that the SWAT-MODFLOW coupled model could simulate the river flow and groundwater levels in the Weigan River Basin well. The model simulation results showed that the sources of water in the soil included groundwater irrigation (1147.5 mm) and surface water irrigation (68.4 mm), as well as precipitation and snowmelt recharge (97.62 mm). The groundwater balance was influenced by the river leakage (75.6 mm), lateral inflow from surrounding areas (3.6 mm), unsaturated zone infiltration (197.7 mm), and irrigation pumping (1275 mm). When compared with the scenario without irrigation, the surface runoff, groundwater infiltration, soil moisture content, and evapotranspiration increased by 7.9%, 3.2%, 4.1%, and 2.3%, respectively. Irrigation activities increased the soil moisture content and permeability, resulting in more groundwater recharge and evaporation, as well as a higher surface runoff. This model provides guidance for evaluating drought irrigation systems in future sustainable water resource management.

Different sources of irrigation water affect heavy metal accumulation in soils and some properties of guava fruits.

Guava is a highly nutritious fruit and widely grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Guava orchards are frequently irrigated with contaminated water in different regions of the world. In the present study, fruits of two guava cultivars, i.e., Gola and Surahi were collected from orchards grown in peri-urban areas of Multan, Pakistan, which were irrigated with different sources of irrigation i.e., canal water, tubewell water, and sewage water. The soil (at four different layers), water, and fruit (at harvesting) samples were collected from the orchards for their physical, chemical, and heavy metal analysis. The results revealed that sewage water contained more concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) compared to tubewell and canal water. The soil irrigated with sewage water also contained the highest copper, nickel, and zinc contents, while tubewell water-irrigated soils contained the lowest copper, nickel, and zinc contents. As regards different soil layers, the top soil layer (0-15cm) contained the maximum copper, nickel, and zinc contents. In contrast, the minimum copper, nickel, and zinc contents were estimated in the soil layer of 46-60cm depth. The different physiological parameters of guava leaves i.e., photosynthesis (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), leaf chlorophyll fluorescence in light (Fv'/Fm') and in dark-acclimated (Fv/Fm), and non-photochemical quenching in dark-acclimated (NPQ) were decreased with sewage water irrigation. Furthermore, the sources of irrigation water significantly altered the different physical and chemical properties of the fruits. It is concluded that sewage water improved the physico-chemical properties of fruits but these also had high concentration of Cu, Ni, and Zn. The cadmium (Cd) was not detected in the fruits of guava cultivars, soils and in different sources of irrigation water. Furthermore, the soil irrigated with sewage water also had high contents of Cu, Ni, and Zn.

Geochemical variability in the soils of Bangladesh as affected by sources of irrigation water and inundation land types

Paddy soils in Bangladesh experience extensive irrigation with groundwater and surface water, both having variable geochemical constituents. The soils also have topological variations across the landscape. To understand the geochemical variability in the soils as affected by the different sources of irrigation water and the topographical variability, cultivation zones of paddy soils irrigated with both groundwater (n = 904) and surface water (n = 281) across Bangladesh were sampled and analyzed for a suit of seventeen geochemical elements. This study also assessed the extent and distribution of arsenic and the other geochemical elements in the paddy soils (n = 1209) as well as in a set of neighboring non-paddy soils (n = 235) within the different inundation land types (highland, medium highland-1, medium highland-2, medium lowland, lowland and very lowland) of Bangladesh. The mean concentrations of aluminum (26,000 mg/kg), cobalt (13 mg/kg), copper (32 mg/kg), iron (28,250 mg/kg), lead (18 mg/kg), magnesium (8050 mg/kg), molybdenum (1.02 mg/kg), nickel (41 mg/kg), potassium (4870 mg/kg), sodium (750 mg/kg) and zinc (70 mg/kg) in the surface water-irrigated paddy soils were found to be significantly (0.001 ≥ p ≤ 0.05) higher compared to the concentrations in the soils irrigated with groundwater (23,400; 12; 28; 25,650; 17; 7000; 0.96; 36; 4350; 600; and 62 mg/kg, respectively). Therefore, surface water used for paddy irrigation could increase the inputs of a number of toxic elements in the paddy soils having potential risk of crop contamination. Arsenic in the paddy and non-paddy soils varied significantly (F = 24.74, p < 0.001 and F = 3.42, p < 0.01, respectively) within the inundation land types, the very lowland (9.95 and 6.72 mg/kg, respectively) and lowland (8.33 and 5.20 mg/kg, respectively) having the highest mean arsenic concentrations and the medium highland-1 (5.27 and 5.17 mg/kg, respectively) having the lowest. The concentrations of the other geochemical elements analyzed were also observed to be higher, in general, in the soils of very lowland and lowland. Since the low-level lands are predominantly used for paddy cultivation, higher concentrations of various toxic elements, particularly arsenic, in such soils pose an increased risk of rice toxicity in Bangladesh. The results of this study present an inimitable geochemical database for the surface soils across Bangladesh which can be used in any future studies on the geomorphologically variable agricultural and non-agricultural Bangladeshi soils, providing a basis for environmental pollution assessment and sustainable mitigation approaches.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF IRRIGATION WATER ON THE GROWTH OF ZINNIA ELEGANS L. UNDER DROUGHT STRESS

