Different Shapes Of Electrodes Research Articles

Multi-electrode parallel three-dimensional manipulation based on typical optically-induced dielectrophoresis

In this paper, three-dimensional manipulation based on typical optically-induced dielectrophoresis (ODEP) was realized by using different shapes of electrodes and forced in different directions, and parallel three-dimensional manipulation of multiple electrodes was studied. SMMC-7721 cells were manipulated in 8.5% (w/v) sucrose solution, and the direction of the force on the cell (positive or negative) was determined by the frequency of the external electrical signal. We used light patterns of different shapes (dot, stripe, and ring) to achieve three-dimensional manipulation of cells based on positive force and the constricted ring to achieve three-dimensional manipulation based on negative force. We studied the effect of electrode spacing on manipulation when multiple electrodes were simultaneously used for three-dimensional manipulation. To achieve parallel and independent three-dimensional manipulation of multiple electrodes, it is necessary to ensure a large electrode spacing.

Effect of position and shape of electrode on resonant frequency of an artificial epithelium membrane for frequency selectivity

Postoperative medical studies by various groups have shown the relevance of electrode position on the hearing outcome of the Cochlear Implant. There are various types of CI in market that are re-evaluated and changed for its functionality. Prior knowledge of the exact position of the electrode within the cochlea is an important parameter of study to improve the electrical stimulation of the hearing nerve for the implants. Similar studies are performed on the artificial epithelium membrane which involves restoring the function of outer and middle ear without bypassing their functionality and providing solution towards a self sustained implantable cochlea. Different shapes of electrodes are evaluated using various structures in dimensional analysis for improving the displacement and the electric stimulation calculated in terms of voltage. Five designs are modelled and optimized for improving the frequency selectivity for its resonance of an epithelium membrane to function as a biomimetic Epithelium membrane. Simulation studies are carried out using FEA analysis tool to introspect and evaluate the tonotopy of the epithelium membrane in terms of electrode shape and position.

Study on the Shape of Staggered Electrodes for 3-D Electrical Capacitance Tomography Sensors

A conventional electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) sensor consists of multiple rectangular electrodes in a single plane. To generate 3-D images, some researchers use an ECT sensor with multiplane rectangular electrodes and in-line arrangement of different electrode planes and measure the capacitance between the electrode pairs not only within the same plane but also between different planes. Because those electrode pairs in different planes are far away from each other, the measured capacitance signals between them are weak and, hence, are easily affected by noise, resulting in the obvious disturbance on the measured signals and, hence, low image quality. To address those problems, the 3-D ECT sensors with different arrangements and different shapes of electrodes are studied to investigate the effect of different arrangements and different shapes of electrodes on the measured capacitance signals and the image quality. Four 3-D ECT sensors are made with different arrangements or shapes of electrodes: rectangular electrodes are in line arrangement, whereas diamond, circular, and hexagon electrodes are staggered arrangement. The performance of the four 3-D ECT sensors is compared. The results show that 3-D ECT sensors with staggered electrodes can decrease the disturbance on the measured signals and improve the image quality of static models compared with that with conventional rectangular electrodes. Among the three 3-D ECT sensors with staggered electrodes, the 3-D ECT sensor with hexagonal electrodes has superior performance to the other two 3-D ECT sensors with diamond and circular electrodes. It was used to measure moving objects and a fluidized bed.

Performance of five ultrasonic transducers modified for efficient atomization.

Performance of five ultrasonic transducers modified with different shapes of electrodes is investigated for efficient atomization. A circular silver electrode, which is conventionally used as standard on a transducer, is chemically replaced with five shapes of silver electrodes (circular, toroidal, singlet, doublet, and cross). Each electrode reflects its precise shape on the water surface and statically forms characteristic three-dimensional geometry of a water column. The modified electrode also affects the dynamics of this water column, generating two types of wobbling on the column and inducing three types of atomization depending on the shape of the electrodes. Statistical analysis indicates that the shape of the electrode on an ultrasonic transducer affects the speed of atomization, showing that the singlet electrode exhibits the highest speed of atomization (4 mg/s). The mechanisms of atomization are analyzed from the viewpoint of energy transformation with reference to mass transformation of the oscillating liquid, indicating that the vibration energy of the transducer is transferred to the water film through resonance, consuming this vibration energy with four kinds of energy such as kinetic energy of atomized mists and work function of atomization, which are defined in this study. This analysis clarifies why the speed of atomization increases with a decreasing amount of water on the transducer. Application of the appropriate shape of an electrode will greatly contribute to the fields of engineering, medicine, and biology where various types of atomization are highly desired as the situation demands.

Physical features of atmospheric pressure microdischarge system with vortex gas flows

Abstract The parameters for microdischarges of plasma medicine in air and argon vortex flows at atmospheric pressure for different shapes of electrodes (outlet nozzle and axis electrode diameters ratio set) have been investigated. The current-voltage characteristics of the designed systems have been analyzed, the parameters of the generated jets plasma have been investigated by means of the optical emission spectroscopy, and the form of plasma jets has been studied by using video camera.

