Different Sources Of Emissions Research Articles

Relationship between Dairy Cow Health and Intensity of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

The dairy industry is facing criticism for its role in exacerbating global GHG emissions, as climate change becomes an increasingly pressing issue. These emissions mostly originate from methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). An optimal strategy involves the creation of an economical monitoring device to evaluate methane emissions from dairy animals. Livestock production systems encounter difficulties because of escalating food demand and environmental concerns. Enhancing animal productivity via nutrition, feeding management, reproduction, or genetics can result in a decrease in CH4 emissions per unit of meat or milk. This CH4 unit approach allows for a more accurate comparison of emissions across different animal production systems, considering variations in productivity. Expressing methane emissions per unit allows for easier comparison between different sources of emissions. Expressing emissions per unit (e.g., per cow) highlights the relative impact of these sources on the environment. By quantifying emissions on a per unit basis, it becomes easier to identify high-emission sources and target mitigation efforts accordingly. Many environmental policies and regulations focus on reducing emissions per unit of activity or output. By focusing on emissions per unit, policymakers and producers can work together to implement practices that lower emissions without sacrificing productivity. Expressing methane emissions in this way aligns with policy goals aimed at curbing overall greenhouse gas emissions. While it is true that total emissions affect the atmosphere globally, breaking down emissions per unit helps to understand the specific contributions of different activities and sectors to overall greenhouse gas emissions. Tackling cattle health issues can increase productivity, reduce GHG emissions, and improve animal welfare. Addressing livestock health issues can also provide favourable impacts on human health by reducing the prevalence of infectious illnesses in livestock, thereby mitigating the likelihood of zoonotic infections transmitting to humans. The progress in animal health offers the potential for a future in which the likelihood of animal diseases is reduced because of improved immunity, more effective preventative techniques, earlier identification, and innovative treatments. The primary objective of veterinary medicine is to eradicate clinical infectious diseases in small groups of animals. However, as the animal population grows, the emphasis shifts towards proactive treatment to tackle subclinical diseases and enhance production. Proactive treatment encompasses the consistent monitoring and implementation of preventive measures, such as vaccination and adherence to appropriate nutrition. Through the implementation of these measures, the livestock industry may enhance both animal well-being and mitigate the release of methane and nitrous oxide, thereby fostering environmental sustainability. In addition, advocating for sustainable farming methods and providing farmers with education on the significance of mitigating GHG emissions can bolster the industry's endeavours to tackle climate change and infectious illnesses. This will result in a more robust and environmentally sustainable agriculture industry. This review seeks to conduct a thorough examination of the correlation between the health condition of cattle, the composition of milk produced, and the emissions of methane gas. It aims to identify areas where research is lacking and to provide guidance for future scientific investigations, policy making, and industry practices. The goal is to address the difficulties associated with methane emissions in the cattle industry. The primary global health challenge is to identify the causative relationship between climate change and infectious illnesses. Reducing CH4 and N2O emissions from digestive fermentation and animal manure can be achieved by improving animal well-being and limiting disease and mortality.

Isotopic Signatures of Methane Emissions From Dairy Farms in California’s San Joaquin Valley

AbstractIn this study, we present seasonal atmospheric measurements of δ13CCH4 from dairy farms in the San Joaquin Valley of California. We used δ13CCH4 to characterize emissions from enteric fermentation by measuring downwind of cattle housing (e.g., freestall barns, corrals) and from manure management areas (e.g., anaerobic manure lagoons) with a mobile platform equipped with cavity ring‐down spectrometers. Across seasons, the δ13CCH4 from enteric fermentation source areas ranged from −69.7 ± 0.6 per mil (‰) to −51.6 ± 0.1‰ while the δ13CCH4 from manure lagoons ranged from −49.5 ± 0.1‰ to −40.5 ± 0.2‰. Measurements of δ13CCH4 of enteric CH4 suggest a greater than 10‰ difference between cattle production groups in accordance with diet. Isotopic signatures of CH4 were used to characterize enteric and manure CH4 from downwind plume sampling of dairies. Our findings show that δ13CCH4 measurements could improve the attribution of CH4 emissions from dairy sources at scales ranging from individual facilities to regions and help constrain the relative contributions from these different sources of emissions to the CH4 budget.

Wildfire smoke impacts respiratory health more than fine particles from other sources: observational evidence from Southern California

Wildfires are becoming more frequent and destructive in a changing climate. Fine particulate matter, PM2.5, in wildfire smoke adversely impacts human health. Recent toxicological studies suggest that wildfire particulate matter may be more toxic than equal doses of ambient PM2.5. Air quality regulations however assume that the toxicity of PM2.5 does not vary across different sources of emission. Assessing whether PM2.5 from wildfires is more or less harmful than PM2.5 from other sources is a pressing public health concern. Here, we isolate the wildfire-specific PM2.5 using a series of statistical approaches and exposure definitions. We found increases in respiratory hospitalizations ranging from 1.3 to up to 10% with a 10 μg m−3 increase in wildfire-specific PM2.5, compared to 0.67 to 1.3% associated with non-wildfire PM2.5. Our conclusions point to the need for air quality policies to consider the variability in PM2.5 impacts on human health according to the sources of emission.