The application of deficit irrigation water strategies to floriculture may make a significant contribution to irrigation water conservation. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of different irrigation regimes for Zinnia ‘Solmar Yellow’ plants grown in an open field using different sources of irrigation water. Zinnia plants were grown in a field under three irrigation regimes, corresponding to 100% (control) of field capacity, 75%, and 50% of the irrigation needs. The water used for irrigation was derived from three sources: groundwater, distilled water, and blended water (50% ground-water + 50% distilled-water). In this investigation the vegetative growth, flower yield, pigment characteristics, ion content, leaf water potential, and leaf osmotic potential of plants exposed to these treatments were determined. Under the imposed drought conditions, the irrigation regimes with high or moderate quality water had the following effects: (i) a negative effect on the vegetative growth and flower yield, but a later flowering date; (ii) higher levels of leaf pigments in both distilled water and blended water irrigations at the 100% level; (iii) a decrease in leaf water potential and leaf osmotic potential; and (iv) a decrease in calcium, magnesium, and potassium ion contents but an increase in chloride and sodium ions under distilled water irrigation. In conclusion, irrigation with blended water (50% + 50%) at the 100% and/or 75% levels can be recommended for open field-grown Zinnia ‘Solmar Yellow’ production to enhance host plant tolerance to saline water and decrease the high cost burden of water desalinization.

Effects of Irrigation with Different Sources of Water on Growth, Yield and Essential Oil Compounds in Oregano.

Aromatic plants can benefit from the use of treated wastewater to satisfy their water requirements, but the effects on the essential oil yield and quality need an assessment. The aims of this study were to assess the effects of freshwater and treated wastewater obtained from a Sicilian (Italy) pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system on plant growth and yield, essential oil yield and composition of oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart) and soil characteristics. The system had a total surface area of 100 m2 and was planted with giant reed and umbrella sedge. An experimental open field of oregano was set up close to the system. Two years and two different sources of irrigation water were tested in a split-plot design for a two-factor experiment. Treated wastewater was characterized by higher values of mineral and organic constituents than freshwater. The results highlight that short-term irrigation with freshwater and treated wastewater, in both years, led to increased plant growth, dry weight and essential oil yield of oregano plants. However, it did not significantly affect the essential oil content and composition in comparison with the control. Furthermore, the year and source of irrigation water did not significantly vary the chemical composition of the soil. Our results suggest that treated wastewater can be considered an alternative to freshwater for the cultivation of oregano due to the fact that it does not greatly influence the yield quality and quantity of this species in the short-term.

Linking the response of soil microbial community structure in soils to long-term wastewater irrigation and soil depth

Irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW) has become a prevailing agricultural practice due to the scarcity of fresh water resources, which may have a significant impact on the microbial communities that are critical to many biogeochemical processes in soils. However, it is unclear whether there are links between soil microbial responses to long-term irrigation with different sources of wastewater and soil depth. Here we assess the influence of treated domestic (DTWW), leather industry (LTWW) and pharmaceutical (PTWW) wastewater on microbial communities in vertical soil profiles using high-throughput sequencing based on 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene profiling. We found that microbial α-diversity in the vertical profiles of soils was significantly influenced by TWW irrigation. Bacteria and fungi in different soil depths showed distinct responses to TWW; irrigation with TWW markedly increased abundance of bacterial OTUs and inhibited abundance of fungal OTUs. β-diversity analysis showed that the effect of TWW irrigation on microbial communities was greater than the effect of soil depth, and microbes in subsurface soil were more sensitive to different sources of irrigation water. We also found that, based on β-diversity analysis, irrigation with treated industrial wastewater, including LTWW and PTWW, had a greater impact on microbial community structures than DTWW. TWW irrigation significantly affected the composition of indigenous soil microbial communities at different depths and might introduce exogenous microbes into the soil environment. Our work explicitly demonstrates the vertical responses of bacterial and fungal communities in soils to irrigation with TWW from different sources, which can provides insights into the microbial-dominated geochemical processes from the perspective of the entire soil profile under the context of wastewater irrigation.