The Effects of Distance on Velocity Measurement for Different Shapes of Electrostatic Sensor Electrodes

Velocity measurement has significant role in several industries that cope with particles to save power consumption and to improve quality of particles. This paper describes the effect of distance on velocity measurement for different shapes of electrodes for example pin, circular, rectangular, and quarter ring electrode. This distance is referred to separation of electrodes. Electrostatic sensors are suitable to measure the velocity of particles due to their inexpensive, simplicity and robust. These shapes of electrodes are modeled by mathematical equations and analyzed by Mathcad software. In addition, velocity is measured in laboratory by different shapes of electrodes in different distances. Cross correlation method is experimentally used to measure the velocity. Increase the distance between electrodes leads to increase the time lag, but velocity remains constant. The results of modeling electrodes and experimental tests are compared with each other and they verify that these electrodes are more reliable in industries in addition to cost- effectiveness and high efficiency.

Pomiar rezystancji powierzchniowej warstw cienkich o dowolnych kształtach wytworzonych na podłożach elastycznych

The following article presents methods of surface resistance measurement of thin film electrodes formed on flexible substrates with using vacuum deposition technology - PVD. The adequacy of the use of the measurement methods to the different shapes of electrodes was analyzed. (Measurement of surface resistance of thin layers of different shapes produced on flexible substrates).

EFFECT OF SIZE AND SHAPE OF ELECTRODES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF EDM

In the present study the effect of size and different shapes of electrodes on material removal rate (MRR), job surface finish and wear ratio (WR) during EDM has been investigated. The work material taken was mild steel and the electrode material taken was copper. The size of the electrodes was 9mm, 15 mm, 20 mm and 30 mm in diameter. The shapes of the electrodes were square, round, triangular and diamond, having the same area of cross-section. The highest MRR was found for round electrodes followed by square, triangular and diamond shaped electrodes. MRR was found to increases sharply with the increase in diameter of the electrodes. With increase in current, the sparks produced are of higher thermal energy. As a result, increase in current resulted increase in MRR. A higher thermal energy also erodes more material from the electrode. Electrode wear (EW) was measured along the crosssection of the electrode as well as along its length. EW was also found to increase with the increase in current. However, the highest EW was fond on the diamond shaped electrodes followed by triangular, square and the round shaped ones. An electrode of smaller cross-section exhibited a higher electrode wear. Wear ratio (WR) was calculated as the ratio of the volume of material removed from the electrode to the same removed from the work material. The highest WR was found on the diamond shaped electrodes followed by triangular, square and round electrodes. It was also found that WR decreases with increase in cross-sectional area of the electrode. Job surface roughness was found to decrease with increase in electrode diameter, but the effect is very insignificant. The smoothest job surface finish was found for round electrodes followed by square, triangular and diamond shaped electrodes. But again, the influence of the shape of the electrodes on job surface finish was found to be insignificant.

Effect of electric field on the enhanced skin permeation of drugs by electroporation

Electroporation (voltage; 200 V) was applied using an exponentially decaying electric pulse generator on hairless rat skin using different shapes of electrodes, and the in vitro skin permeation of benzoate was measured as an index of the effectiveness of electroporation. Despite the same voltage of application, the skin permeation of benzoate was markedly different by the electrode shapes. Several experiments hereafter suggest that this reason was probably due to different 2-dimensional electric fields in the skin barrier, stratum corneum, and the voltage decreasing pattern applied. To confirm whether this phenomenon was specific for benzoate, diclofenac having a similar p Ka was selected to carry out the same kind of examination. As a result, the skin permeability of diclofenac was influenced by 2-dimensional electric fields in the stratum corneum and the voltage decreasing pattern, similar to the benzoate permeation. Next, a rectangular pulse generator, where no decaying pattern was obtained for the application voltage, was used to measure the effect of electroporation on the skin permeation of diclofenac. As expected, the enhanced skin permeation of diclofenac was dependent only on the electric field when using the rectangular pulse generator. These results suggest that the electric field and time profile of the voltage (or AUC of voltage against time) at electroporation are very important factors to increase the efficacy of electroporation, and that the efficacy can be optimized by the shape of electrodes in addition to the application conditions of electroporation.

Theory of induced voltage electromagnetic flowmeasurement

The contribution of each part of the flow to a meter signal is expressed in terms of a weight vector <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W</tex> and the velocity ν, with the signal <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\propto \int \nu \cdot W dr</tex> over the flowmeter volume. <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W</tex> depends on the magnetic field <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</tex> and a vector defined entirely by the electrode and flowmeter geometry. A meter is called "ideal" if the signal is proportional to the flow rate and independent of the flow pattern. The condition on <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W</tex> for this is given and an experimental ideal meter mentioned. Since meters with small (point) electrodes cannot be ideal, weaker conditions on <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W</tex> for flows of different types are reviewed. A technique for designing short meters suitable for rectilinear flow with an unknown axisymmetric velocity profile is briefly described. The behavior of different shapes of electrodes, including electrodes of finite and variable conductivity, is discussed. Finally the problems of pulsating flow, magnetic field specification, and nonuniform and anisotropic blood conductivity are discussed.