Distribution of toxic metals and relative toxicity of airborne PM2.5 in Puerto Rico

The exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) and its constituents is an important factor to be considered when evaluating their potential health risk. Transition metals found in PM are known to contribute significantly to the exacerbation of respiratory ailments. Exposure to these constituents results in the induction of oxidative stress in the bronchial epithelium, thus promoting the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, it is important to know the contributions of PM2.5 constituents to further investigate their relationship with toxic responses and associated health risks. PM2.5 samples from three rural (Humacao, Guayama, and Guayanilla) and two urban (more populated) sites (Bayamón and Ponce) from Puerto Rico were analyzed for various inorganic constituents. A total of 59 trace elements were analyzed, of which eight were considered with the greatest toxic potential. The highest annual average concentration of PM2.5 was reported at the urban site of Ponce (5.82 ± 1.40 μg m−3), while Bayamón’s average concentration was not as high (4.69 ± 1.30 μg m−3) compared to concentrations at the rural sites Humacao, Guayama, and Guayanilla (4.33 ± 1.20 μg m−3, 4.93 ± 1.50 μg m−3, and 4.88 ± 1.20 μg m−3 respectively. The concentration at the Ponce site exhibited the highest summer value (7.57 μg m−3) compared to that of all the rural sites (~ 6.40 μg m−3). The lowest summer PM2.5 values were obtained at the Humacao site with an average of 5.76 μg m−3. Average Cu and Zn concentrations were 3- and 2-fold higher at the urban sites (0.68 ng m−3 and 6.74 ng m−3 respectively) compared to the rural sites (0.17 ng m−3 and 4.11 ng m−3). Relative toxicity of inorganic PM extract indicates Bayamón (urban) and Guayama with similar low LC50 followed by Humacao, Guayanilla, and finally Ponce (urban) with the highest LC50. Of the eight potential toxic metals considered, only Fe was found to be higher at the rural sites. To our understanding, there are different sources of emission for these metals which potentially indicate main anthropogenic sources, together with the trade winds adding periodically volcanic and African Dust Storm particulates that affect Puerto Rico. These results are the first of their kind to be reported in Puerto Rico.

Wildfire smoke impacts respiratory health more than fine particles from other sources: observational evidence from Southern California

The Western U.S. and regions worldwide are experiencing more frequent and destructive wildfires in a changing climate. Fine particulate matter, PM2.5, is the main component of wildfire smoke that adversely impacts human health. Wildfires account for 29% of total PM2.5 emissions in the US, 50% in California, and this proportion is expected to increase in the coming years. Recent animal toxicological studies suggest that wildfire particulate matter may be more toxic than equal doses of PM2.5 from other sources. Current air quality regulations in the US however assume that the toxicity of PM2.5 does not vary across different sources of emission. Assessing whether PM2.5 from wildfires is more or less harmful than PM2.5 from other sources is a pressing public health concern. To answer this question, we developed and compared results from a series of statistical approaches that isolate the wildfire-specific PM2.5 from other sources using different exposure definitions including smoke plumes and the presence of wildfire upwind. Our study covered a large population in Southern California where Santa Ana (SAW) wind-driven wildfires are most damaging. Strong SAWs in the region can increase PM2.5 concentrations by spreading smoke downwind. Overall, we conclude that wildfire-specific PM2.5 is up to 10 times more harmful than PM2.5 from other sources. Specifically, we found increases in respiratory hospital admissions of 9.8% (95% CI: 3.3, 16.3) and 0.90% (95% CI: 0.59, 1.2) associated with a 10 μg m-3 increase in wildfire-specific PM2.5 and non-wildfire PM2.5 respectively. Our conclusions are robust across several approaches used to isolate wildfire-specific PM2.5, and point to the need for air quality policies to consider the variability in PM2.5 impacts on human health according to the sources of emission. This is especially relevant in California and other regions where most PM2.5 is expected to come from wildfires.