Arsenic contamination in cropping systems under varying irrigation sources in the deltaic plain of India

ABSTRACTA field experiment was conducted in an arsenic endemic area of West Bengal, India (22°57ʹN, 89°33ʹE) in 2010–2012 to understand different prevalent cropping systems of the area as to nature of arsenic uptake by the crops and influence of different sources of irrigation water. The experiment was laid out in split plot design consisting two irrigation managements [I1: irrigation with shallow tube well (STW) and I2: irrigation from harvested pond water (PW)] in main plot and four cropping systems in sub plot were C1: pea- summer rice- cowpea, C2: potato- green gram- elephant foot yam (EFY), C3: wheat- jute- winter rice and C4: French bean- sesame- winter rice. Irrigation from PW recorded less arsenic uptake compared to STW. Arsenic uptake was minimum with French bean- sesame- winter rice (C4), followed by potato – green gram – EFY (C2). System equivalent yield was the highest with C2. The highest return was recorded with C2 and the return per dollar (USD) investment was the maximum with C1, followed by C2. Potato- green gram- EFY (C2) proved to be the better option for the farmers in arsenic contaminated area with greater yield potential, highest return per dollar investment and less arsenic uptake.

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF FISH (NILE TILAPIA) AND LEAF VEGETABLE CROP (HEAD LETTUCE) CULTURE UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Effluent of fish farms is considered a safe source for irrigation and fertigation in the same time. A field experiment took place on Horticulture research farm, Faculty of Agricultural, Kafr El-Sheikh University, north of the Nile Delta, Egypt, having a clay textured soil during winter growing seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017to study the effect of utilization of fish effluent on lettuce production and emitters performance under drip irrigation system. The drip irrigation system was studied at three different emitter types: long path flow, in-line type and 4 l h-1 discharge (D1); turbulent flow, on-line type and 6 l h-1 discharge (D2) and laminar flow, on-line type and 4 l h-1 discharge (D3), three levels of recommended N dose: 100% N, 75% N and 50% N and two different sources of irrigation water: traditional irrigation water (IW) and drainage water of fish ponds (FW). Traditional irrigation water was applied at 100% N only. Main results cleared out that, FW increased clogging ratio comparing with IW for different emitter types, D3 emitter had the highest clogging ratio while D2 emitter had the lowest; application uniformity at end of the growing season decreased comparing with it at beginning for all treatments, FW decreased Cu at end of the growing season comparing with IW; FW enhanced lettuce yield comparing with IW for different treatment, where FW increased total head yield by 51.2, 50.2 and 61.3% for D1, D2 and D3 respectively comparing with IW under 100% N level; FW increased water and nitrogen productivity comparing with IW for different treatments. Weight gain during feed period values were 52.95 and 52.42 g at the technique of water exchange and traditional treatment respectively.

Effects of treated agro-industrial wastewater irrigation on tomato processing quality

This study was designed to determine the qualitative and microbiological impact of two different sources of irrigation water on tomato fruit: groundwater (GW), as the control, and treated agro-industrial wastewater (SW). The mean tomato fruit quality parameters of dry matter, weight, diameter, colour index, pH, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, Ca2+ and Na+ content were not significantly affected by the different water treatments. Conversely, NO3– contents was significantly higher with GW use, than with SW (2.21 vs 1.62 mg 100 g–1, respectively; P≤0.05). The microbial quality of the tomato fruit was not significantly different across the GW and SW treatments, with no Salmonella spp. isolated from any of the fruit, and the faecal indicators always below 10 CFU g–1. These data show that agro-industrial treated wastewater can be used for irrigation for industrial tomato production once the long-term effects on the agroecosystem have been defined.

Extent of soil sodification as influenced by different irrigation water sources in a typical black soil of Karnataka

An extensive survey was carried out to study the effect of irrigation water on soil sodification, in terms of soil sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC), in a typical black soil of Karnataka and it was carried out in Mudhol taluka of Bagalkot district. The soil SAR and RSC varied greatly up on different sources of irrigation water. The values of SAR ranged from 0.79 in borewell irrigated soils to 18.43 in lift irrigated soils. Most of the studied soils (131 samples) were found to be safe from sodicity hazard with 2.5 meq/l.

Identification of sulfate sources in groundwater using isotope analysis and modeling of flood irrigation with waters of different quality in the Jinghuiqu district of China

The main objective of this study was to identify the main sources and processes that control SO4 2− groundwater concentrations in the Jinghuiqu irrigation district of China using isotope analysis. Lysimeter irrigation experiments and numerical modeling were used to assess the impact of long-term irrigation practices on sulfate transport, when different sources of irrigation water were used. SO4 2− concentrations in the groundwater of the entire irrigation area increased significantly from the years 1990 (a mean value was 4.8 mmol L−1) to 2009 (a mean value was 9.84 mmol L−1). The δ34S-SO4 2− values (ranging from +5.27 to +10.69 ‰) indicated that sulfates in groundwater were initially predominantly derived from dissolution of minerals. However, no soluble sulfate minerals (gypsum and/or mirabilite) were detected after 1990. To better understand this seeming anomaly, water content and SO4 2− data were collected before and after the field irrigation experiment and analyzed using the HYDRUS-1D and HP1 software packages. The experimental data were also used to assess sulfate leaching when different sources of irrigation water were used under current irrigation practices. The dissolved sulfate concentrations in the soil profile increased significantly when groundwater was used for infiltration compared to the use of surface water. Irrigation water sources had a great impact on the increase of sulfate concentrations in the shallow groundwater, especially when groundwater with elevated concentrations was used for irrigation.

Nutrient flows in small-scale peri-urban vegetable farming systems in Southeast Asia—A case study in Hanoi

In many peri-urban areas of Southeast Asia, land use has been transformed from rice-based to more profitable vegetable-based systems in order to meet the increasing market demand. The major management related flows of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were quantified over a 1-year period for intensive small-scale aquatic and terrestrial vegetable systems situated in two peri-urban areas of Hanoi City, Vietnam. The two areas have different sources of irrigation water; wastewater from Hanoi City and water from the Red River upstream of Hanoi. The first nutrient balances for this region and farming systems are presented. The main sources of individual elements were quantified and the nutrient use efficiency estimated. The environmental risks for losses and/or soil accumulation were also assessed and discussed in relation to long-term sustainability and health aspects. The primary source of nutrient input involved a combination of chemical fertilisers, manure (chicken) and irrigation water. A variable composition and availability of the latter two sources greatly influenced the relative magnitude of the final total loads for individual elements. Despite relatively good nutrient use efficiencies being demonstrated for N (46–86%) and K (66–94%), and to some extent also for P (19–46%), high inputs still resulted in substantial annual surpluses causing risks for losses to surface and ground waters. The surplus for N ranged from 85 to 882 kg ha −1 year −1, compared to P and K which were 109–196 and 20–306 kg ha −1 year −1, respectively. Those for Cu and Zn varied from 0.2 to 2.7 and from 0.6 to 7.7 kg ha −1 year −1, respectively, indicating high risk for soil accumulation and associated transfers through the food chain. Wastewater irrigation contributed to high inputs, and excess use of organic and chemical fertilisers represent a major threat to the soil and water environment. Management options that improve nutrient use efficiency represent an important objective that will help reduce annual surpluses. A sustainable reuse of wastewater for irrigation in peri-urban farming systems can contribute significantly to the nutrient supply (assuming low concentrations of potential toxic or hazardous substances in the water). Nutrient inputs need to be better related to the crop need, e.g. through better knowledge about the nutrient concentrations in the wastewater and improved management of the amount of irrigation water being applied.

Controlling nitrate pollution of aquifers by using different nitrogenous controlled release fertilizers in maize crop

The effects of applying different commercial, controlled release fertilizers (CRF) as a means of controlling NO 3 − pollution of groundwater in an irrigated maize crop were tested. The polluting effects of two sources of irrigation water with different NO 3 − content were also evaluated. The results showed that conventional agricultural practices are one of the main causes of NO 3-aquifer pollution. Excess nitrogenous fertilization occurs because of the lack of soil monitoring to rationalize the fertilizer dosages and because the flood irrigation system, used with the frequency and rates applied, accelerates NO 3 − leaching. The results also show the inefficient use made of water. An analysis of the results, using the evolution of the NO 3-leaching rate, proved to be a more reliable source of information for assessing pollution than the concentrations detected in the soil water solution, below the root zone when the water flow was downwards. The use of two different sources of irrigation water (well, 43 mg NO 3 − l −1 and stream, 3 mg NO 3 − l −1) showed no significant differences on the NO 3 − leached during the maize growing period owing to the high levels detected in the soil and the high dosages of N applied. In the stream irrigation water experiment, a greater polluting effect was observed with conventional fertilizer application (urea) than with CRF. The results obtained with Floranid 32 showed the effects of control over NO 3 − leaching both in the case of stream and well-water irrigation sources. With Multicote this is only observed with the use of NO 3 − free water.