Построение пространственной модели загрязнения воздуха на основе использования потоков данных от сетей геосенсоров

The article is a brief summary of current research results of the authors in the field of spatial modeling of air pollution based on spatio-temporal data streams from geosensor networks. The urban environment is characterized by the presence of a large number of different sources of emissions and rapidly proceeding processes of contamination spread. So for the development of an adequate spatial model is required to make measurements with a large spatial and temporal resolution. It is shown that geosensor network provide researchers with the opportunity to obtain data with the necessary spatio-temporal detail. The article describes a prototype of a geosensor network to build a detailed spatial model of air pollution in a large city. To create a geosensor in the prototype of the system, calibrated gas sensors for a nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide concentrations measurement were interfaced to the module, which consist of processing unit and communication unit. At present, the authors of the article conduct field tests of the prototype developed.

Technogenic magnetic particles of topsoil from different sources of emission - A case study from upper silesian conurbation, Poland

Studies on the effects of dust deposition on soils in urban-industrial areas were conducted with application of magnetic (soil magnetometry, thermomagnetic analysis) and geochemical (elements content) methods. The study area covers three different forest sites on Upper Silesian Conurbation. The purpose of the research was an estimation of soil pollution and characteristic of air derived particles. Results show magnetite and maghemite as dominant magnetic components of analyzed soil samples. The highest volume magnetic susceptibility (κ) and no correlation with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were stated close to metallurgical plant whilst the highest correlation coefficient between κ and PTEs was stated in samples from the urban area and in a vicinity of coking plant.

Retail location competition under carbon penalty

We study the retail location problem in a competitive linear market in which two retailers simultaneously choose their locations. Both retailers procure identical products from a common supplier and each consumer purchases from the closest retailer. Each retailer incurs transportation costs for inventory replenishment from the warehouse and consumer travels to the store. We consider two carbon tax schemes imposed on retailers: for supply-chain-related transportation and for consumer-related transportation. Our analysis indicates that intense competition between retailers leads to a “minimal differentiation” equilibrium, which substantially increases the total system emissions. According to our numerical experiments with realistic parameter values, carbon tax on supply-chain-related transportation does not affect retail location decisions. Carbon tax on consumer transportation, however, may effectively induce the retailers to approach the middle of their respective markets, reducing the total system emissions. Our analysis also indicates that a low carbon price, relative to market profitability, only reduces the total system profit without any effect on emissions. Our findings suggest that the central policymaker avoid a uniform carbon price across different sources of emission and sectors with different characteristics.

Source apportionment of carbonaceous particulate matter during haze days in Shanghai based on the radiocarbon

To estimate the sources of carbonaceous particulate matter, 14C and biomass-burning marker (levoglucosan) were measured in the form of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5 that was collected in five different functional districts of Shanghai during winter 2013. Spatial variations of the contemporary proportion among different districts were evident. The results of levoglucosan in Xujiahui (XH) and Chongming (CM) agreed well with those of 14C. The results indicate that environmental protection policies should vary for functional districts within the same city to account for their different sources of emissions.

Analysis of metallic and metal oxide nanomaterial environmental emissions

The current study presents evidence on metallic and metal oxide engineered nanomaterial (ENM) emissions into the environment and an analytic perspective of the outcomes of evaluated studies with respect to different individual end points along the lifecycle trajectory. The key findings suggest that 1) the published literature on emissions of metallic ENMs is limited in both the number and information available on the characteristics of emitted ENMs; 2) the studies are classified as experimental and computational studies focused on predicting ENM emissions; 3) the majority of studies investigated ENM emissions during nanomaterial use and waste management, followed by raw material manufacturing, and finally, nano-enabled product manufacturing; 4) the studies primarily reported the concentration/quantity of emitted ENMs, whereas the physical–chemical characteristics of emitted ENMs were rarely measured or reported; and 5) the published literature primarily focused on emissions of silver and titanium dioxide ENMs and lacked similar information on other surging metallic and metal oxide ENMs such as nano-zero valent iron (nZVI), aluminum (Al), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) ENMs. The evidence suggests that emitted nanoparticles into the air cover a wide range of concentrations below and above the allowable occupational exposure limits. The concentrations of nanoparticles in water systems are considered in the toxic to very toxic range for a variety of biological species. Given the critical gaps in knowledge, one cannot read across different sources of emissions for metallic and metal oxide ENMs hampering efforts with respect to understanding realistic scenarios for transformations in the natural environment and biological media.

Magnetic characteristics of industrial dust from different sources of emission: A case study of Poland

Dust emission and deposition in topsoil have negative effect on individual components of the ecosystem. In addition to routine geochemical analyses, magnetic measurements may provide useful complementary information related to the type, concentration and grain-size distribution of the technogenic magnetic particles (TMPs) and thus the degree of contamination of the environment. The aim of this contribution is to use magnetic parameters in distinguishing dust from a wide range of sources of air pollution (power industry, cement, coke, ceramic industries and biomass combustion). We measured magnetic susceptibility, hysteresis parameters and thermomagnetic curves. Our results suggest that predominant component in tested samples is magnetite, only dust from coking plant and the combustion of lignite contained also maghemite and/or hematite. Mixture of sizes, ranging from fine single-domain to coarse multi-domain grains, was detected. Our results indicate that industrial dusts from various sources of emissions have different specific magnetic properties and magnetic measurements may provide very helpful information.

The Trucking Sector Optimization Model: A tool for predicting carrier and shipper responses to policies aiming to reduce GHG emissions

In response to the growing Climate Change problem, governments around the world are seeking to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of trucking. The Trucking Sector Optimization (TSO) model is introduced as a tool for studying the decisions that shippers and carriers make throughout time (focusing on investments in Fuel Saving Technologies), and for evaluating their impact on life-cycle GHG emissions. A case study of fuel taxation in California is used to highlight the importance of (1) modeling the trucking sector comprehensively, (2) modeling the dynamics of the stock of vehicles, and (3) modeling different sources of emissions.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF METEOROLOGY ON AIR POLLUTION In Makkah التحقق من تأثير الأرصاد الجوية على تلوث الهواء في مکة المکرمة

Air pollutant concentrations are not only affected by emission sources but also by meteorological variables. Meteorological variables play an important role in the dispersion, transport, photochemical reactions and formation of secondary air pollutants. In this study, the effect of meteorological variables on different air pollutant concentrations has been analyzed using correlation analysis and graphical presentation in Makkah, Saudi Arabia during the month of Ramadan (20 July to 18 August, 2012), which is the busiest month of the year after the Hajj season. PM10, had relatively weaker correlation with other air pollutants, most probably suggesting different sources of emission. Among meteorological variables, as expected temperature showed strong positive correlation with ozone (0.74), and negative correlation with NOx, CO, SO2, and PM10, whose concentrations are rather dependent on the emission sources. Wind speed disperses local pollutants, which probably explains why it was negative correlation with NOx, SO2 and CO, however it was positive correlation with ozone and PM10, probably because higher wind speed encourages sand storms and resuspension of particles from roadsides and bared deserts and transport of ozone from the surrounding rural areas. Relative humidity is positively correlated with PM10 and negatively correlated with the

Characterization of aerosol emitted by the combustion of nanocomposites

Day after day, new applications using nanoparticles appear in industry, increasing the probability to find these particles in the workplace as well as in ambient air. As epidemiological studies have shown an association between increased particulate air pollution and adverse health effects in susceptible members of the population, it is particularly important to characterize aerosols emitted by different sources of emission, during the combustion of composites charged with nanoparticles for example. The present study is led in the framework of the NANOFEU project, supported by the French Research Agency (ANR), in order to characterize the fire behaviour of polymers charged with suitable nanoparticles and make an alternative to retardant systems usually employed. To determine the impact of these composites on the emission of airborne particles produced during their combustions, an experimental setup has been developed to measure the mass distribution in the range of 30 nm – 10 μm and the number concentration of submicrometric particles of the produced aerosol. A comparison is performed on the aerosol emitted during the combustion of several polymers alone (PMMA, PA-6), polymers containing nanofillers (silica, alumina, and carbon nanotubes) and polymers containing both nanofillers and a conventional flame retardant system (ammonium polyphosphate). The results on the morphology of particles were also investigated using AFM.

Kinetic investigation of the NO decomposition over V–O–W/Ti(Sn)O 2 catalyst

A kinetic study of the NO decomposition over V–O–W/Ti(Sn)O 2 catalyst carried out in a tubular fixed-bed reactor operating under atmospheric pressure at different temperatures and at various space times is presented. Assuming that NO decomposition occurs as a result of electron transfer from the metal active site to antibonding π NO orbital, several kinetic models were derived and applied to describe the kinetics of reaction. The best agreement between the experimental data and theoretical prediction was achieved with the model assuming adsorption of NO on the active sites as the rate-determining step. Finally, it was concluded that V–O–W/Ti(Sn)O 2 catalyst has promising activity for the NO removal in O 2 presence from the effluent gases of the different sources of emission.

Contribution of LPG-Derived Emissions to Air Pollution in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara City

ABSTRACT Measurements of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions generated by the use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara City (MAG) are presented in this work. Based on measurements in the course of distribution, handling, and consumption, an estimated 4407 tons/yr are released into the atmosphere. The three most important contributors to LPG emissions were refilling of LPG-fueled vehicles and commercial and domestic consumption. The MAG shows a different contribution pattern of LPG emission sources compared with that of the metropolitan area of Mexico City (MAMC). These results show that each megacity has different sources of emissions, which provides more accurate strategies in the handling procedures for LPG to decrease the impact in O3 levels. This work represents the first evaluation performed in Guadalajara City, based on current measurements, of the LPG contribution to polluting emissions.